VERTEBRATES. CHORDATA 1.Have a notochord( replaced in human by backbone) 2.Pharyngeal Pouches-...
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Transcript of VERTEBRATES. CHORDATA 1.Have a notochord( replaced in human by backbone) 2.Pharyngeal Pouches-...
CHORDATA1. Have a notochord( replaced in human by
backbone)2. Pharyngeal Pouches- become gills or lungs3. Post –anal tail-disappears in us4. Dorsal hollow nerve chord- becomes the
spinal chord
3 Types1. Agnatha- Jawless- Lamprey and hagfish2. Chondrichthyes- cartilage fish- sharks,
rays,and skates3. Osteichthyes- Boney fish- majority
Fish Characteristics
• Have gills- water passes over gills. The oxygen in the water is exchanged for the carbon dioxide in the gills. This is called COUNTER CURRENT EXCHANGE.
• 2 chambered heart• Sexual reproduction –most
external fertilization- called spawning• Some have internal fertilization
like sharks• Paired fins• Scales- thin boney plates• Swim Bladder- fills with oxygen or
nitrogen to control swimming depth
Sensory system called LATERAL LINE SYSTEM- detects changes in environment. Found in Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.
AMPHIBIANS• Salamanders, frogs, toads, legless caecillans• Thin moist skin- helps to absorb oxygen from
air• Need water for fertilization to occur- sperm needs
to swim to egg.• External fertilization• Ectotherm- body temperature varies according
to environmental temperature• Frogs and toads secrete chemical so they are bad
tasting so predator won’t eat them• Frogs have vocal chords to communicate
Metamorphosis• Go through intermediate stage
before becoming adult
Egg → Tadpole → FROG
fins legs gills lungs 2 chambered ♥ 3
chambered ♥
Reptiles• Crocodiles, Alligators, Snakes• Scaly skin- prevents water loss• Reproduce on land- Internal
Fertilization
• Produce EGGS- covered in leathery material. Amniotic egg- provides nourishment for embryo
• Legs are directly under body for speed
• Some have 3 chambered hearts, most have 4
• Ectotherms• Nutrition- some are herbivores,
predators or carnivores.• Obtain prey by catching, constriction,
or poisoning
Jacobson’s organ- sense organ.
• Snake sticks out their tongue and collects air molecules. Draws tongue into pit in mouth and senses what is there.
BIRDS
Feathers-• made of protein- provides
insulation and enables flight.
• Molting- new growth• Loss of wing and tail
feathers occur in pairs- balance for flight
Wings• Attached to breast bone
called a sternum• Hollow bones- have air
spaces- enables flight
Circulatory/Respiratrory System
• Birds require a lot of energy for flight
• Have a 4 chambered heart
• High heart beat- chickadee- 500/min
human- 70/minOxygen supplied during
inhalation and exhalation
• Endotherm- maintain constant body temperature
• Internal Fertilization- have an amniotic egg with a hard shell.
• Birds make nests and incubate their eggs until hatched
• Adaptations- beak shape and size according to food source
7 CHARACTERISTICS
OF MAMMALS1. Hair- made of keratin- provides insulation
2. Produce milk for nourishment of young through mammary glands
3. Diaphragm- muscle that helps enlarge chest cavity for air intake
4. 4 chambered heart- oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood do not mix- most efficient
5. Specialized teeth- adapted to what they eat- •pointed incisors- grasping• canines- puncture• molars- grinding
6. Modified limbs- used for food gathering, opposable thumb
7. Developed Brain- able to teach their young, remember what they learn
• Chimps use tools• Brain- has many grooves to increase
active surface area.
Mammalian Diversity-based on reproductive method
1. Placental (90%)-fetus develops in uterus. Nourished through placenta. Gestation (how long in uterus varies)
2. Marsupial- embryo spends short time in mom then develops in pouch(Kangaroo, Koalas)
3. Monotreme- Egg layer like duck billed platypus and spiny anteater