Vertebral Artery - SUNY Downstate Medical Center · 1) Hemodynamic source: >60% stenosis in both,...
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Vertebral Artery RevascularizationJonathan Parks, MD7/21/16Brooklyn VA
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Case Presentation65M c/o lightheadedness and numbness over forehead and left face when he lifts his arms or leans his head back
PMHx: HIV, HCV, DM, seizure disorder, cirrhosis, b/l carotid artery occlusion
PSHx: Cranioplasty (1975)
NKDA
40 pack-year smoker, + EtOH and IVDA
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Duplex 10/24/14Occluded RICA
Occluded left proximal and distal LICA
Moderate stenosis of proximal RECA
Probable stenosis of right vertebral artery
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CTA Neck 11/14/14ICAs occluded bilaterally
Reconstitution of supraclinoid segments from collaterals from ophthalmic arteries and posterior communicating arteries
Circle of Willis otherwise intact
Atherosclerotic change with severe focal narrowing of origin of left vertebral artery and right external carotid artery
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Cerebral Arteriogram 12/11/14Severe bilateral cerebral vascular disease with chronic bilateral total occlusions of proximal ICAs and high grade stenosis of left vertebral artery.
Predominant pathway for intracerebral perfusion is through the vertebral arteries and bilateral collateral pathways through the external carotid arteries
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1.5 years pass...
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CT Angio Neck 6/2/16Complete occlusion of bilateral ICAs with reconstitution of flow intracranially at the clinoid and supraclinoid segments
Mild short segment narrowing RCCA
Moderate to severe focal stenosis origin of RECA
Moderate to severe focal stenosis origin left vertebral artery
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Imagingwww.downstatesurgery.org
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Left Vertebral Artery Transposition Placed supine with head turned to the right
Intraoperative EEG monitoring
Supraclavicular incision and exposure
Vertebral artery transposed into left subclavian artery
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Supraclavicular Approach
Transverse incision 1 cm above the clavicle from head laterally 7-8 cm
Carried through clavicular head of SCM
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Supraclavicular Approach
Carotid sheath mobilized medially
Omohyoid muscle, external jugular vein, and thoracic duct are divided
Caution to avoid injury to vagus nerve and sympathetic chain
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Supraclavicular Approach
Dissection of scalene fat pad from medial to lateral exposes
● sympathetic chain● anterior scalene muscle● phrenic nerve● inferior thyroid artery● vertebral vein
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Supraclavicular Approach
Division of the inferior thyroid artery and vertebral vein expose the artery
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Postoperative CourseTransferred to the floor
Clears on night of POD0
No dizziness, facial numbness or weakness, left arm neurovascularly intact
Advanced to regular POD1
Discharged POD2 on ASA and statin
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Follow-upDizziness improved
Mild left ptosis and miosis
Likely traction injury to sympathetic chain during dissection
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Vertebral Artery DiseaseAnatomy
Vertebrobasilar disease
Indications for revascularization
Evaluation
Treatment
Complications
Summary
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Vascular Supply to the Brain
Circle of Willis - intact in 20%
Anterior circulation - carotid arteries
Posterior circulation - vertebral arteries
Anatomic variability explains variability of clinical presentation
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Vertebral Arteries
Originate from subclavian arteries (Aortic arch in 3-5%)Commonly asymmetric (R>L)
V1: subclavian to transverse foramina of C6 (or C5)
V2: C6 to C2 (invested within intertransversarii muscle)
V3: C2 to foramen magnum (penetrates dura)Maximal cervical mobility -> vulnerable to injury
V4: intracranial, atlantooccipital membrane to basilar artery
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Etiology of Vertebrobasilar DiseasePosterior cerebral ischemia less common
25% TIAs
5-10% risk of stroke or death at 1 year
20-30% Mortality from posterior circulation stroke
● Atherosclerosis (most common)
● Trauma
● Fibromuscular dysplasia
● Takayasu’s arteritis
● Osteophyte compression
● Dissection
● Aneurysm
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PathogenesisHemodynamic - Symptoms from postural changes or transient decrease in cardiac output
HTN meds, arrhythmia, large vessel atherosclerosis, orthostatic
Short-lived, repetitive, predictable
Rarely result in tissue infarction
Coincide with vertebral artery stenosis
For symptoms to occur, significant pathology must be present in both vessels, pt must have incomplete circle of willis, or have proximal artery occlusion
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PathogenesisEmbolic - Symptoms unpredictable
Atherosclerotic lesions, trauma, dissections
Majority result from intracranial pathology (V4)
Infarcts in brain stem, cerebellum, PCA
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Indications For Revascularization1) Hemodynamic source: >60% stenosis in both, or >60% unilateral if
contralateral is hypoplastic, ends in PICA, or is occluded
Single normal vertebral artery is sufficient to perfuse the basilar artery
2) Embolic source: posterior circulation ischemia from microembolism and source lesion in vertebral artery
3) Symptomatic aneurysms and asymptomatic aneurysms > 1.5 cm
Contraindicated in asymptomatic patients
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EvaluationH&P
Symptoms are nonspecific - dizziness, vertigo, diplopia, numbness, dysarthria, dysphagia, tinnitus…
Review medications
Triggering events
Cardiac evaluation
Imaging: arteriography (dynamic, delayed), MRA/CTA, duplex
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RevascularizationLocation of disease dictates type of surgical reconstruction
Majority of procedures relieve V1 stenosis at orifice or stenosis, dissection, or occlusion of intraspinal components (V2, V3)
Outcomes differ for proximal vs distal repairs
Proximal repairs have excellent long-term patency (91% at 10 years)80% of patients report relief of symptoms
Distal repairs also have good long term patency (82% at 10 years)71% of patients are cured
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Transposition of proximal vertebral artery into common carotid
Bypass with saphenous vein
Subclavian artery endarterectomy
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V2Rarely accessed surgically
Most common indication for exposure is for hemorrhage
If unable to treat endovascularly -> proximal and distal ligation of the artery
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V3Performed at the C1-C2 level
Saphenous vein bypass from common carotid, subclavian, or proximal vertebral
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Suboccipital SegmentVertebral artery can be accessed above the level of the transverse process of C1
Requires resection of the transverse process of C1
Reconstruction is limited to saphenous vein bypass
Technically demanding, rarely required
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ComplicationsPerioperative mortality is low (< 5%) - increased for combined carotid disease
Horner’s syndrome (10-20%)
Chylothorax (5%)
Lymphocele (4%)
Vagus or recurrent laryngeal palsy (2%)
Immediate thrombosis (1.4%)
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Endovascular Therapy2005 Cochrane Review
313 interventions for vertebral artery stenosis, half with stent placement
Technical success rate 95%
30-day stroke and death rate 6.4%
Although angioplasty/stenting is feasible, currently insufficient evidence to support routine application
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Endovascular TherapyCAVATAS 2001
Randomized controlled comparing endovascular therapy vs. medical
Subset of 16 patients
No 30-day strokes or death in either group
25% of endovascular patients experienced TIAs post-op
After 4.5 years, no posterior circulation strokes in either group
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ConclusionVertebral artery disease is an underdiagnosed cause of posterior circulation ischemia
Revascularization is a viable option
Treatment is dependent of the anatomic location of the lesion
Open techniques have proven clinical durability
Endovascular techniques are viable but have less proven durability
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