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West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari Basin

www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in

i

Preface

Optimal management of water resources is the necessity of time in the wake of development and

growing need of population of India. The National Water Policy of India (2002) recognizes that

development and management of water resources need to be governed by national perspectives in

order to develop and conserve the scarce water resources in an integrated and environmentally

sound basis. The policy emphasizes the need for effective management of water resources by

intensifying research efforts in use of remote sensing technology and developing an information

system. In this reference a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed on December 3, 2008

between the Central Water Commission (CWC) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian

Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to execute the project “Generation of Database and

Implementation of Web enabled Water resources Information System in the Country” short named

as India-WRIS WebGIS.

India-WRIS WebGIS has been developed and is in public domain since December 2010 (www.india-

wris.nrsc.gov.in). It provides a ‘Single Window solution’ for all water resources data and information

in a standardized national GIS framework and allow users to search, access, visualize, understand

and analyze comprehensive and contextual water resources data and information for planning,

development and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

Basin is recognized as the ideal and practical unit of water resources management because it allows

the holistic understanding of upstream-downstream hydrological interactions and solutions for

management for all competing sectors of water demand. The practice of basin planning has

developed due to the changing demands on river systems and the changing conditions of rivers by

human interventions. The multiple uses of water and varying demands on a river basin require an

integrated approach to managing river basin.

Basin wise report generation is one the important deliverables of India-WRIS project. Report of West

Flowing Rivers From Tadri to Kanyakumari basin describes systematically the present status of water

resources: major water resources projects, hydro-meteorological observations, surface and ground

water development scenario, topographic characteristics, climatic variability, land use / land cover

pattern & allied natural resources along with socio-economic profile of the basin. The report

contains valuable latest information of the basin on all aspects of water resources and allied sectors

and will be useful as baseline information for the irrigation officials, hydrologists, agriculturalists,

conservationists, research organizations and all those involved in the development of West Flowing

Rivers From Tadri to Kanyakumari basin.

http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/




ii

Acknowledgements

The West Flowing Rivers From Tadri to Kanyakumari basin report is an outcome of the project

“Generation of Database and Implementation of Web enabled Water resources Information System

in the Country” short named as India-WRIS WebGIS jointly executed by the Central Water

Commission (CWC) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization

(ISRO). This comprehensive publication gives the present status of water resources assets,

topographic features, climatic variability, land use / land cover pattern & allied natural resources

along with socio-economic information of the basin.

We, on behalf of the authors and India-WRIS project team acknowledge; Shri Alok Rawat, Secretary,

Ministry of Water Resources; Mrs. Sudha Midha, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Water

Resources; Er. A. B. Pandya, Chairman, Central Water Commission; Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman,

Indian Space Research Organization and Secretary, Department of Space; Shri Sudarsanam

Srinivasan, Secretary to GOI and Member- Finance, Department of Space; Shri A. Vijay Anand,

Additional Secretary, Department of Space; Dr. V. Koteswara Rao, Scientific Secretary, ISRO; Dr. V.

Jayaraman, Ex-Director, NRSC for constant encouragement and guidance, technical discussions and

for evincing keen interest in India-WRIS project and this report.

Our foremost acknowledgement is towards India-WRIS project team who created and

organized large number of data sets and information in GIS format as seamless layers and attribute

data for the entire country which served as base for this report. Thanks are also due to all CWC and

NRSC / ISRO officials who carried out the quality assurance and shown their enthusiastic

involvement. Finally, our sincere thanks are to all divisions and officials of NRSC and CWC for their

valuable support during the preparation of this report.

The basin report includes the results generated through interpretation of latest satellite imageries as

well as compilation of huge information from voluminous records. This would not have been

possible without the countrywide support. We would like to thank all the organizations, institutes

and individuals who contributed either directly or indirectly in bringing out this publication.

Dr. J R Sharma Project Director, India-WRIS &

Chief General Manager, RCs/ NRSC/ ISRO, New Delhi

Er. Yogesh Paithankar Project In-charge, India-WRIS &

Director, CWC, New Delhi



iii

Executive summary

The Water resources in India play a major role in agriculture, hydropower generation, livestock

production, forestry, navigation, recreational activities etc. The change in hydrological parameters

such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, runoff etc. potentially affects the obtainability of water

resources. This report provides valuable information related to the topography, demography,

climate, water resources (surface & ground), hydrometeorology and water quality (surface &

ground) of West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari basin. The basin extends over states of

Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Union Territory of Puducherry and having an area of 54822

Sq.km, which is 1.66 % of total geographical area of the country with a maximum length and width of

777 km and 135 km respectively. The basin spreads over 34 parliamentary constituencies (2009)

comprising 20 of Kerala, 6 of Karnataka and 7 of Tamil Nadu and 1 of Puducherry.

The basin is comprised of 3 sub-basins namly Netravati and others sub basin, Periyar and others sub

basin and Varrar and others sub basin. There are 92 watersheds in the basin, in which 32 watersheds

are in Netravati and others sub basin, 37 are in Periyar and others sub basin. Varrar and others sub

basin consist of 23 watersheds.

There are 43-river systems in the basin. The total river length is 98395.04 km. The major

independent rivers (directly draining into Arabian Sea) in the basin having length more than 150 km

are Bharathapuzha, Periyar and Pamba.

The basin falls into three Agro-Climatic Zones and three Agro-Ecological Zones. As per land use /land

cover statistics (2005-06), major part (50.82%) of the basin is covered with agricultural land. Forest

cover in the basin is about 34.72% of the total basin area. Red and black soils are predominant in the

basin but red and yellow soils are also found at few places. Major parts of the basin contains fine

textured soil and under medium soil erosion category.

Major part of the basin area lies in the elevation zone of 10-50 m. The basin is bounded by Sahyadri

hills on the north, by the Western Ghats on the east, by Indian Ocean on the south and by the

Arabian Sea on the west. As per 2001 census, the total population in the basin is about 3,15,15,807

in which 51.37% is female population.

This basin consists of surface water bodies in the form of lakes, ponds, reservoirs, tanks etc. Tanks

are most predominant with 13,827 in number and forms about 93.48% of total water bodies in the

basin. There are 69 Dams and 6 Weirs in the basin. At present, there are 31 major/medium

irrigation/multi-purpose projects in the basin.

There are 28 Hydro-Observation Stations of CWC (Central Water Commission) located in the basin,

of which 10 sites are GDQ and 18 sites are GDSQ. Other than this 107 IMD (Indian Meteorological

Department) and 53 ISRO AWS (Automatic Weather Stations) stations are also located here.

Temperature in the basin varies with a minimum temperature of 17.83 °C in Januray to 33.25 °C in

April. During the 35 years (1971-2004), maximum rainfall recorded was around 3000 mm in 1975

and minimum was 1750 mm in 2003. There are 966 Ground water observation wells located in the

basin.



iv

Two Inter-basin transfer links namely Pamba – Anchankovil - Vaippar and Netravati-Hemavati are

proposed in this basin for enabling river water transfer from the region of surplus to deficit areas.

There are 151 main tourist places including many pilgrimages, wildlife sanctuaries, beach, waterfalls,

hill station, dam etc.

Team India-WRIS hopes that this Report will be a useful asset for the country and stakeholders and

may engrain better understanding of the water resources scenario in the basin. This report will be a

utilitarian for management of water sector in the basin.



v

Table of Contents

Preface----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii Executive summary------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii

1. Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 Overview of basin --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.2 Topography ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.3 Climate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

1.3.1 Rainfall ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.3.2 Temperature -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.3.3 Trends and variability ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

1.4 Major rivers -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.5 Land use/land cover ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 1.6 Soils ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 1.7 Agro-climatic zones ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 1.8 Agro-ecological zones -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 1.9 Demography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

2. Hydrological units --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2.1 Sub-basins ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2.2 Watersheds--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

3. Surface water resources ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 3.1 Surface waterbodies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 3.2. Water resource projects --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

3.2.1 Major and medium irrigation projects --------------------------------------------------------------- 31 3.2.2 Hydro Eletric projects ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 3.2.3 Dams, Barrages/Weirs/Anicuts------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 3.2.4 Command area and canals network ------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 3.2.5 Multipurpose projects ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 3.2.6 Interstate projects ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

4. Ground water resources ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 4.1 Ground water observation wells ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42 4.2 Ground water level fluctuation -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 4.3 Litholog well locations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44

5. Hydro-met observations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 5.1 Hydrological observation sites --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 5.2 Meteorological stations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50

6. Water quality --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 6.1 Surface water quality observations -------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 6.2 Ground water quality observations -------------------------------------------------------------------- 51

7. Inter-basin transfer links ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 8. Inland navigation waterways ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54 9. Water tourism sites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 10. Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

Annexure I: State, district and parliamentary constituency in the basin ---------------------------------- 59 Annexure II : Climate – Rainfall (1971-2004) and Temperature (1969-2004) profile in the basin -- 62 Annexure III : Sub basin wise population and drinking water facilities ------------------------------------ 64 Annexure IV : Inventory of surface water resources ----------------------------------------------------------- 66 Annexure V : Inventory of litholog well locations --------------------------------------------------------------- 79



vi

Annexure VI : Salient features of hydro- meteorological stations ---------------------------------------- 124 Annexure VII : Inventory of water tourism sites --------------------------------------------------------------- 127 Acronyms ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 135 References -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139 Authors ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 140 Project team ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 141

List of Tables Table 1. Salient features of the basin----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Table 2. Elevation zones --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Table 3. Length of major rivers ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Table 4. Land use / land cover statistics (2005-06) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Table 5. Sub-basin wise watersheds ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 Table 6. Number and size of waterbodies--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 Table 7. Number of water resources projects---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Table 8. Sub-basin wise number and type of water resources structures ---------------------------------------------- 34 Table 9. List of multipurpose projects in the basin --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 Table 10. Sub-basin wise number of ground water observation wells -------------------------------------------------- 42 Table 11. Hydrological observation sites of CWC ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 Table 12. Meteorological stations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 Table 13. Water tourism sites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 56

List of Maps Map 1.Index map ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 Map 2(a). Satellite Imagery of West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari--------------------------------------- 3 Map 2(b). West flowing rivers from tadri to kanyakumari Drainage & Sub-basin------------------------------------- 4 Map 3. Elevation zones ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Map 4. Annual average rainfall ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 Map 5. Land use/land cover(2005-06) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Map 6. Soil texture -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Map 7. Soil erosion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 Map 8. Soil slope ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Map 9. Soil productivity -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Map 10. Agro-climatic zones-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Map 11. Agro-ecological zones ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Map 12. Population density --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Map 13(a). Netravati and others Sub Basin ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Map 13(b). Varrar and others Sub Basin----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Map 13(c). Periyar and others Sub Basin ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 Map 14. Major water resources structures and projects ------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Map 15(a). Netravati and others Sub Basin water resources assets ---------------------------------------------------- 37 Map 15(b). Periyar and others Sub Basin water resources assets ------------------------------------------------------- 38 Map 15(c). Varrar and others Sub Basin water resources assets -------------------------------------------------------- 39 Map 16. Command area and canal network ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Map 17. Location of ground water observation wells ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Map 18. Ground water level fluctuation (Recharge) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 Map 19. Ground water level fluctuation (Draft) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 Map 20. Litholog well locations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 Map 21. Hydro observation and flood forecasting stations ---------------------------------------------------------------- 49 Map 22. Inter-basin transfer links ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 Map 23. Inland navigation waterways ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 Map 24. Water tourism sites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57



vii

List of Figures Figure 1. State wise basin area ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Figure 2. Monthly average temperature (1969-2004) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Figure 3. Trend of annual rainfall (1971-2004)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Figure 4. Sub-basins and per cent drainage area ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25 Figure 5. Type and number of waterbodies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 Figure 6. Dam classification based on storage --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 Figure 7. Dam classification based on purpose -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35



1

1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of basin

The basin extends over states of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Union Territory of Puducherry

having an area of 54,822 Sq. km, which is 1.66 % of total geographical area of the country with a

maximum length and width of 777 km and 135 km respectively (Figure 1). The CWC reported area is

56177 Sq. km. It spreads between 74°25’ to 77°36’ east longitudes and 8°3’ to 14°24’ north latitudes.

The basin is bounded by Sahyadri hills on the north, by the Western Ghats on the east, by Indian

Ocean on the south and by the Arabian Sea on the west. The basin is comprised of three sub-basins;

Netravati and Others sub basin, Periyar and others sub basin and Varrar and others sub basin. The

geographical location of the basin is shown in Map 1. The major independent rivers in the basin are

the Varahi, Netravati, Payaswani, Valapattanam, Chaliyar, Kadalundi, Bharathapuzha, Periyar,

Muvattupula, Minachil, Pamba, Achankovil, Kallada and Vamanapuram.The major part of basin is

covered with agriculture land accounting to 50.82% of the total area while 34.72% is covered by

Forest.The drainage and sub basin are shown along with topographic variation in Map 2. The basin

spreads over 34 parliamentary constituencies (2009) comprising 20 of Kerala, 6 of Karnataka and 7

of Tamil Nadu and 1 of Puducherry. The total population in the basin is about 3,15,15,807 in which

51.37% is female population. The salient features for the basin are described in Table 1.

Figure 1. State wise basin area



2

Map 1. Index map



3

Map 2a. Satellite Imagery of West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari



4

Map 2b. West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari Drainage & Sub-basin



5

Table 1. Salient features of the basin

Sl No. Feature Description

1 Basin Extent 74° 25’ to 77° 36’ E 8° 3’ to 14° 24’ N

2 Area (Sq.km) 56177* (CWC Reported)

3 States in the basin Kerala (66.40 %), Karnataka (25.42 %), Tamil Nadu (8.17 %) and Puducherry (0.01 %)

4 Districts (Census 2011) 29

5 Parliamentary Constituencies (2009) 34

6 Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) 2186.31

7 Mean Maximum Temperature (o C) 30.27

8 Mean Minimum Temperature (o C) 20.76

9 Total Population 3,15,15807

10 Number of villages 3336

11 Highest Elevation (m) 2674

12 Avg. Annual Water Potential (BCM) 113.53

13 Utilizable Surface Water (BCM) 24.30

14 Number of Sub Basins 3

15 Number of Watersheds 92

16 Number of water resources structures Dams-69 Barrages-6 Weir-6 Anicuts-4 Power House-29

17 Highest Dam Idukki (Eb)/Idukki Arch Dam -169 m

18 Longest Dam Aliyar Dam -3.2 km

19 Highest Barrage Maniyar Barrage 16.76 m

20 Longest Barrage Pazhassi (Kulur Barrage) 245 m

21 Number of Irrigation projects Major-19 Medium-12 ERM-7

22 Number of HE projects 21

23 Number of Ground water observation wells 966

24 Number of Hydro-Observation Sites 28

25 Water tourism sites 151

*GIS based calculated area: 54822 Sq. km



6

1.2 Topography

On physiographical basis, the basin can be divided into hilly and plain regions. The hilly regions are in

the upper part of the basin as well as in the lower middle reaches. The plain regions in between the

hilly tracts and in the lower reaches are broad and fertile areas well suited for cultivation. The basin

is an almost unbroken line formed by the Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats, ranging from 600 to

2,100 m in height. Basin is very rugged in the north-eastern part and flat towards downstream side.

The elevation variation in the basin is depicted in Table 2. Major area (23.09 %) falls under 10-50 m

elevation zone followed by 50-100 m elevation zone (19.55 %). Map 3 shows different elevation

zone. Highest elevation is 2674 m.

Table 2. Elevation zones

Sl. No. Elevation (m) Area (Sq.km) % of Total Area

1 < 5 2215.61 3.94

2 5-10 2063.73 3.67

3 10-50 12971.81 23.09

4 50-100 10980.31 19.55

5 100-200 7922.72 14.10

6 200-300 2912.61 5.18

7 300-400 2325.31 4.14

8 400-500 1427.14 2.54

9 500-750 5611.82 9.99

10 750-1000 3659.16 6.51

11 1000-1500 3144.67 5.60

12 1500-2000 724.06 1.29

13 2000-3000 218.05 0.39 Note: based on SRTM DEM



7

Map 3. Elevation zones



8

1.3 Climate

Climate in a region encompasses the statistical average of rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind,

atmospheric pressure, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental

measurements over long periods. The region enjoys an equable climate with high temperature

almost throughout the year. Its mean monthly temperature ranges between 17.83 ºC in the winter

season to 33.26 ºC in the summer season.

The Climate of this basin is mainly of the coastal type where the seasonal variation is generally small

and the atmosphere is moist or humid. The climate along the coastal belt is generally hot with a

high degree of humidity reaching up to 90%. In the mountainous region, temperatures are quite low.

The cool season extends from December to February.It is a period of low humidities, bright sunshine

and little pre-cipitation. An increase in the mean temperature in March indicates the approach of

the hot season. The summer and winter climate is controlled by the south-west and north-east

monsoons and the autumn and spring are practically indistinguishable.

1.3.1 Rainfall

The rainfall is uniformly high.The basin comes under the direct influence of south-west monsoon and

receives heavy and assured rainfall between June and August. The Rainfall gradually decreases from

noth part of Kerala to south part of Kerala. In Kerala the period of south-west monsoon is from June

to September and the period of north-east monsoon from September to November. The south-west

monsoon rainfall is usually very heavy (about two-third of the annual rainfall). Based on daily rainfall

data (0.5 X 0.5 ) of the last 35 years (1971-2004) collected from IMD, the average annual rainfall in

the basin is shown in Map 4. Most of the area receives annual rainfall grater than 2500 mm. Ninty

percent of the rainfall occurs from June to November. During this season the sky is cloudy, the air

humid and there is gusty and squally rain. However, around 163 blocks of 2 districts (1-Karnataka, &

1-Tamilnadu) falling in the basin are drought prone (Source: Drought Prone Areas Program, DPAP,

MoRD, 2002).

1.3.2 Temperature

Daily temperature (maximum, minimum and mean) gridded data (1° x 1°) for 36 years (1969-2004)

collected from IMD has been analysed. Temperature in the basin varies with an average minimum

temperature of 17.83 °C in Januray to average maximum temperature 33.25 °C in April. In the

monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, temperatures are moderate and in the range of 25 °C to

27.5 °C. The northern portions of the basin experience lower temperatures than the southern.

Temperatures are higher in the plains (lower reaches) than in the hills (upper reaches). The monthly

average temperature for 36 years (1969-2004) is shown in Figure 2.



9

Map 4. Annual average rainfall



10

Figure 2. Monthly average temperature (1969-2004)

1.3.3 Trends and variability

The distribution of precipitation throughout the seasonal cycle is as important as the total annual

amount of monthly or annual precipitation when evaluating its impact on hydrology, ecology,

agriculture or in water use. The time and duration of the seasons of high precipitation at a place or

watershed is most important for the planning and design of agriculture or water managements. It is

very much important to identify the historical changes in the mean annual precipitation.

In the basin, average annual rainfall varies at places. Trned of annual rainfall in the basin for the

period 1971-2004 has been analysed. The histogram trend line shown in Figure 3 indicates that there

is a marginal decrease in average annual rainfall for 35 years. During the 35 years (1975-2004),

maximum rainfall recorded was around 3000 mm in 1975 and minimum was 1750 mm in 2003.



11

Figure 3. Trend of annual rainfall (1971-2004)

1.4 Major rivers

There are 43 rivers systems in the basin. Major rivers and its tributaries are shown on Map 2. Total

river length in this basin is 98395.04 km. The major rivers in the basin are Bharthapuzha which

originates from Annamalai Hills, Chaliyar originates from Elamtalvi Hills, Netravati originates from

Canara, Periyar originates from Sivajini Hills and Pamba/Pambiyar origin from Devarmali. All the

rivers originate from the high mountains of the Western Ghats and exhibit similar characteristics.

They have steep high banks, which rarely overflow or cause floods even during the monsoon season.

The lengths of major rivers are summarised in Table 3. A brief description about three longer rivers

is given below.

The Bharathapuzha, also known as the Ponnani in the lower reaches, is the longest river of this

basin. The main river, with a length of 251 km, originates in the Anamalai hills, and flows through the

Pollachi taluka of Tamil Nadu and Palghat, Walluvanad and Ponnani talukas of Kerala. Its drainage

area is about 5,397 sq. km, out of which 1,563 sq km. area lies in Tamil Nadu and the rest in Kerala.

Its important tributaries are Gyathripuzha, Kannadi, Korayar and Thuthapuzha.

The Periyar River with a length of 228 km is the second longest river of this basin. It rises from the

forest –clad Sivagiri peak, 80 km. south of Devikulam at an elevation of 2,438 m above sea level. The

total drainage area of the river is 5,243 sq. km., out of which 113 sq. km. lies in Tamil Nadu.



12

The Pamba is the third longest river of the basin. It is 177 Km. in length with the total drainage area

spread of 1961 sq. km. It is formed by the confluence of the rivers Pamba Aar, Kakki Aar, Arudai Aar,

Kakkad Aar and kali Aar.

Table 3. Length of major rivers

S. no. Name of River Length (Km )

1. The Bharathapuzha 251

2. The Periyar River 228

3. The Pamba 177

4. Sharavati 6.38

5. Kannadi Ar 17.45

6. Malampuzha 11.53

7. Kurumall 11.99

8. Manali 11.40

9. Periyar 7.59

10. Idamalai 23.04

11. Kallada 18.82

12. Chaliyar 39

13. Netravati 9

14. Pamba/Pambiyar 8



13

1.5 Land use/land cover

Land use pattern is a useful indicator in understanding the environmental set up, socio-economic

status, infrastructural facilities and climatic conditions of an area. The land use pattern is an

outcome of the interaction and interplay of the various physical conditions of the area. It gives not

only the land coverage but also an insight into the nature of environmental degradation in the

catchment area of the basins. Hence, it is considered very important in the environmental study of

any area.

This basin holds a variety of land cover and land use classes. The land use / land cover map of the

basin for 2005-06 is given in Map 5. It is found that nearly 21 land use/land cover classes exist in the

basin area. The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land (cropland, fallow and

plantation), which accounts to 50.82% of the total area, 34.72% of land is covered by forests, while

water bodies cover 3.65%. Built Up area covers 5.78%, Grassland covers 0.90% of the basin area.

Around 4.13% area of the basin is under wasteland (Table 4). Source:Land use Land cover Atlas of

India,NRSC,2005-06.

Table 4. Land use / land cover statistics (2005-06)

S.no. Category Area (Sq.km) % of Total Area

1 Built Up Land 3251.65 5.79

2 Agricultural 28546.94 50.82

3 Forest 19506.93 34.72

4 Grassland 505.71 0.90

5 Wasteland 2317.51 4.13

6 Waterbodies 2048.27 3.65

Map 5. Land use/land cover(2005-06)



14

Map 5. Land use/land cover(2005-06)



15

1.6 Soils

Soil is composed of minerals, mixed with some organic matter, which differ from its parent

materials in terms of its texture, structure, consistency, color, chemical, biological and other

characteristics. Information on the soil profile is also required for simulating the hydrological

character of the basin.

The general data regarding the soils in the basin indicates that the basin consists mainly of red loamy

soils, red sandy soils, laterite soils coastal alluvium and medium to deep black soils. The available

information on soil survey conducted in the basin indicates that black soils are predominant in the

basin. The coastal plains are composed of alluvial clays with a layer of black soil on top. The soil

texture in the basin varies from clay loamy, sandy clay, silty clay, loamy sand and at few places near

the Western Ghats is rocky. Map 6,7,8,9 shows soil texture, erosion, productivity and slope maps

respectively. Based on soil texture map, maximum area is under fine texture (79.86%) followed by

coarse texture (14.14%) and rocky areas.

Soil erosion is a problem in this basin, around 56899.76 ha. area comes under very severe erosion

activity comprising of 1.94% of the total basin area, 319781.11 ha (10.92%) area comes under severe

condition and about 72.01% area of the basin have moderate erosion. Soil productivity ranges from

highly productive to non-productive area i.e., 9.34% and 29.25% of the basin area respectively.

Major portion of the basin is having gentle slope accounting to 61.40% followed by 29.25% having

steeply sloped.



16

Map 6. Soil texture



17

Map 7. Soil erosion



18

Map 8. Soil slope



19

Map 9. Soil productivity



20

1.7 Agro-climatic zones

An agro-climatic zone is a land unit in terms of major climate and growing period, which is

climatically suitable for a certain range of crops and cultivators.

The agro-climatic classification is an extension of the climate classification keeping in view the

suitability to agriculture. For resource development, the country has been broadly divided into 15

agricultural regions based on agro climatic features, particularly soil type, climate including

temperature and rainfall and its variation and water resources availability. The basin falls into three

Agro-Climatic Zones (Map 10). Maximum part of the basin falls under West Coast Plains and Ghat

Region. Remaining area falls in Southern Plateau and Hills Region and East Coast Plains and Ghat

Region.

1.8 Agro-ecological zones

An agro-ecological region is the land unit carved out of agro-climatic region when it is superimposed

on landform and kinds of soils and soil conditions that act as modifiers of climate and LGP. India has

a variety of landscapes and climate conditions and this is reflected in the development of different

soils and types of vegetation. Based on 50 years of climate data and an up-to-date soil database, the

country has been divided into 20 agro-ecological zones (AEZs). Each AEZ is as uniform as possible in

terms of physiography, climate length of growing period and soil type for macrolevel land-use

planning and effective transfer of technology.

The West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari basin falls in three agro-ecological zones

(Map.11). The predominant zone in the basin is hot humid perhumid ecoregion with red, lateritic

and alluvium-derived soils. The other two zones are hot semi-arid eco-region with red loamy soils

and the hot sub-humid to semo arid ecoregion with coastal alluvium drived soils.



21

Map 10. Agro-climatic zones



22

Map 11. Agro-ecological zones



23

1.9 Demography

Demographics are the quantifiable statistics of a given population. Demographics are also used to

identify the study of quantifiable subsets within a given population, which characterize that

population at a specific point in time. Demographic data is used widely in public opinion polling and

marketing. Commonly examined demographics include gender, age, ethnicity, knowledge of

languages, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location.

The total population in this basin is 3,15,15,807. Another distinguishing feature of the basin, taken

from the census of 2001, is its gender ratio, which shows that basin has more female (51.37%)

population than male (48.62%) population. The density of population in Kerala state is much higher

than the other states. The district-wise population density of the basin is shown in Map 12. The

population density ranges from 100-200 persons per sq km to 1500-5000 persons per sq km.

Kozhikode, Ernakulam, Alappuzha, Thiruvnanthapuram districts have higher population density as

compared to the other districts of this Basin. Source of drinking water in the basin includes a total of

1832 wells, 1527 tube wells and 1379 hand pumps.

Netravali and Others sub basin covering 12 districts has 1619 villages with a total no. of 1188167

households. Periyar and Others sub basin covers 14 districts and has 858 villages with a total no. of

3259988 households. Varrar and Others sub basin covers 9 districts and has 859 villages with a total

no. of 2214680 households. Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Alappuzha, Kozhikode, Ernakulam,

Thiruvananthapuram are the most important urban center in the basin. Total 151 tourist places in

the basin. The Major airports in the basin are Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode and

Coimbatore.



24

Map 12. Population density



25

2. Hydrological units

2.1 Sub-basins

A sub basin is a structural geologic feature where a basin forms within a larger basin. Semi-

automated approach for delineation of hydrological units (basin, sub-basin and watershed) uses

SRTM DEM, topo maps on 1:50000 scale, IRS P6 LISS IV & CARTOSAT-1 merged data, drainage

network, surface water bodies and other ancillary data. Drainage derived from contour/ridge lines

are used to demarcate the boundary of hydrological units. Knowledge of terrain as well as DEM is

essential for accurate demarcation of boundary. Hydrological boundary has been validated with

reference to contours and drainage network. Hydrological unit boundary cuts perpendicular to the

contour lines but it does not cross the drainage line at any location except its outlet. This approach is

potentially more objective, repeatable, cost-effective and consistent than previously adopted

manual delineation methods.

The West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari basin constitutes of three major sub basins

namely Netravati and others sub basin, Varrar and others sub basin and Periyar and others sub

basin. The area distribution of each sub basin is shown in Figure 4. Netravati and others sub basin

extends over an area of 18,762.09 sq. km covering 12 Districts. Varrar and others sub basin extends

over an area of 14,164.70 sq. km, covering 9 Districts. Periyar and others Sub Basin covers 14

Districts of the basin with an area of 21,895.21 sq. km. Each sub basin has a different tributary

system.

Figure 4. Sub-basins and per cent drainage area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_basin



26

2.2 Watersheds

Hydrological unit wise assessment of water resources is a prerequisite for its proper management.

Sub-basins could be sub divided into smaller hydrological units namely, watershed for water

resources management at larger scale (micro level). Watershed is a natural hydrological entity that

covers a specific areal expanse of land surface from which rainfall flows to a defined drain, channel,

stream or river at any particular point. Size of the watershed is governed by the size of stream and

its boundaries.

Three sub-basins of the basin have been further divided into 92 watersheds. Sub basin wise number

and range of watersheds are given in Table 5. Netravati and others sub basin consists of 32

watersheds with size range of 318 – 929 sq. km. Periyar and others sub basin contains of 37

watersheds with size range of 341 – 934 sq. km. Varrar and others sub basin consists of 23

watersheds with size range of 364 – 979 sq. km. Map 13a, 13b and 13c shows the watershed

boundary of different sub basins. Each watershed is identified by an 8 digit alphanumeric code. Each

letter in the code has a description. For example, in watershed code B15NET01, the first alphabet

(B15NET01) stands for the Water resource region which is ‘Rivers draining into Arabian Sea” for the

basin. Following 2 digits represents basin code (B15NET01). Next three letters (B15NET01)

represents sub basin name, Netravati that is followed by watershed number (B15NET01).

Table 5. Sub-basin wise watersheds

Sl. no.

Sub basin Area (Sq. Km.)

Size Range of Watershed (Sq. Km.)

No. of Watersheds

1 Netravati and others Sub Basin

18762.09 317.42 -928.92 32

2 Periyar and others Sub Basin

21895.21 340.11 - 933.86 37

3 Varrar and others Sub Basin

14164.70 363.17- 978.16 23

Note: Values calculated under India-WRIS



27

Map 13a. Netravati and others Sub Basin



28

Map 13b. Varrar and others Sub Basin



29

Map 13c. Periyar and others Sub Basin



30

3. Surface water resources

3.1 Surface waterbodies

Surface water bodies have traditionally played an important role in the lives of common people in

India by way of irrigation, drinking water supply, ecology, tourism and domestic uses. The West

flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari basin comprises of surface water bodies in the form of

lakes, ponds, reservoirs, tanks etc. Tanks are most predominant with 13,827 in number and forms

about 93.48% of total water bodies in the basin (Fig. 5). Lakes/pond with a total of 299 accounts for

2.02%. of the basin area.There are 61 reservoirs are located in the basin. Most of the water bodies

have a size range of 0-25 ha. There are 7 water bodies have a size larger than 2500 ha.

CWC Reported Average Annual Water Potential of West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari

basin is 113.53 BCM. The Utilizable Surface Water Resources in the basin is 24.30 BCM. Based on the

projects having live storage capacity of 10 MCM & above the total live storage capacity come out to

be 11.55 BCM in the basin.A detail about number of water bodies in the basin according to their

water spread area is given in Table 6.

Table 6. Number and size of waterbodies

Sl. No. Size Range (ha) No. of Waterbodies

1 0 - 25 15341

2 25 - 50 93

3 50 - 100 47

4 100 - 250 46

5 250 - 500 27

6 500 - 1000 20

7 1000 - 2500 12

8 More than 2500 7

Figure 5. Type and number of waterbodies



31

3.2 Water resource projects

Water resources projects are broadly categorized into irrigation projects and hydroelectric projects.

These projects are planned for various purposes like irrigation, hydro-power generation, water

supply for drinking and industrial purpose, flood control navigation etc. Projects that serve more

than one purpose are called as multipurpose projects. Generally, majority of multipurpose projects

are combination of irrigation and hydro-power. There are many irrigation, hydro-power and

multipurpose projects which were approved initially as independent projects. Subsequently due to

interstate agreements and new projects coming up on downstream and upstream, water planning

was done in such a way that operation of these projects are now done in an integrated manner.

Such types of projects are now being called as irrigation, hydropower & multipurpose complex.

At present, there are 24 completed, 4 ongoing and 3 inter-basin major/medium irrigation/multi-

purpose projects in West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari basin. Command area map of the

basin is shown in Map 15. Some of the important projects in the basin are Malampuzha Project,

Parambikulam-Aliyar Project, Periyar Valley Irrigation Project, Pamba Irrigation Project and Kodayar

Irrigation Project. There are 21 major hydroelectric projects having 29 powerhouses in the basin

Table 8.

Table 7. Number of Water Resources Projects

Sl. No. Type of Projects Number of Projects

1 Major Irrigation Projects 19

2 Medium Irrigation Projects 12

3 ERM Projects 7

4 Hydro-Electric Projects 21

3.2.1 Major and medium irrigation projects, Lift irrigation and ERM

There are 31 major/medium irrigation/multi-purpose projects in West flowing rivers from Tadri to

Kanyakumari basin. The type and number of projects in the basin are summarised in Table 8. Some

of the major ERM projects in the basin are Pap Ayacut Extension, Remodelling Ananthanar Channel,

Kanihiripuzha, Restoration of Malampuzha, Revised Periyar Vagai Phase-I&II and Restoration of

Chittrapuzha.The salient features of some important major/medium projects in the basin are as

follows:

Malampuzha Project: The project is a major irrigation project of this basin. Its consists of a

composite Dam 38 m high and 1849 m long across the river Malampuzha, a tributary of the

Bharatapuzha in the Palghat district of Kerala State. Malampuzha Dam has a CCA of 21.25 Th ha and

ultimate irrigation potential of 45.10 Th ha.

Pamba Irrigation Project: This project, located in Pattanamthitta district, aims at the utilization of

the waters of Sabarigiri Hydro Electric project for irrigation purpose. The water is let into the river

Kakkad, a tributary of Pamba River, and is picked up at Maniyar by a barrage. The water, thus

collected, is diverted through a canal on the left bank of the river. The project consists of a barrage

of length 115.22 m with FRL at 34.62 m. The Pamba Project and its associated structures (Pamba

Barrage) have a CCA of 21.13 Th ha and ultimate irrigation potential of 20.72 Th ha.



32

Parambikulam-Aliyar Project: This interstate, multipurpose, multi valley project is truly a unique

one. The project is highly imaginative in concept, bold in its approach, ingenious in planning and

beneficial on its completion. It successfully accomplishes the diversion and integration of 8 west

flowing rivers, 6 in the Anaimalai Hills and 2 in the plains, for benefiting the drought prone areas in

Coimbatore and Erode districts of Tamilnadu and stabilizing the existing irrigation system in

Chittoorpuzha of Kerala State. The reservoirs lie at various elevations, ranging between elevations of

3800 ft and 1050 ft. This difference of elevations in the reservoir locations has made it possible to

utilize them for the development of hydroelectric power.

Periyar Valley Irrigation Project: This project envisages the utilization of the tail race discharge from

the completed Hydel scheme in the Muthirapuzha tributary of river Periyar together with the

controlled release from Ennackal dam constructed by Kerala State Electricity Board under Hydel

scheme across the Idamalayar tributary and the dependable run off from the uncontrolled

catchment of Periyar river. The project aims for irrigating an area of 32.80 Th ha (CCA) of land lying

on the left bank of Periyar river through a network of canal system and controlling devices. Apart

from irrigation on left bank of Periyar, the project also enables supply of minimum quantity of water

through the river to check the intrusion of salinity at lower reaches as well as to meet the

requirements of many lift irrigation schemes of river Periyar. Supply of water for drinking purpose,

industrial purpose etc. will be met through storage by the barrage of Bhoothathankettu.

Kodayar Irrigation Project: The project comprises of four dams/reservoirs and a network of

channels/canals. The first intervention viz. construction of Pechiparai dam was during the period

from 1896 to 1906. Later several other dams were added to the project viz. Perunchani (1948 -

1953), Chittar dam I & Chittar dam II (1964-1970). The water from Pechiparai dam is taken through

Kodayar left bank canal to Puthen dam, which is a weir. The water from Chittar I & II dams also join

LBC in between. The Puthen weir receives water from Perunchani reservoir also and the combined

storage of all the reservoirs cater to the irrigation requirement of Kodayar command. The original

capacity of Kodayar LBC was 24.07 cumec, which is raised to 32.99 cumec to carry water from Chittar

I & II. Part of water from KLBC, before it reaches the Puthen weir is released to Pattanamkal canal

which has got designed capacity of 5.78 cumec to irrigate an area of 6073 ha. The irrigation potential

of the Kodayar project is 36,836 ha.

Kallada Irrigation and Tree Crop Development Project: This project is the largest irrigation project in

Kerala. The command area of this project is distributed over Kollam, Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha

districts and coveres Pathanapuram, Kottarakkara, Kollam, Kunnathur, Karunagappally, Adoor,

Mavelikkara and Karthikappally Taluks. The project was planned to irrigate net cultivable command

area of 61,630 ha. During the course of execution, few canals including Kayamkulam branch canal

were dropped and now this project is benefited for a net cultivable command area of 53,514 ha in

92 villages.

Gayathri Project: The project in Palakkad district is one of the medium projects of Kerala. This

project includes two reservoirs namely Meenkara Reservoir (Stage I ) and Chulliar Reservoir (Stage II)

and their related canal system. The Meenkara river and Chulliar river are the tributaries of Gayathri

river. The Meenkara reservoir in Meenkara river is at a point 2.5 miles upstream of its confluence

with Chulliar river. Chulliar reservoir is at a point about 1.5 miles upstream of its confluence with

Meenkara river of Bharathapuzha river basin. Majority of the catchment area are in Anamalai hills



33

and plains of Tamil Nadu. The Chulliar dam is a masonry gravity dam for a length of 555 m and zonal

type earthen dam for 1200 m. The maximum height of the dam is 30.50 m and the capacity of the

reservoir is 13.70 Mm3. The water-spread area is 165 sq. km at FRL and the catchment area is 27.80

sq. km. There are 3 ogee type spillways of 30 m length with vertical lift type of crest gates including

operating system. The ayacut of the project is 2430 ha (CCA).

Meenkara Project: The project consists of an earthen gravity Meenkara dam for a length of 934 m

with a masonry spillway portion of 30 m. The maximum height of the dam is 19.9 m and the capacity

of the reservoir is 11.30 Mm3. The reservoir has a water spread area of 249.5 sq. km at FRL. The

total ayacut is 3035 ha (CCA). An ogee type spillway has been provided with 2 crust gates of size

12.19 x 4.57 m, vertical lift type and operating system.

Peechi Major Irrigation Project: Peechi Irrigation Project is a major completed project. It envisages

the construction of Peechi dam across Manali River in Kerala. The CCA of the project is 17.55 Th ha

with ultimate irrigation potential of 7.18 Th ha benefitting Trissur district.

Idamalayar Major Irrigation Project: Idamalayar Irrigation Project is a major on-going project. It

envisages the construction of Aliyer dam across Idamalayer river in Kerala. The CCA of the project is

14.39 Th ha with ultimate irrigation potential of 29.04 Th ha benefitting Ernakulam, Idukki,Trichur

and kottayam district.

3.2.2 Hydro Electric projects

There are 21 Hydro-Electric Projects & 29 Powerhouse Projects in West flowing rivers from Tadri to

Kanyakumari basin. The important Hydro-Electric Projects in the basin are Idukki, Sharavathy Valley,

Malankara, Varahi, Kuttiyadi, Sabarigiri and Kadamparai. Sharavathy Valley Hydroelectric Project

which is one the largest hydroelectric projects in the basin, is situated on Dam Toe. Ten Turbines and

10 Penstocks are installed in the power house which can produce maximum power of 1035 MW

when fully functional. Idukki Power House is located on Idukki Hydroelectric Project. Six Turbines

and 2 Penstocks installed in the power house can produce maximum power of 780 MW when fully

functional. Malankara Hydroelectric Project is connected to Malankara Power House, which is

located on Canal Drop along with 3 turbines. Its total installed capacity is 10.50 MW. The salient

features of some important hydroelectric projects in the basin are as follows:

Varahi Diversion Weir: This Dam is located on the river Varahi. It is a Hydroelectric project having power facilities. This project has 460 MW power capacities. The gross and live storage of the reservoir is 82.35 MCM and 39.87 MCM respectively.

Sharavathi HE Complex: This projects complex consisits of 4 structures viz. Talakalale, Linganmakki, Kargal Anicut, Gerosuppa Dam. This is the major completed project having power capacity of 1469.2 MW.

3.2.3 Dams, Barrages/Weirs/Anicuts

Water resources structures are manmade structures to store the water for hydropower, irrigation,

drinking water supply etc. There are 69 Dams situated in the West flowing rivers from Tadri to

Kanyakumari basin among which maximum 40 are a part of Periyar and others sub basin, 20 are

located in Varrar and others sub basin and 9 falls in the Netravati and others sub basin. Six Barrrages,

6 Weirs and 4 Anicuts are also available in this basin. Majority of the dams (31.15%) have a storage



34

capacity of 0-25 MCM (Figure 6). Around 29.69% dams are used for the purpose of irrigation and

50% for hydroelectric generation. Sub basin wise distribution of Dams, B/W/A and Lifts in the basin

is shown in Table 7. Map 14. Shows major water resources structure and allied projects. Sub basin

wise distribution of water resources assets are shown in Map 15a, 15b, 15c.

At present, there are some major ongoing and completed multipurpose projects namely

Malampuzha Dam, Aliyar Dam, Peechi Dam, Kallada Dam, etc. The number of dams based on

purpose is shown in (Figure 7). There are 32 dams for Hydro electric projects. The salient features

of some of the major structures are given below:

Idukki (Eb)/Idukki Arch Dam: This Dam is Located on river Periyar. This is the highest Dam in the

basin, having height of 169m. It is a Hydro-Electric project having power facilities. The catchment

area of this reservoir is 598.30 sq. km. The gross and live storage of the reservoir is 1996.30 MCM

and 1459.43 MCM respectively.

Aliyar Dam : This Dam is located on Aliyar river. It is the longest Dam in the basin having length of

3.2 km. The catchment area of this reservoir is 1970 sq. km. The gross and live storage of the

reservoir is 109.43 MCM and 109.43 MCM respectively. It is a completed project used for both

hydroelectric and irrigation.

Peechi Dam: This Dam is located on the river Manali. It is a completed project having irrigation

facility. The catchment area of this reservoir is 1070 sq. km. The gross and live storage of the

reservoir is 110.44 MCM and 108.17 MCM respectively.

Talakalale Dam: This Dam is located on the river Sharavathy. It is a Hydro-Electric project having power facilities. The catchment area of this reservoir is 47 sq. km. The gross and live storage of the reservoir is 130 MCM and 54 MCM respectively.

Kakki (Eb) Dam: This Dam is located on the river Kakki. It is a Hydro-Electric project having power facilities. The catchment area of this reservoir is 2175 sq. km. The gross and live storage of the reservoir is 455.02 MCM and 447.4 MCM respectively.

Table 8. Sub Basin wise number and type of water resources structures

Sl.

No.

Sub Basin Dams Barrages Weirs Anicuts Lifts Power

House

1 Netravati and others Sub

Basin

9 1 1 1 0 6

2 Periyar and others Sub Basin 40 4 2 0 0 17

3 Varrar and others Sub Basin 20 1 3 3 0 6



35

Figure 6. Dam classification based on storage

Figure 7. Dam classification based on purpose



36

Map 14. Major water resources structures and projects



37

Map 15a. Netravati and others Sub Basin water resources assets



38

Map 15b. Periyar and others Sub Basin water resources assets



39

Map 15c. Varrar and others Sub Basin water resources assets



40

3.2.4 Command area and canals network

Canals are man-made channels for conveyance of water. In general, the hierarchy of canal network

is: main canal, branch canal, distributary/major, minor-sub minor and field channel. When the water

is to be transported across landscape to deliver the water to the respective command areas by canal

network, construction of various irrigation structures are necessary to negotiate terrain including

drains, road, rail lines. Important Irrigation structures are Regulators, Bridge, Aqueduct / Syphon

Aqueduct, Super passage / Syphon, Level crossing / Inlets and Outlets, and Other Cross drainage

Structures. Distributary head regulator: this controls the supply to an off taking channel from the

parent channel. Map 16 shows command area and canal network. There are 19 major and 8 medium

command area in the basin. The total canal length in the basin is 4144.23 km.

A study was carried out jointly by CWC & ISRO to assess the existing status of the irrigation

commands. IRS P4 LISS III data of two different seasons namely, pre monsoon (2005) and post

monsoon (2004) were used for delineation of waterlogged and salt affected areas of major and

medium irrigation commands of West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari basin. Total

waterlogged area within these occupies 12,404 ha whereas salt affected area has been extended to

3351 ha.

3.2.5 Multipurpose projects There are totel 7 multipurpose projects in the basin. The Irrigation, Hydroelectric and ERM Component for the multipurpose projects listed in the basin.

Table 9. List of multipurpose projects in the basin.

3.2.6 Interstate projects There are 2 interstate irrigation project viz. Neyyar Stage I & II Medium Irrigation Project & Neyyar

Medium Irrigation Project.

Sl.no. Multipurpose Project Irrigation Project Hydroelectric Project ERM

1. Perambikulam Aliyar Multi Purpose Project

Parambikulam Aliyar Major Irrigation Project

Parambikulam Aliyar Hydroelectric Project

Pap Ayacut Extension

2. Periyar Vagai Multi Purpose Project

Periyar Vaigai Major Irrigation Project

Periyar Hydroelectric Project

3. Kallada Multi Purpose Project

Kallada Major Irrigation Project

Kallada Hydroelectric Project



41

Map 16. Command area and canal network



42

4. Ground water resources 4.1 Ground water observation wells

Ground water plays a key role in meeting the water needs of various user-sectors in India. With

growing awareness, the dependability on ground water as a sustainable resource in nation building

reasserts the need for organizations, which is vested with the responsibilities of assessing and

managing the ground water resources of the country through ground water management studies,

exploration, evaluation and monitoring of ground water regime.

There are 966 observation wells located in West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari basin. Out

of these, 484 wells are located in Periyar and others sub basin, 284 in Varrar and others sub basin

and 198 wells in Netravati and others sub basin (Table 10). The spatial distribution of ground water

observation wells is shown in the Map 17. These wells measures four seasonal water level data viz.,

pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and post-monsoon (rabi).

Table 10. Sub-basin wise nunber of ground water observation wells

Sl. No. Sub Basin No. of Observation Wells 1 Netravati and others Sub Basin 198

2 Periyar and others Sub Basin 484

3 Varrar and others Sub Basin 284



43

Map 17.Location of ground water observation wells



44

4.2 Ground Water Fluctuation

The occurrence of ground water generally depends upon the rainfall, drainage, topography and the

geological conditions of the area. Any phenomenon, which produces pressure change within an

aquifer, results in the change of ground water level. These changes in ground water level can be a

result of changes in storage, amount of discharge and recharge, variation of stream stages and

evaporation. External loads such as tides, trains, atmospheric pressure and earthquake are born in

part by the ground water of confined aquifers. Hence, they affect peizometric levels.

Ground water fluctuation in the basin is assessed for recharge and draft conditions based on the

available groundwater level in four different seasons. Groundwater recharge is estimated by the

difference between pre and post monsoon seasons. Similarly, groundwater draft is estimated by the

difference between post-monsoon and post-monsoon (rabi) seasons data. Interpolated maps for

groundwater recharge and irrigation draft (rabi) are prepared based on the available groundwater

fluctuation data in the basin. In the basin, ground water fluctuation map due to recharge (2011) is

shown in Map 18. Most of the area shows ground water rise of <2m. Ground water rise of 2-4m is

observed the coastal area of northrens side. Ground water fluctuation map due to draft (2011) is

shown in Map 19. There is a fall of <2m observed in most of the basin area.

4.3 Litholog well locations

An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials

(gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well. Related terms

include aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer and aquiclude (or aquifuge),

which is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable layer

overlies the aquifer pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer. Aquifers may occur at

various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be used for water supply and

irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Alluvium, sandstone, loose

sand/gravel etc are the betteraquifer material.In hardrock areas, fracture/lineament plays an

important role in identifying groundwater potential areas. The information on the aquifer material,

depth and thickness of the aquifer layers in a basin can be analysed based on the available lithlog

information.Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them that

can be exploited as groundwater resources.

This basin consists of 387 well locations for aquifer and lithological studies, which are shown in

Map 20. The drilling depth ranges between 25.75 to 601 m. Detailed information regarding deapth,

major lithology etc is given in Annexure-V .



45

Map 18.Ground water level fluctuation (Recharge)



46

Map 19. Ground water level fluctuation ( Draft)



47

Map 20. Litholog well Locations



48

5. Hydro-met observations Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events and are explained by the science of

meteorology. Those events are bound by the variables that exist in Earth's

atmosphere; temperature, air pressure, water vapour, and the gradients and interactions of each

variable, and how they change in time. Different spatial scales are studied to determine how systems

on local, regional, and global levels impact weather and climatology.

CWC has contributed substantially in the collection of hydrological data all over the basin. Being the

apex national body for the development of surface water resources of the country, CWC has

established a network of hydrological observation stations across all the rivers in this basin. The

Central Water Commission maintains 28 hydro-meteorlogical observation stations in the basin.

Around 107 IMD stations and 53 ISRO AWS stations are also located in the basin for the

meteorological observation. Spatial location of hydro observation sites of CWC are shown in Map 21.

5.1 Hydrological observation sites

Central Water Commission maintains 28 gauge, discharge, sediment and water quality sites in the

basin (Map 21). These stations carry out observations pertaining to various hydrological parameters

such as gauge (river water level), discharge (amount of water released from a cross section in the

river in a given time period), sediment (concentration of solid particles in water) and river water

quality pertaining to different quality parameters (Table 11). The stations are categorized as GDQ

and GDSQ. Salient features of hydro-observation stations are listed in Annexure – VI.

Table 11. Hydrological Observation Sites of CWC

Sl. No. Station Type Number of Stations

1 GDQ 10

2 GDSQ 18

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteorological_phenomena

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(spatial)



49

Map 21. Hydro observation and flood forcasting stations



50

5.2 Meteorological stations

The Hydro-Meteorological data pertaining to the river basin is required for modelling the catchment.

These include daily rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature, solar radiation, evaporation and

sunshine hours, relative humidity and wind speed.

There are 3 main organizations in our country which records meteorological parameters viz., Indian

Meteorological Department (IMD), Central Water Commission (CWC) and ISRO (Automatic Weather

Stations). Table 12 shows number of meteorological stations by each orgainisation.There are 28

meteorological stations of CWC (Central Water Commission) are located in the basin.These stations

are established to understand the relationship between meteorological parameter and river

dynamics. The stations carry out observations pertaining to meteorological parameters viz., Rainfall,

Temperature, Pan Evaporation, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Sunshine etc. IMD is having 107

Meteorological stations.

The integrated approach of measuring meteorological parameter using Automated Weather Stations

(AWS) is helpful in the remote region. AWS stations require minimum maintenance and the data is

generated on temporal basis. Under the supervision of ISRO, 53 AWS station have been established

in the basin.

Table 12. Meteorological Stations.

Sl. No. Organisation Number of Stations

1 CWC Observation Stations 28

2 IMD Stations 107

3 ISRO AWS Stations 53



51

6. Water quality

6.1 Surface water quality observations

Observation stations to provide information on water quality of surface water bodies, viz., rivers,

lakes, etc are maintained in the country by two apex organizations namely, Central Water

Commission (CWC) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). CWC stations carry out observations

for testing the surface water quality pertaining to 68 water quality parameters which are considered

to be the ‘Standard Hydrology Project Water Quality Parameters’. All physical, chemical and

biological water quality parameters are categorized further under sub categories like field

determinations, nutrients, organic matter, alkalinity, hardness, other inorganics, major ions,

coliforms and others.

Water Quality observations are taken at 28 sites of CWC. The quality of water is determined by

making measurements in the field or by taking samples of water, suspended materials, bottom

sediment, or biota, and sending them to a laboratory for physical, chemical and microbiological

analyses. For example, acidity (pH), color and turbidity (a measure of the suspended particles in the

water) are measured in the field. The concentrations of metals, nutrients, pesticides and other

substances are measured in the laboratory. Another way to obtain an indication of the quality of

water is biological testing.

6.2 Ground water quality observations

For ground water monitoring and quality check, observations are done at 9 well locations in the

basin by CGWB. The main 15 parameters monitored are Magnesium, pH, Nitrate, Potassium,

Sulphate, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) , Calcium, Sodium, Carbonate,

Bicarbonate, Chloride, Fluoride, Sodium Absorption Ratio(SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate(RSC).



52

7. Inter-basin transfer links India has substantial water resources potential but its availability in various parts of the country is

highly uneven. Inter-basin transfer link proposes river water transfer from the region of surplus to

deficit areas. This may provide an effective ways to enhance irrigation potential, to mitigate floods

and droughts and reduce regional imbalance by way of additional irrigation, domestic and industrial

water supply, hydropower generation, navigational facilities etc. There are two inter-basin transfer

links falling in this basin, namely Netravati-Hemavati Link and Pamba – Anchankovil – Vaippar Link

These links are shown in Map 22.

Netravati-Hemavati Link: This link proposes to divert 188 Mcum of surplus water from Netravati

Basin to water short Cauvery basin to irrigate an area of about 33,813 hectares in the drought prone

Tumkur, Hassan and Mandya districts of Karnataka. The total length of the canal is about 11 km,

which includes three tunnels of total length of 8.4 km.

The Pamba – Anchankovil – Vaippar Link: This link proposes to divert 634 Mcum of water from the

surplus available in Pamba and Anchankovil basins of Kerala state to Vaippar basin for irrigating an

area of 91,400 hectares in the drought prone districts of Tamil Nadu. The length of main canal is

50.68 km, and two tunnels of length 8 km and 9 km exist.



53

Map 22. Inter-basin transfer links



54

8. Inland navigation waterways Inland Water Transport (IWT) is a fuel efficient, environment friendly and cost effective mode of

transport having potential to supplement the overburdened rail and congested roads. Inland

Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) was constituted in October 1986, for the development and

regulation of inland waterways for shipping and navigation. The Authority undertakes various

infrastructure developments works on national waterways. It also carries out feasibility studies and

prepares proposals for declaration of other waterways as National Waterways.

This basin comes under National Waterways No. 3 (Map 23.), it notified on 1st Feb. 1993 vide

National Waterway (Kollam-Kottapuram stretch of West Coast Canal (168 Km) and Udyogmandal

canal (Kochi Pathalam bridge)-23 Km and Champakara canal (Kochi - Ambalamugal)-14 Km) Act

1992 (3-F of 1992).

This is the first National Waterway in the country having 24 hours navigation facilities in the entire

stretch and its total length is 205 km. Navigational aids comprising of navigation buoys and solar

operated navigation lights and 18 beacon towers installed in the entire stretch. The National

Waterway-3 is one of the most navigable and tourism potential area in India and has much to offer

to the potential tourist. Some part of this waterway falls in the district of Collam and Kottapuram.



55

Map 23. Inland Navigation Waterways



56

9. Water tourism sites The basin hosts a rich environment for water tourism sites. Spatial distribution of major water

tourism sites are shown in Map 24. Table 13 depicts the categorization of these sites.

Wildlife sanctuaries and National Parks, namely Anamalai (Indira Gandhi) Tiger Reserve, Silent Valley

National Park, Eravikulam National Park, Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary, Idukki Elephant Reserve,

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary etc. are located in the basin.

Islands such as Pathiramanal, Bolgatty and Dharmadam are also situated here. The Guruvayoor

Temple, Harippad Temple, Padmanabha Swamy Temple, Mishkal Masjid, Edathwa Church, Saint

Thomas Memorial etc. are the famous religious destinations in the basin.

The Pazhazzi Dam, Peechi Dam, Thirumoorthy Dam and Aruvikkara Dam are known for their

beautiful sightseeing. Edakkal Caves, Shakthan Thampuran Palace, Kalipoika, Kadalur Point Light

House, Kumarakom Lake Resort, Kozhikode Beach, Thirumullavaram Beach, Palaruvi Waterfall,

Monkey Falls, Jog Waterfall, Vazhachal Waterfall etc. are some of the famous water tourist sites that

form a part of the basin.

Table 13. Water Tourism Sites

Sl. No. Tourist Site Category No. of Places

1 Beach 19

2 Pilgrimage (Church) 6

3 Port 1

4 Lake 1

5 Dam 5

6 Fort 6

7 Museums / Monument 7

8 Pilgrimage (Masjid) 2

9 Caves 1

10 Water Sport 1

11 Pilgrimage (Temple) 33

12 Island 3

13 Waterfall 9

14 Hill Station 3

15 National Park 3

16 Wildlife Sanctuary 16

17 Other Tourist Spot 35



57

Map 24. Water tourism sites



58

10. Conclusion

The West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari basin accounts for 1.66% of the total

geographical area of the country. The basin is irregular in shape and is traversed by many major and

miner rivers. On physiographical basis, the basin comprises of hilly as well as fairly plain regions .The

plain regions in between the hilly tracts and in the lower reaches are broad and fertile areas, well

suited for cultivation. The basin has a network of backwaters, artificial salt-water canals and tidal

rivers, which play a vital role in the communication system. The climate of the basin is mainly of the

coastal type where the seasonal variation is generally small and the atmosphere is moist or humid.

The economy of the basin largely depends on agriculture, fisheries and major industries which have

developed in important towns all along the coast. Floods are a common problem in some parts of

the basin, particularly in Kerala, and are very severe in certain years causing considerable loss to

property and human life. The entire length of the sea coast lying in the basin is exposed to sea

erosion and at certain places.

The West flowing rivers from tadri to kanyakumari and its tributaries are interstate river system,

flowing through the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and parts of Puducherry. A number of

small and large water resource structures have already been constructed in the basin and few are

under construction. Surface water potential in the basin is nearly utilized but there is need to make

arrangements for use of full potential of ground water. Systematic and scientific exploratory work is

needed for a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the ground water resources in the basin, so

that these resources may be exploited in a rational way, either independently or in conjunction with

surface waters. There is need for interstate cooperation and agreement in respect of carrying out

soil conservation measures to conserve the storage capacities of the existing and proposed

reservoirs in the basin. It is necessary for systematic data to be collected with regard to the sediment

carried by the rivers, which would illustrate the effect of any soil conservation works carried out in

the basin.



59

Annexure I: State, district and parliamentary constituency in the basin A. District Details

Sl. No. State Name District (2011) Population (2011) Total Area (Sq. Km)

District Area in Basin (Sq. Km)

% of District Area in the Basin

1 Karnataka Chikmagalur 1,137,961 7167.73 152.22 2.12

2 Karnataka Shimoga 1,752,753 8361.30 2652.20 31.72

3 Karnataka Kodagu 554,519 4115.60 1216.92 29.57

4 Karnataka Udupi 1,177,361 3841.79 3838.73 99.92

5 Karnataka Hassan 1,776,421 6789.18 462.78 6.82

6 Karnataka Dakshina Kannada 2,089,649 4578.68 4577.59 99.98

7 Karnataka Uttara Kannada 1,437,169 10048.65 1033.70 10.29

8 Kerala Pathanamthitta 1,197,412 2709.55 2704.62 99.82

9 Kerala Kannur 2,523,003 2957.80 2956.64 99.96

10 Kerala Kasaragod 1,307,375 1964.67 1964.67 100

11 Kerala Thrissur 3,121,200 3071.57 3071.56 100

12 Kerala Kollam 2,635,375 2556.16 2544.48 99.54

13 Kerala Kottayam 1,974,551 2258.83 2258.83 100

14 Kerala Alappuzha 2,127,789 1454.48 1454.48 100

15 Kerala Idukki 1,108,974 5106.26 4682.42 91.70

16 Kerala Palakkad 2,809,934 4542.91 3923.85 86.37

17 Kerala Ernakulam 3,282,388 2454.58 2454.57 100

18 Kerala Malappuram 4,112,920 3599.11 3597.21 99.95

19 Kerala Wayanad 817,420 2141.18 205.04 9.58

20 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 3,301,427 2246.81 2242.48 99.81

21 Kerala Kozhikode 3,086,293 2347.84 2343.42 99.81

22 Puducherry Mahe 41,816 9.90 9.90 100

23 Tamil Nadu The Nilgiris 735,394 2572.79 359.39 13.97

24 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli 3,077,233 6998.99 16.96 0.24

25 Tamil Nadu Tiruppur 2,479,052 5266.55 283.22 5.38

26 Tamil Nadu Kanniyakumari 1,870,374 1746.80 1675.98 95.95

27 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore 3,458,045 4708.71 2139.34 45.43



60

Sl. No. State Name District (2011) Population (2011) Total Area (Sq. Km)

District Area in Basin (Sq. Km)

% of District Area in the Basin

28 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar 1,942,288 4487.16 0 0

29 Tamil Nadu Theni 1,245,899 2909.55 1.95 0.07

Source : Survey of India and Census Data 2011 Note-District-wise Population data has been taken from Census 2011.

B. Parliamentary Constituency Details

Sl. No. State Name Parliamentary Constituencies (2009)

Total Area (Sq. Km) Area Falling in Basin (Sq. Km)

% Area in the Basin

1 Karnataka Dakshina Kannada 4926.18 4925.09 99.98

2 Karnataka Udupi Chikmagalur 8397.83 2537.91 30.22

3 Karnataka Shimoga 9523.03 3813.89 40.05

4 Karnataka Mysore 6367.11 1160.76 18.23

5 Karnataka Hassan 7947.83 462.78 5.82

6 Karnataka Uttara Kannada 12524.30 1033.70 8.25

7 Kerala Malappuram 1243.32 1243.32 100

8 Kerala Palakkad 2579.38 1960.32 76

9 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 702.90 702.18 99.90

10 Kerala Mavelikkara 1495.91 1495.91 100

11 Kerala Ponnani 955.23 955.23 100

12 Kerala Pathanamthitta 3441.84 3436.92 99.86

13 Kerala Wayanad 4150.31 2212.20 53.30

14 Kerala Kozhikode 957.19 954.12 99.68

15 Kerala Vadakara 1283.94 1282.66 99.90

16 Kerala Ernakulam 571.10 571.10 100

17 Kerala Kannur 2064.27 2063.10 99.94

18 Kerala Attingal 1543.58 1539.97 99.77

19 Kerala Kollam 1694.91 1683.23 99.31

20 Kerala Kasaragod 2554.79 2554.79 100

21 Kerala Thrissur 1332.59 1332.59 100



61

Sl. No. State Name Parliamentary Constituencies (2009)

Total Area (Sq. Km) Area Falling in Basin (Sq. Km)

% Area in the Basin

22 Kerala Alathur 2549.99 2549.99 100

23 Kerala Chalakudy 1982.12 1982.11 100

24 Kerala Idukki 5640.05 5216.21 92.49

25 Kerala Alappuzha 958.29 958.29 100

26 Kerala Kottayam 1710.04 1710.04 100

27 Puducherry Puducherry 503.01 9.90 1.97

28 Tamil Nadu Tenkasi 4321.54 1.15 0.03

29 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli 3721.36 15.82 0.43

30 Tamil Nadu Kanniyakumari 1746.80 1675.98 95.95

31 Tamil Nadu Pollachi 4074.02 2380.64 58.43

32 Tamil Nadu Nilgiris 6181.26 359.39 5.81

33 Tamil Nadu Theni 4489.73 1.95 0.04

34 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore 1887.29 41.92 2.22

Source : Election Commission of India



62

Annexure II : Climate – Rainfall (1971-2004) and Temperature (1969-2004) profile in the basin

A. Sub-Basin Wise Annual Rainfall (mm) (1971-2004)

Sl. No. Year Annual Rainfall

Netravati and others Sub Basin Periyar and others Sub Basin Varrar and others Sub Basin

1 1971 2851.14 1891.03 2547.86

2 1972 2614.27 1599.16 2115.45

3 1973 2541.94 1487.68 1773.85

4 1974 2837.18 1553.44 2293.9

5 1975 3596.82 2007.67 3122.3

6 1976 2281.4 1277.7 1896.69

7 1977 2992.56 2029.55 2971.67

8 1978 3431.95 1896.93 3007.39

9 1979 2599.71 1560.24 2218.87

10 1980 3040.45 1534.64 2172.68

11 1981 2885.13 1792.47 2524.99

12 1982 2884.74 1267.88 1689.57

13 1983 2947.03 1291.17 2005.47

14 1984 2609.44 1466 1979.1

15 1985 2355.86 1412.07 1798.61

16 1986 2344.29 1150.75 1716.67

17 1987 2051.04 1409.02 1679.51

18 1988 2690.57 1458.12 1945.79

19 1989 2509.22 1108.13 1518.82

20 1990 3044.1 1507.56 2108.23

21 1991 2893.41 1821.77 2473.38

22 1992 3056.84 1852.63 2959.8

23 1993 2547.82 1751.26 2243.95

24 1994 3542.03 1840.74 2833.45

25 1995 2839.09 1585.62 2204.16

26 1996 2481.67 1509.1 1956.98



63

Sl. No. Year Annual Rainfall

Netravati and others Sub Basin Periyar and others Sub Basin Varrar and others Sub Basin

27 1997 3114.24 1943.14 2652.7

28 1998 3125.59 1777.08 2643.49

29 1999 3027.29 1732.83 2353.75

30 2000 2710.85 1481.91 1956.95

31 2001 2436.56 2022.39 2132.48

32 2002 2312.32 1270.8 1642.49

33 2003 2296.91 1198.75 1355.63

34 2004 2242.06 1892.91 2389.76

B. Temperature profile in the basin (36 Years Average for the period 1969-2004)

Sl. No. Month Maximum Temperature (°C) Minimum Temperature (°C) Mean Temperature (°C)

1 January 29.84 17.83 23.84

2 February 32.95 21.02 26.98

3 March 32.78 20.77 26.77

4 April 33.26 22.38 27.82

5 May 32.33 22.65 27.49

6 June 29.19 21.69 25.44

7 July 28.03 21.25 24.64

8 August 27.98 21.18 24.58

9 September 29.04 21.11 25.07

10 October 29.31 20.92 25.11

11 November 29.25 19.91 24.58

12 December 29.31 18.43 23.87



64

Annexure III : Sub basin wise population and drinking water facilities

A. Demographic Details

Sl. No. Sub Basin No. of Districts

No. of Villages Total Population

Male Population

Female Population

No. of Households

1 Netravati and others Sub Basin 12 1619 6202429 3013029 3189400 1188167

2 Periyar and others Sub Basin 14 858 14162844 6906795 7256050 3259988

3 Varrar and others Sub Basin 9 859 11150534 5401645 5748889 2214680

Source : Census Data 2001; Disclaimer: District-wise Population data has been taken from cencus 2011.

B. Drinking Water Facilities

Sl. No. Sub Basin District Wells Tubewells Handpumps

1. Netravati and others Sub Basin Hassan 0 0 0

2 Netravati and others Sub Basin Dakshina Kannada 0 0 0

3 Netravati and others Sub Basin Udupi 0 0 0

4 Netravati and others Sub Basin Chikmagalur 0 0 0

5 Netravati and others Sub Basin Kozhikode 87 76 63

6 Netravati and others Sub Basin Kodagu 0 0 0

7 Netravati and others Sub Basin Shimoga 0 0 0

8 Netravati and others Sub Basin Uttara Kannada 0 0 0

9 Netravati and others Sub Basin Wayanad 48 45 36

10 Netravati and others Sub Basin Kasaragod 73 61 62

11 Netravati and others Sub Basin Kannur 78 64 49

12 Netravati and others Sub Basin Mahe 0 0 0

13 Periyar and others Sub Basin Thiruvananthapuram 78 64 45

14 Periyar and others Sub Basin Coimbatore 0 0 0

15 Periyar and others Sub Basin Kollam 90 78 55

16 Periyar and others Sub Basin Tirunelveli 0 0 0

17 Periyar and others Sub Basin Palakkad 143 127 134



65

Sl. No. Sub Basin District Wells Tubewells Handpumps

18 Periyar and others Sub Basin Pathanamthitta 65 49 46

19 Periyar and others Sub Basin Alappuzha 75 52 47

20 Periyar and others Sub Basin Ernakulam 89 70 63

21 Periyar and others Sub Basin Kanniyakumari 0 0 0

22 Periyar and others Sub Basin Idukki 54 43 36

23 Periyar and others Sub Basin Theni 0 0 0

24 Periyar and others Sub Basin Kottayam 75 57 54

25 Periyar and others Sub Basin Thrissur 201 161 155

26 Periyar and others Sub Basin Virudhunagar 0 0 0

27 Varrar and others Sub Basin Coimbatore 0 0 0

28 Varrar and others Sub Basin The Nilgiris 0 0 0

29 Varrar and others Sub Basin Kozhikode 87 76 63

30 Varrar and others Sub Basin Palakkad 143 127 134

31 Varrar and others Sub Basin Wayanad 48 45 36

32 Varrar and others Sub Basin Malappuram 119 107 97

33 Varrar and others Sub Basin Kannur 78 64 49

34 Varrar and others Sub Basin Thrissur 201 161 155

35 Varrar and others Sub Basin Mahe 0 0 0

Source : Census Data 2001; Disclaimer: District-wise Population data has been taken from cencus 2011.



66

Annexure IV : Inventory of surface water resources

A. List of Dams with surrogate information

Sl. No.

Name of Dam River Type of

Dam

Ye

ar o

f co

mp

leti

on

Cat

chm

en

t A

rea

(Sq

.

Km

.)

Len

gth

of

dam

(m

)

Max

he

igh

t ab

ove

fou

nd

atio

n

(m)

Gro

ss

sto

rage

ca

pac

ity

(MC

M)

Live

sto

rage

cap

acit

y

(MC

M)

Typ

e o

f sp

illw

ay

Sub

me

rge

nc

e A

rea

(Th

H

a)

Pu

rpo

se

1 Mani Dam Varahi Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1988 580 59 961.75 883.81 5.60 HE

2 Aliyar Dam Aliyar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1962 1970 3200 44.04 109.43 109.43 Ogee 0.65 HE,IR

3 Chakra Dam Chakra Rockfill 1985 570 84 222.60 133 6.99 IR

4 Vandal Dam

5 Periyar Dam Periyar Gravity / Masonry

1895 601 365.8 50.29 443.55 299.35 2.90 HE,IR

6 Kakkayam NA

7 Kuttiyar Dam NA

8 Sholayar Sholayar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1971 120 1244.18

105.16 152.70 143.07 Ogee 0.57 HE,IR

9 Chittar I Dam Chittar Earthen 1970 22 806 21.94 1728 11.13 0.29 IR

10 Gerusoppa Sharavathi Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

2000 421 62 130.89 58.21 0.60 HE

11 Poigaiyar Poigai Earthen 2000 7 2290 24 3.91 IR

12 Aruvikkara

13 Chittar II Chittar Earthen 1970 26.16 1076 25 28.55 16.99 Ogee 0.41 IR

14 Kadamparai Kadambarai Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1984 83 808 67.5 30.85 26.80 HE

15 Kakki (Eb) Kakki Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1966 2175 336.19

116.13 455.02 447.40 1751.50

HE

16 Pamba (Eb) Pamba Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1967 2800 281 57.2 39.22 31.15 153 HE,IR



67

Sl. No.


Dam

Ye

ar o

f co

mp

leti

on

Cat

chm

en

t A

rea

(Sq

.

Km

.)

Len

gth

of

dam

(m

)

Max

he

igh

t ab

ove

fou

nd

atio

n

(m)

Gro

ss

sto

rage

ca

pac

ity

(MC

M)

Live

sto

rage

cap

acit

y

(MC

M)

Typ

e o

f sp

illw

ay

Sub

me

rgen

ce

Are

a (T

h

Ha)

Pu

rpo

se

17 Pechiparai Kodaiyar Gravity / Masonry 1906 204.80 555 46.32 152.36 126.02 Ogee 1.52 IR

18 Perunchani Paralayar Gravity / Masonry 1952 158.40 308 36.27 81.84 0.96 IR

19 Savehakalu Savehaklu Earthen 1980 633 53 124.97 66.97 0.94 HE

20 Talakalale Sharavathy Gravity / Masonry 1964 47 353.6 62.48 130 54 Ogee 0.77 HE

21 Tunacadavu Tunacadavu Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1965 43.35 314 26.91 15.77 9.06 Ogee 0.43 HE,IR

22 Anayirangal NA

23 Lower Nirar Nirar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1982 37.20 188.97

50.29 7.76 4.93 Ogee 0.05 HE,IR

24 Neyyar (Id) Neyyar Gravity / Masonry 1973 1490 294.83

56.08 106.20 101.15 Ogee 910 IR

25 Peechi (Id) Manali Gravity / Masonry 1958 1070 213.3 41.85 110.44 108.17 Ogee 1295 IR

26 Thirumurthi Palar Earthen 1967 80 2628 34.14 54.80 49.35 Ogee 0.39 IR

27 Chimoni (Id) Chimoni Gravity / Masonry 1996 721.30 1211.5

179.39 174.24 Ogee 1010 IR

28 Kundala (Eb) Palar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1947 2382.70

259 46.94 7.65 7.65 Ogee 46.50 HE

29 Linganamakki Sharavathy Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1964 1992 2749.29

61.26 4435 4294 Ogee 31.73 HE

30 Parambikulam Parambikulam Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1967 230 896.12

73.15 504.66 379.71 Ogee 2.07 HE,IR

31 Ponmudi (Eb) Panniar 1963 294 59 51.54 47.40 278.90 HE

32 Vazhany (Id) Wadakkanchery (Keechery)

Gravity / Masonry 1962 210 792.48

18.12 16.65 Ogee 1820 IR

33 Walayar (Id) korayar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1956 1063.50

1478 30.48 18.90 18.40 Ogee 2590 IR



68

Sl. No.


Dam

Ye

ar o

f co

mp

leti

on

Cat

chm

en

t A

rea

(Sq

.

Km

.)

Len

gth

of

dam

(m

)

Max

he

igh

t ab

ove

fou

nd

atio

n

(m)

Gro

ss

sto

rage

ca

pac

ity

(MC

M)

Live

sto

rage

cap

acit

y

(MC

M)

Typ

e o

f sp

illw

ay

Sub

me

rgen

ce

Are

a (T

h

Ha)

Pu

rpo

se

34 I alayar (Eb) Idamalayar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1985 3808 373 102 1089.80

1017 Ogee 283 HE

35 Kulamavu (Eb) Kilivillithode Gravity / Masonry 1977 598.30 385 100 1996.30

1459.43

59.83 HE

36 Lower Kodayar

Kodayar Gravity / Masonry 1972 28.67 152 61 0.89 0.83 4.18 HE

37 Mangalam (Id) Cherukunna Puzha

Gravity / Masonry 1966 488.50 1057 29.23 25.49 25.34 Ogee 396 IR

38 Peppara (Kwa) Karamana Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1983 423 36.5 70 68.40 8496 HE

39 Pothundy (Id) Ayalar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1971 308.20 1680 32.61 52.39 43.89 Ogee 4190 IR

40 Sengulam (Eb) Mudriapuzha Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1957 51.80 144.5 26.82 0.71 0.71 Ogee 29.10 HE

41 Upper Kodayar

Kodayar Gravity / Masonry 1972 29 166 88 98.51 0.83 HE

42 Kuttiyadi (Id) Kuttiyadi Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1973 1087.80

170.6 35.36 120.52 113.44 Ogee 1052 IR

43 Madupetty (Eb)

Palar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1957 237.74

85.34 55.23 55.23 Ogee 323.75 HE

44 Peruvaripallam

Peruvaripallam Earthen 1971 15.80 466 27.74 17.56 11.02 0.29 HE,IR

45 Cheruthoni (Eb)

Cheruthoni Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1976 598.30 651 138.38 1996.30

1459.43

Ogee 59.83 HE

46 Hulical Forebay

Hulicalnala Earthen 1988 412 42 15 8.70 0.91 HE



69

Sl. No.


Dam

Ye

ar o

f co

mp

leti

on

Cat

chm

en

t A

rea

(Sq

.

Km

.)

Len

gth

of

dam

(m

)

Max

he

igh

t ab

ove

fou

nd

atio

n

(m)

Gro

ss

sto

rage

ca

pac

ity

(MC

M)

Live

sto

rage

cap

acit

y

(MC

M)

Typ

e o

f sp

illw

ay

Sub

me

rgen

ce

Are

a (T

h

Ha)

Pu

rpo

se

47 Malampuzha (Id)

Malampuzha Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1955 1476.35

1848.91

38 226 Ogee 225

IR

48 Kallarkutty (Eb)

Mudira Puzha Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1962 816 182.88

43 6.88 6.51 Ogee 65.03 HE

49 Kyragunda Saddle

Savehaklu Earthen 1983 800 14.5 12.18 0 HE

50 Varahi H.E.Pickup

Varahi Gravity / Masonry 1989 244 39.6 82.35 39.87 0.70 HE

51 Kanhira Puzha (Id)

Kanhira Puzha Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1995 700 2127 30.78 70.83 59.51 Ogee 465 IR

52 Kosani Saddle (Eb)

Karamenthodu 1991 111.8 13.8 209 185.50 1287 HE

53 Sholayar (Main ) (Eb)

Chalakudy Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1965 430.53

66 153.48 150.08 8.71 HE

54 Idukki (Eb)/Idukki Arch

Periyar Gravity / Masonry 1974 598.30 366 169 1996.30

1459.43

59.83 HE

55 Kallada (Parappar) (Id)

Kallada Gravity / Masonry 1986 5490 335 85.35 524 507 Ogee 230 HE,IR

56 Moozhiyar (Kakkad) (Eb)

Moozhiyar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1990 287.50 176.5 34.17 1.50 1.16 Ogee 14.57 HE

57 Sholayar (Saddle ) (Eb)

Chalakudy Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1965 109.12

18.59 153.48 150.08 8.71 HE

58 Western Catchment No. I

Arickyampuzha Gravity / Masonry 1966 72 18 HE

59 Gavi (Sa Diversion) (Eb)

Gaviar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1989 97.54 17.07 39.22 31.15 2007 HE



70

Sl. No.


Dam

Ye

ar o

f co

mp

leti

on

Cat

chm

en

t A

rea

(Sq

.

Km

.)

Len

gth

of

dam

(m

)

Max

he

igh

t ab

ove

fou

nd

atio

n

(m)

Gro

ss

sto

rage

ca

pac

ity

(MC

M)

Live

sto

rage

cap

acit

y

(MC

M)

Typ

e o

f sp

illw

ay

Sub

me

rgen

ce

Are

a (T

h

Ha)

Pu

rpo

se

60 Western Catchment No. II

Karampuzha Gravity / Masonry 1966 85 30 HE

61 Western Catchment No. III

Karampuzha Gravity / Masonry 1966 92 26 HE

62 Lower Periyar (Eb)(Pambla)

Periyar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1996 3220 284 41 5.30 4.50 Other

44.50 HE

63 Veluthoda Forebay (Kakkad)

Veluthodu 1990 68.40 107 22 0.67 0.61 Ogee 63.50 HE

64 Kullar (Sabarigiri Aug.) (Eb)

Kullar 1990 94 24 2.78 1.30 HE

65 Meenar I (Sabarigiri Aug.) (Eb)

Meenar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1991 65 17.2 0.03 710 HE

66 Malankara (Id)/Muttam/Thodupuzha

Thodupuzha 1994 1535 460 23 37 10 Ogee 566 HE,IR

67 Meenkara (Gayathri Stage I) (Id)

Meenkara Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1960 906.50 964 18.9 11.30 10.30 Ogee 249.50 IR

68 Poringalkuthu (Eb)/Peringalkuthu

Chalakudi Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1957 7520 365.76

51.8 32 30.30 Ogee 285 HE



71

Sl. No.


Dam

Ye

ar o

f co

mp

leti

on

Cat

chm

en

t A

rea

(Sq

.

Km

.)

Len

gth

of

dam

(m

)

Max

he

igh

t ab

ove

fou

nd

atio

n

(m)

Gro

ss

sto

rage

ca

pac

ity

(MC

M)

Live

sto

rage

cap

acit

y

(MC

M)

Typ

e o

f sp

illw

ay

Sub

me

rgen

ce

Are

a (T

h

Ha)

Pu

rpo

se

69 Chulliar (Gayathri Stage-II) (Id)

Chulliyar Earthen/Gravity/Masonry

1970 278 1755 30.5 13.70 12.70 Ogee 165 IR

B. List of BWA with surrogate information

Sl. No. Name of B/W/A River Length (m) Height upto

crest (m) Catchment

area (Th. ha.)

Design flood discharge (Cumecs)

Purpose

1 Varahi Weir Varahi 147.2 22.5 4528 HE,IR

2 Kargal Anicut Sharavati 270 0 HE

3 Nurnee Anicut Chitturpuzha 0 0 IR

4 Old Munnar Dam 0 0

5 Maniyar Barrage Kakkad 115.22 16.76 1287 IR

6 Moolathara Weir Chitturpuzha 144.84 0 IR

7 Cheerakuzhi Weir Gayathri 0 0 IR

8 Ottakkal Barrage Kallada 0 0 IR

9 Uppar Nirar Weir Nirar 0 75 1069.36 HE,IR

10 Cheramangalam Weir Gayathri 115.98 2.89 0 IR

11 Kunnamkattupathy weir

Chitturpuzha 0 0 IR

12 Thenbaramadakku Anicut

Chitturpuzha 0 0 IR

13 Pazhassi (Kulur Barrage)

Valapattamam 245 3510 IR

14 Bhoothathankettu /Periyar Barrage

Periyar 210.92 11.79 7079 HE,IR



72

Sl. No. Name of B/W/A River Length (m) Height upto

crest (m) Catchment

area (Th. ha.)

Design flood discharge (Cumecs)

Purpose

15 Bridge Cum Regulator At Thirthala

Bharthapuzha 295 13 0 IR

16 Thumburmuzhi /Chalakudy Diversion Weir

Chalakudy 185 4.66 3254 IR

C. Major/Medium irrigation projects with surrogate information

Sl. No.

Name of Project Type River Tributary Status

Ye

ar o

f

com

ple

tio

n

GC

A (

Th

ha)

CC

A (

Th

ha)

UIP

(T

h h

a)

District/s Benefitted

1 Parambikulam Aliyar Major Irrigation Project

Major Sholayar Chalakudy Completed 101.25 107.85 Coimbatore, Erode

2 Kallada Major Irrigation Project

Major Kallada Kallada Completed 80.58 61.63 92.80 Alappuzha,Kollam,Pattanamthitta

3 Periyar Vaigai Major Irrigation Project

Major Periyar /Vagai

Periyar Completed 1897 28.50 58.40 63.20 Madurai

4 Tirupparappu /(Kodayar Perunchani Canal) Major Irrigation Project

Major Kodayar Kodayar Completed 47.53 Kanyakumari



73

Sl. No.


Ye

ar o

f

com

ple

tio

n

GC

A (

Th

ha)

CC

A (

Th

ha)

UIP

(T

h h

a)


5 Kodayar System Major Irrigation Project

Major Kodayar Kodayar Completed 1906 38.45 36.84 Kanyakumari

6 Periyar Valley Major Irrigation Project

Major Periyar Periyar Completed 1992 32.80 Ernakulam

7 Malampuzha Major Irrigation Project

Major Bharatpuzha

Malampuzha

Completed 43.33 21.25 45.11 Palakkad & Thrissur

8 Pamba Major Irrigation Project

Major Pamba Pamba Completed 21.14 Alappuzha,Pattanam thitta

9 Challakudy Stage - I & II Irrigation Project

Major Chalakudy

Chalakudy Completed 1964 19.69 35.09 Ernakulam

10 Muvattupuzha Major Irrigation Project

Major Muvattupuzha

Thodupuzha

Ongoing 23.50 19.24 37.74 Idukki,Ernakulam,Kottayam

11 Peechi Major Irrigation Project

Major Peechi Manali Completed 17.55 Trissur

12 Chitturpuzha Major Irrigation Project

Major Chitturpuzha

Chitturpuzha

Completed 1993 16.88 Palakkad

13 Varahi Major Irrigation Project

Major Varahi River

Varahi Ongoing 36.24 15.70 15.70 Dakshin Kannada

14 Kuttiyadi Major Irrigation Project

Major Kuttiyadi Kuttiyadi Completed 1993 14.57 Kozhi Kode

15 Idamalayar Major Irrigation Project

Major Periyar Periyar Ongoing 14.39 14.39 29.04 Ernakulam, Idukki, Trichur,Kottayam

16 Chimony Major Irrigation Project

Major Karuvannur

Chimony Completed 35.70 13 Thrissur



74

Sl. No.


Ye

ar o

f

com

ple

tio

n

GC

A (

Th

ha)

CC

A (

Th

ha)

UIP

(T

h h

a)


17 Neyyar Stage I & II Medium Irrigation Project_Kerala

Medium Neyyar Neyyar Completed 11.66 8.23 Thiruvananthapuram

18 Pazhassi Major Irrigation Project

Major Valapattamam

Valapattamam

Completed 1979 23.65 11.53 Kannur

19 Kanhirapuzha Major Irrigation Project

Major Bharatpuzha

Kanhirapuzha

Completed 1995 21.85 9.71 Palakkad,Mannarkkad,Ottappalam

20 Pothundi Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Bharatpuzha

Bharatpuzha

Completed 5.47 Palakkad

21 Gayathri Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Bharatpuzha

Bharatpuzha


22 Vazhani Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Bharatpuzha

Bharatpuzha

Completed 5.18 Trissur

23 Walayar Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Bharatpuzha

korayar Completed 4.12 Palakkad

24 Neyyar Medium Irrigation Project_Tamilnadu

Medium Neyyar Completed 3.73 2.35 Kanyakumari

25 Palakapandi Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Bharathapuzha

Bharathapuzha

Ongoing 3.50 3.50 Palakkad

26 Mangalam Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Mangalam

Bharatpuzha


27 Banasurasagar Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Kabini Panamaram

Ongoing 2.80 4.80 Wynad



75

Sl. No.


Ye

ar o

f

com

ple

tio

n

GC

A (

Th

ha)

CC

A (

Th

ha)

UIP

(T

h h

a)


28 Veerapur Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Completed 3.81 2.55

29 Cheerakuzhi Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Bharatpuzha

Bharatpuzha

Completed 1.62 1.85 Trissur

30 Chittarpattanamkal Major Irrigation Project

Major Kodayar Kodayar Completed 26.30 0 Kanyakumari

31 Varadamanadi Medium Irrigation Project

Medium Varadamanadi

Completed 1978 5.68 0 Dindigul

D. Power house and projects with surrogate information

Sl. No.

Power House Hydro Electric project Type of

Development Position

Alt

itu

de

abo

ve

MSL

(m

)

No

. of

Turb

ines

/Un

its

Tota

l In

stal

led

C

apac

ity

(MW

)

Min

imu

m

Dra

w D

ow

n

Leve

l (M

DD

L)

Nu

mb

er o

f P

en

sto

cks

1 Kuttiyadi Extension Power House

Kuttiyadi Hydroelectric Project

Storage Surface 1 50 737.62 1

2 Kuttiyadi Additional Extension Power House


Storage Surface 2 100 737.62 1

3 Kuttiyadi Power House


Storage Dam Toe

3 75 737.62 3



76

Sl. No.



Alt

itu

de

ab

ove

MSL

(m

)

No

. of

Turb

ine

s/U

nit

s

Tota

l In

stal

led

C

apac

ity

(MW

)

Min

imu

m

Dra

w D

ow

n

Leve

l (M

DD

L)

Nu

mb

er o

f P

en

sto

cks

4 Idukki Power House

Idukki Hydroelectric Project

Storage Under Ground

6 780 694.94 2

5 Lower Periyar Power House

Lower Periyar Hydroelectric Project

Run of the river with small pondage

Surface 3 180 237.74 1

6 Sabarigiri Power House

Sabarigiri Hydroelectric Project

Storage Dam Toe

6 300 900.68 3

7 Idamalayar Power House

Idamalayar Hydroelectric Project

Storage Dam Toe

2 75 115 2

8 Peringalkuthu Left Bank Power House

Poringalkuthu Hydroelectric Project

Storage Dam Toe

1 16 405.69 4

9 Sholayar Power House

Sholayar Hydroelectric Project

Storage Dam Toe

3 54 778 3

10 Sengulam Power House

Sengulam Hydroelectric Project


Dam Toe

4 48 844.46 2

11 Neriyamangalam Power House

Neriyamangalam Hydroelectric Project


Dam Toe

3 45 3

12 Kakkad Hep Power House

Kakkad Hydroelectric Project

Storage Dam Toe

2 50 2

13 Pallivasal Power House

Pallivasal Hydroelectric Project

Storage Dam Toe

6 37.50

14 Kallada Power House

Kallada Hydroelectric Project

Storage Dam Toe

2 15 1



77

Sl. No.



Alt

itu

de

ab

ove

MSL

(m

)

No

. of

Turb

ine

s/U

nit

s

Tota

l In

stal

led

C

apac

ity

(MW

)

Min

imu

m

Dra

w D

ow

n

Leve

l (M

DD

L)

Nu

mb

er o

f P

en

sto

cks

15 Sholayar - I Power House


Storage Surface 594.36 2 70 959.60 2

16 Aliyar Power House Parambikulam Aliyar Hydroelectric Project

Storage Surface 330.10 1 60 730.30 1

17 Sholayar - II Power House


Storage Surface 1060.10

1 25 959.60 1

18 Sarkarpathy Power House


Storage Surface 435.56 1 30 532.73 1

19 Kadamparai Power House

Kadamparai Hydroelectric Project

Pumped Storage

Under Ground

216.41 4 400 1112 4

20 Kodayar - II Power House

Kodayar Hydroelectric Project


Surface 205.19 1 40 318.82 1

21 Kodayar - I Power House

Kodayar Hydroelectric Project

Storage Surface 1319.78

1 60 1295.40 1

22 Panniyar Power House

Panniyar Hydroelectric Project

Storage Dam Toe

2 30 2

23 Sharavathi Tail Race Power House

Sharavathy Valley Hydroelectric Project

Tailrace Dam Toe

17 4 240 43.70 4

24 Sharavathy Power House


Storage Dam Toe

60 10 1035 515.11 10

25 Mahatma Gandhi Jog Falls Power House


Storage Dam Toe

8 99.20 531.20 4

26 Linganamakki Power House


Storage Dam Toe

2 55 531.20 2



78

Sl. No.



Alt

itu

de

ab

ove

MSL

(m

)

No

. of

Turb

ine

s/U

nit

s

Tota

l In

stal

led

C

apac

ity

(MW

)

Min

imu

m

Dra

w D

ow

n

Leve

l (M

DD

L)

Nu

mb

er o

f P

en

sto

cks

27 Varahi Power House

Varahi Hydroelectric Project

Storage Under Ground

105 4 460 557 4

28 Mani Dam Power House

Varahi Hydroelectric Project

Storage Surface 2 9 572 2

29 Malankara Power House

Malankara Hydroelectric Project

Canal Drop Canal Drop

3 10.50

E. ERM projects with surrogate information

Sl. No. Name of Project River Status Districts Benefitted Purpose

1 Kanihiripuzha Kanhirapuzha Ongoing Irrigation

2 Pap Ayacut Extension Periyar Completed COIMBATORE, ERODE

3 Restoration of Malampuzha Proposed Irrigation

4 Restoration of Chittrapuzha Proposed Irrigation

5 Remodelling Ananthanar Channel Kodayar Kanyakumari

6 Revised Periyar Vagai Phase-I&II Periyar, Vagai Completed Madurai Irrigation

7 Extension of Rbc Of Thirupparappu Anicut Kodayar Completed Kanyakumari Irrigation



79

Annexure V : Inventory of litholog well locations

A. Lithology in the Basin

Sl. No.

Location Depth Drilled

(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

1 Meenamkulam 49.30 sand & clay 1.66 2 22.55 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

2 Chittattumukku 51.82 Laterite, clay, sand 42.70 2 24 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

3 Pudukurichi 92.35 clay, sand 88 2 74.85 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

4 Anjengo 103.20 Laterite, clay, sand, lithomargic clay

100.60 2 46 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

5 Varkala 75.30 Laterite, clay, sand 6.31 1 6.1 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

6 Edavai 121.90 Laterite, clay, sand 106.70 2 30 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

7 Poodakulam 129.54 laterite, clay, sand, limestone

126.18 1 26 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)



80

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

8 Kalarkode 159.11 clay, limestone, sand

157.80 12.63 13.86 3 115 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

9 Mayyanad 137.60 clay, limestone, sand

10.87 4 54.88 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

10 Ittikara 76 clay, sand 72 15.73 2 23 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

11 Pannimasseri 107.90 laterite, clay, sand, limestone, clay with lignite

98.10 3.71 11.67 16 3 58.5 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

12 Kollurvilla 250 clay, limestone, sand

246 7.10 11 200 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

13 Kannanallore 67.21 laterite, carbonaceuos clay, clay, sand

60 1 4 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

14 Tirumullavaram 328.70 325 11.24 7.88 14 6 266.3 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

15 Kottangara 35.05 variegated clay with laterite, sand

25 2 17 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)



81

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

16 Thrikkaruva 189.89 clay, sand, calcareous clay, carbonaceous clay

189.20 9.20 42.96 16 4 113.74 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

17 Chavara 189.53 clay, limestone, sand

12.91 3 11 163 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

18 Mainagappalli 196.59 laterite, clay, sand, gravel

195 3.05 56.90 7 100 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

19 Sasthamkotta 178.92 laterite, clay, sand, gravel

175 0 5 146 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

20 Maradurkulangara 416 5.10 2.60 6 222 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

21 Karunagapalli 304 2.90 3 58.5 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

22 Poruvazhi 47 laterite, sand, clay 47 7.62 0.75 8 2 19 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

23 Sooranadu 99.97 laterite, sand, carbonaceous clay and gravel

95 1.75 36.86 14 4 64 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)



82

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

24 Vayyankara 62.60 laterite, sand, clay 59 19.22 4.83 5 2 12 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

25 Pallickal 30.10 laterite, sand, clay 28.40 8.12 2 16 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

26 Krishnapuram 317.90 306 4.67 13.76 2 9 258 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

27 Vetticode 96.90 clay, laterite, sand , limestone

91.40 1 17.66 12 3 37 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

28 Kandalur 132.70 clay, laterite, sand , calcareous clay, limestone

5.62 20.90 6 97 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

29 Kayamkulam 106.80 clay, laterite, sand , limestone

9.07 23 3 38 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

30 Nallanickal 391.94 clay, sand , limestone, gravel

2.05 6.87 18 4 139.5 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

31 Pattiyur 254.56 clay, laterite, sand , limestone, gravel

4.45 4 9 171 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)



83

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

32 Cheppad 123.20 clay, sand , gravel 2.82 17.91 5 85 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

33 Arunuthimangalam


34 Kandiyur 188.90 sand, clay, calcareous clay

0.56 13.71 6 2 33 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

35 Muttom 274.70 sand, clay 0.86 6 4 7 202 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

36 Karthikapalli 450 sand, clay limestone, gravel

2.30 5 8 8 295 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

37 Thrikunnapuzha 600 sand, clay, variegated clay, laterite, limestone, carbonaceous clay


38 Haripad 55 3.17 12 1 12 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

39 Parumala 105.80 sand, clay, laterite 79.20 4.95 22.08 67 3 34.74 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)



84

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

40 Karuvatta 428.20 sand, laterite,clay, limestone, carbonaceous clay

4.29 26.82 7 7 312 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

41 Thakazhi 304 1 0 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

42 Edattuva 205.60 sand, laterite, clay limestone

0.69 45 7 7 89 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

43 Karumadi 437.04 sand, clay, laterite, limestone

437 3.85 21.98 5 17 281 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

44 Nirkunnam 600.79 sand, clay, laterite, clay with lignite, calcareous clay, limestone

11 343 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

45 Kidangara 97.14 sand, clay, calcareous clay, gravel, carbonaceous clay

94.50 3 54.2 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

46 Ramankari 116.90 sand, clay, limestone




85

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

47 Mancombu 258.51 sand, clay, limestone, gravel

2.66 7.10 3 7 194 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

48 Thottappalli 269.44 sand, clay, laterite, variegated clay, limestone


49 Kalarkod 601 sand, clay, laterite, calcareous clay, carbonaceous clay

0.50 4.98 3 55 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

50 Alisserey 247.56 sand, clay, limestone

10.60 1.50 5 131 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

51 Aryad 400.10 sand, clay, laterite, limestone


52 Kattoor 504 sand, clay, limestone, clay with lignite


53 Mannancherry 202.73 5.58 2.38 1 3 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

54 North Mararikolam

357.48 sand, clay, laterite 4 60 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)



86

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

55 Shertallai 237 sand, clay, laterite, gravel, calcareous clay


56 Arthungal 444.90 sand, clay, laterite, carbonaceous clay, limestone


57 Pattanakad 274.31 sand, clay, clay with lignite, limestone, gravel

268 3.43 12.61 27 5 140.2 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

58 Thuravur 222.80 sand, clay, laterite, carbonaceous clay, limestone, gravel

222 1.55 0.75 3 50.38 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

59 Thakattusseri 127.40 sand, clay, laterite, limestone

123 5 90.92 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

60 Kumarapalayam 304.10 Fractured Biotite Gneiss

6.76 4 61.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

61 Madukkarai 51.81 Crystalline Limestone & Biotite Gneiss

15.44 0.66 0 3 50.29 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

62 Gandhinagar 101.18 Crystalline Limestone, Biotite Gneiss & Calc granulite

17.98 15.02 5 1 1 12.19 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



87

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge (

lps)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

63 Sarkar Pudur 200 Granite gneiss 6 5.26 4 100.92 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

64 Vempayam 200.53 Khondalite 11 10.54 2.40 32 4 108.91 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

65 Vidura 200.53 Khondalite 14.70 6.56 1.50 32 3 90.33 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

66 Korani 183.29 Khondalite 30 5.36 20 19 7 155.6 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

67 Chemburu 191 Khondalite 22 14.92 5 24 4 113.4 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

68 Thottakkad 200.53 Khondalite 4.40 20.42 0 NA NA NA

69 Pattom 200 Garnetiferous biotite gneiss

24.20 11.85 0.20 2 48 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

70 Palayam 200 Garnetiferous biotite gneiss


71 Chenkavila 68.30 Khondalite 38.65 12.18 3 2 29.3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



88

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

72 Dhanuvachapuram

161.80 Khondalite 32.30 11.43 1.50 2 16.2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

73 Nemam 200 Khondalite 19.70 3.09 0.30 3 152 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

74 Vellarada 200 Khondalite 10.30 2.32 1.30 2 33 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

75 Vellanad 200 Khondalite 7.80 4.79 0.50 2 48 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

76 Kollode 200 Khondalite 16.90 6.53 2.40 3 60.6 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

77 Kuravara 98.80 Khondalite 9 1.02 5 3 78 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

78 Peringamala 200 Khondalite 8.80 1.75 1.50 2 132.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

79 Attukal 200 Khondalite 17.50 17.75 0.50 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

80 Vettinad 200 Khondalite 17.60 1.40 1.50 2 116 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



89

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

81 Mannanthala 200 Khondalite 9.10 4.26 1 2 172 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

82 Meenera 80.50 Khondalite 17.50 8.85 1 2 42.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

83 Melattumuzhi 144.50 Charnockite/Gabbro


84 Nagarur 141.50 Khondalite 18 5.14 7 3 87 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

85 Mamam 200 Khondalite 10.30 2.80 7 4 131 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

86 Avanavancherry 62.20 Khondalite 23.50 0.50 2 13 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

87 Bharathannur 200 Khondalite 6.50 2.40 0.30 3 157.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

88 Nanniyode 52 Pegmatite vein/ Khondalite


89 Anad 200 Leptynite 11.50 1.16 3 3 146 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



90

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

90 Tholikuzhy 125 Khondalite 19 7.45 10 2 100.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

91 Thattathumala 200 Khondalite 19 4 0.20 3 49 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

92 Karamkode 200.50 Khondalite 43.90 18.24 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

93 Karukone 200.53 Khondalite 10.55 9.10 2 26 2 43 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

94 Kampamkod 200.53 Garnet-biotite gneisis

14.40 7.29 5.50 17 3 91.23 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

95 Nellikunnam 200 Garnet-biotite gneisis

4 2.86 1.20 23 2 37 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

96 Tadikad 175.67 Khondalite 11.10 12.05 4.50 20 3 71.24 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

97 Kottarakara 114.71 Garnet-biotite gneisis

31.97 0.50 14 11 4 55 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

98 Kundara 206.15 Garnet-biotite gneisis

45.15 51 0 NA NA NA



91

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

99 Ariankavu 129.95 Charnockite/Garnet-biotite gneisis

9.60 2.05 20.33 15 4 67 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

100 Punaloor 200.53 Garnet-biotite gneisis


101 Mailom 300.06 Garnet-biotite gneisis


102 Ambalattumbhagam

301.89 Garnet-biotite gneisis


103 Kadakkaman 168.05 Calc granulite 34.10 12.35 15.17 23 3 114.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

104 Idakkattu 200.53 Garnet-biotite gneisis


105 Kadika 200.53 Garnet-biotite gneiss

14.09 1.09 1.50 17 2 51.63 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

106 Marur 200.53 Garnet-biotite gneiss

12 200.53 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

107 Kalanjur 221.39 Garnet-biotite gneiss




92

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

108 Mudiyurkonam 244.22 Khondalite 16.50 3.90 4 25 3 118 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

109 Konni 206.15 Charnockite 15.40 5.38 0.50 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

110 Vadaserikkara 248.25 Charnockite 3.50 4.92 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

111 Theodical 175.70 Charnockite 2.50 1.90 4 20 3 135 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

112 Perumpatti 129.95 Charnockite 8.90 1.62 16.50 24 4 83 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

113 Valiakavu 257.97 Charnockite 6.12 3.67 2.50 30 1 12 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

114 Chethecka-lI 92 Charnockite 5.48 3.50 2 40 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

115 Chethecka-lII 101 Charnockite 4 3.25 0.10 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

116 Pothipad 101 Charnockite 7 5.28 0.10 2 18.3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



93

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

117 Edamuri 101.15 Charnockite 6.10 3.20 0.10 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

118 Pamba Kseb 101 Charnockite 6.30 9.75 0.10 NA NA NA

119 Pamba Ksrtc 101 Charnockite 8.50 2.14 1 34 2 71 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

120 Thriveni 44 Charnockite 11 10 0.10 NA NA NA

121 Vettur 101 Charnockite 0.10 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

122 Kalleli 101 Charnockite 5.20 0.10 NA NA NA

123 Naduvathumoozhi 101.15 Charnockite 7.50 6.85 0.50 2 24 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

124 Arikkakavu 101.15 Charnockite 6.60 7.10 0.60 2 85 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

125 Mekkozhur 100 Charnockite 7 8 0.60 3 51 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

126 Nilackal 100 Charnockite 7 7 0.50 1 2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

127 Angamoozhi 101.15 Charnockite 10 6.10 0.67 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



94

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

128 Plappally 101.15 Charnockite 7.50 17.91 0.50 1 2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

129 Elakollur 101.15 Charnockite 5.50 9.13 0.50 2 53 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

130 Vallikode 101 Charnockite 8 0.10 1 2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

131 Ranni 100 Charnockite 7.25 0.20 NA NA NA

132 Vechoochira 101 Charnockite 8.50 7.52 0.60 2 38 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

133 Kummannur 101.35 Charnockite 8.35 101.35 0 1 17 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

134 Konni Elephant Camp

64.75 Charnockite 11.85 14.51 2 3 30 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

135 Padam 101.35 Charnockite 8.90 10.25 0.08 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

136 Perinad 101 Charnockite 8.60 5.90 0.50 1 2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



95

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

137 Vettiyar 229.01 Tertiary Khondalite 40.80 15.50 1.80 24 1 15 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

138 Chengannur 200.53 Granite 4.20 1.82 1.20 8 2 96 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

139 Erumeli 198.53 Charnockite 4 2.25 2.50 19 3 43 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

140 Pattamuttam 200.53 Charnockite 8.35 200.53 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

141 Podimattam 139.07 Charnockite 5.77 5.80 21.70 5 1 139.07 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

142 Vellur 200.53 Charnockite 6.80 12.64 0.50 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

143 Anakkallu 215.77 Charnockite 5.26 1.89 0 1 14 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

144 Manalu 200.53 Charnockite 9.48 4.53 3 20 2 32.15 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

145 Vilakkumadam 183.29 Charnockite 5 2.24 20 20 4 126 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



96

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

146 Vallichira 200.53 Charnockite 8.25 1.54 1.20 17 1 22.55 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

147 Kalathur 200.53 Charnockite 12.35 5 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

148 Pizhaku 200.53 Charnockite 4.20 3.97 3.33 5 3 52.63 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

149 Muttam 37.10 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss


150 Padikodikulam 110.50 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss

10.85 6.50 1.20 2 21.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

151 Arikuzha 110.35 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss

10.30 4.50 3 2 6 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

152 Vandanmedu 119.60 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss

27 31.50 0.20 2 41.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

153 Kumili 119.50 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss


154 Vallakadavu 119.60 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss

12.85 7 0.50 2 41 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



97

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

155 Pachakanam 119.60 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss


156 Vandiperiyar 119.50 Charnockite 4.70 5.03 1.20 3 61 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

157 Upputhara 72 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss


158 Thankamani 34.50 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss


159 Adimali 108.80 Granite gneiss 17 0 12 3 93.3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

160 Udumbanchola 202 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss

5.50 15 0.20 2 50 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

161 Nedunkandam 207.25 Charnockite 7.10 23.47 2.50 4 122 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

162 Thukkupalam 77.70 Hornblende biotite gneiss


163 Kumily 228 Charnockite gneiss 9 3.90 4.40 3 156 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



98

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

164 Vandi Periyar 155.50 Charnockite 7 3.68 6.20 3 92 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

165 Aladi 119 Granite Hornblende biotite gneiss

8 26.20 8 3 67 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

166 Erattayar 150.30 Hornblende biotite gneiss


167 Moolamattom 114 Garnet biotite gneiss


168 Vannapuram 233.20 Hornblende biotite gneiss


169 Ilanji 200.53 Charnockite 6.60 0.81 7.60 14 2 87 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

170 Kozhipalli 187.79 Charnockite 4.25 2.12 10 14 3 135.97 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

171 Onakkur 200.53 Charnockite 9.10 2.95 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

172 Kadalikad 200.53 Charnockite 6.46 1.20 10 15 3 82.4 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



99

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

173 Vadakkumaradi 237.15 6.50 4.46 1.12 3 170 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

174 Kizhakamkalam 131.25 Charnockite 8.50 2.39 22 3 64 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

175 Nadukani 200.53 Garnet biotite gneiss


176 Desham 200.53 Charnockite 27.70 2.08 2.80 3 95 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

177 Srimulangaram 200.53 Charnockite 14.86 3.40 3.20 11 3 107 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

178 Pudukad 200.53 Biotite gneiss 21.02 2.95 3 3 88.37 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

179 Mannutti 195 Charnockite gneiss 8.20 0.90 12.50 15 6 42 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

180 Agri. Univ. Main Gate

301 Massive Charnockite


181 Kau Vegetable Garden

114 Charnockite gneiss 12.27 3.78 30 3 1 87 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



100

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

182 Kau Pepper Research Station

137.50 Charnockite gneiss 13.45 2.34 19 13 5 124.27 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

183 Kadavallur 200.53 Biotite gneiss 3.36 3.81 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

184 Alur 300.81 Charnockite gneiss 5.25 0 2 116.8 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

185 Chiranellur 151.20 Charnockite gneiss 11.59 3.03 20.30 7 4 106.3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

186 Chelakkara 172.05 Charnockite gneiss 11.68 5.61 18 6 1 58 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

187 Pazhayannur 69.49 Charnockite gneiss 0.21 3 5.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

188 Vadakkancheri 137.46 Biotite gneiss 7.62 4.86 10.83 5 127 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

189 Velanthavalam 101.21 Biotite gneiss 3.04 38.33 3 75 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

190 Chalisseri 170.05 Charnockite gneiss 8.70 3.23 10 17 3 124 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



101

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

191 Kozhinjampara 152.40 Qz. Fed. gneiss 1.52 4.14 2.20 3 144.4 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

192 Nallepalli 89.92 Biotite gneiss 7.62 1.51 25 4 64 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

193 Pallatheri 182.88 Biotite gneiss 3.04 2.95 2.95 3 86 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

194 Maruda Road 300 Biotite gneiss 1.52 300 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

195 Kumaranallur 300.81 Charnockite gneiss 7.20 1.63 2.50 18 3 168 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

196 Kolippara 107.90 Biotite gneiss 1.52 4.42 8.83 1 27.1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

197 Kumarambattur 137.50 Biotite gneiss 5.60 1.71 17.70 7 7 131.8 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

198 Palakkazhi 300.81 Charnockite gneiss 13.82 5.91 1.30 26 4 114 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

199 Para 193.40 Biotite gneiss 5.50 4.30 0.20 NA NA NA

200 Menonpara 175.20 Biotite gneiss 12.80 5.40 8.50 1 1.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



102

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

201 Pudussery 59 Biotite gneiss 7.50 2.10 12 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

202 S.N. Pallam 89.70 Hb-Biotite Gneiss 12.50 11.83 16 NA NA NA

203 Akkathethara 200 Hb-Biotite Gneiss 4.30 0.15 NA NA NA

204 Vattapara 200 Hb-Biotite Gneiss 16.50 9.15 3 NA NA NA

205 Kanjikode 138.50 Hb-Biotite Gneiss 16.50 4.66 14 NA NA NA

206 Maniyeripallam 200 Hb-Biotite Gneiss 22 7.30 0.40 NA NA NA

207 Kirampara 200 Hb-Biotite Gneiss 5.50 18.72 0.10 1 2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

208 Nallaveettuchella 200 Hb-Biotite Gneiss 13.50 2 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

209 Palakkad 200 Hb-Biotite Gneiss 19.60 16.20 0.40 2 38.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

210 Mukkali 133.40 Hornblende Gneiss 9 0.12 19 5 66.4 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

211 Velanthavalam 104.90 Biotite gneiss/ Pegmatite


212 Palayamanthurai 89.70 Biotite gneiss/ Pegmatite




103

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

213 Erumakaranur 80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

3 29.70 10 1 2 15 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

214 Malayandikaundannur

101.35 Biotite Gneiss 8 2.79 1 3 24.4 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

215 Pothikal R.G. Dasalaksham Colony

200 Biotite Gneiss 10.40 28 0.10 1 3.1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

216 Mallampathy 200 Biotite Gneiss 4.30 60.40 0.60 2 75 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

217 Puzhapallam 101.35 Hornblende Biotite gneiss


218 Chinnamoolathara 120 Biotite Gneiss 3.75 32.80 2 16 2 8.1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

219 Moongilmada (Gopalapuram)

200 Biotite Gneiss 11.40 14.79 1 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

220 Kinarpallam 200 Biotite Gneiss 4.30 200 0 NA NA NA

221 Nellipalam 92.70 Biotite Gneiss 10.40 0.40 25 3 73.4 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



104

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tra

pp

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

222 Vallickad 200 Biotite Gneiss 9 3 2 1 4 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

223 Kozhinjampara (6th Mile)

101.35 Biotite Gneiss 6.95 10.35 2 42 2 56 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

224 Kumbalakode 200 Biotite Gneiss 9.60 6 1 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

225 Pothundy 147.70 Biotite Gneiss 6.10 1.85 2.50 1 3.1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

226 Mambran 101.35 Biotite Gneiss 9 9.82 3 21 1 5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

227 Kadumthrithi 85.80 Biotite Gneiss/ Schist


228 Kollenkode Mundikavu

65 Biotite Gneiss 6.05 16.38 17 3 27.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

229 Peringode 104 Biotite Gneiss 8.10 4.17 10 17 2 50 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

230 Kottakkal 229.01 Charnockite gneiss 13.72 1.97 15.33 10 4 96 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



105

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

231 Vallikkappatta 300.81 Charnockite gneiss 7 4.53 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

232 Koyappa Olakara 300.81 Charnockite gneiss 14.95 7.30 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

233 Malappuram-I M.S.P. Camp

200 Charnockite 11.60 13.35 0.32 14 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

234 Oorakam 200 Charnockite 17.40 47.45 4 11 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

235 Malappuram-II M.S.P. Staff Quarters

200 Charnockite 16.20 16.60 1 11 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

236 Padinjattumuri 102 Charnockite gneiss 15 10.80 14 10 1 12 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

237 Pulamanthol 200 Charnockite 15.50 28 6 8 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

238 Paloorkotta 200 Charnockite 16 38.75 0.50 16 1 2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

239 Vengad 172 Charnockite gneiss 7.30 16.31 7 13 3 27 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



106

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

240 Edappal 200 Pyroxene Granulite 10 9.73 4 25 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

241 Thavanur 200 Charnockite 7.30 200 0 NA NA NA

242 Karippur 200 Charnockite 18.50 23.80 0.50 18 2 103 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

243 Klari 200 Charnockite 13.10 14.90 1.50 12 4 93 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

244 Thenhippalam 111.50 Charnockite gneiss 14.40 30.74 10 10 2 62 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

245 Perinthalmanna Fire Station

200 Charnockite gneiss 13.40 0 3 49 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

246 Kolapparambu 200 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss


247 Kolappuram 187.30 Charnockite gneiss 23 14.40 2.50 13 2 130 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

248 Nilambur Ksrtc 200 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss




107

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

249 Thuvur 200 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss

7.30 200 0 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

250 Punnakkad 162.90 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss


251 Valluvassery 89.70 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss


252 Thamarasseri 135 Charnockite 16.70 13.30 9 NA NA NA

253 Kuttoth 160 Horneblende biotite gneiss

27.20 12.67 7 NA NA NA

254 Chandirur 180.44 sand, clay, clay with lignite, limestone, gravel

146 8 85.95 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

255 Changanacheri 35.60 laterite, clay, sand 32 2 12.19 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

256 Kumarakom 169 laterite, clay, sand 0.62 1.80 1 12 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

257 Kallara 37.50 laterite, sand 36.60 2 16.76 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)



108

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

258 Payarattubagam 91.44 sand, clay 76.20 2 22 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

259 Udayanapuram 69.50 laterite, clay, sand, clay with lignite


260 Kulashekaramangalam

54.86 clay, sand, clay with lignite

39.60 3 35 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

261 Chellanum 295.60 sand, clay, laterite, limestone, gravel


262 Kandankadavu 240.80 sand, clay, gravel 207 4.41 10.10 4 5 143 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

263 Kumbalangi 150.80 sand, clay, calay with lignite, gravel

140 0.04 8.50 6 4 38.9 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

264 Panangad 69.20 clay, sand 60 1.06 6 3 2 31 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)



109

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge (

lps)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

265 Wellingdon Island 116.50 5.18 1.20 1 6 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

266 Vaittila 54.66 0.34 2.50 1 3 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

267 Narakkal 118.15 clay, laterite, sand 116 0.42 7.33 6 4 37 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

268 Nayarambalam 106.50 sand, clay 104 0.20 4 63 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

269 Cherai 102.40 sand, clay gravel 90 2 44 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

270 Palluruthy-i 146.25 2.16 3.34 1 1 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)



110

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

271 Malipuram-I 174 0.70 3.14 1 9 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

272 Palliport-i 103.50 0.70 2.90 1 4 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

273 Edavanakkad 116.50 1.40 4.40 1 6 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

274 Kaitharam 53 1.70 2.11 1 3 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

275 Wellingdon Port Trust Qtrs

133.50 1.70 3.14 1 6 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

276 Subash Park 100 1.70 3.14 2 12 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)



111

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

277 Thevara 127 5.50 3.70 1 12 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

278 Kannamali-I 222 0.60 1.22 1 15 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

279 Kannamali-II 100 5.82 3.70 1 12 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

280 Mundanveli 207 0.79 3.10 1 9 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

281 Ins Dhronacharya Fort Kochi


282 Fort Kochi - Veli 186 NA NA NA

283 Perinjanam 79.25 sand, carbonaceous clay, clay

73.10 3 38.1 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)



112

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

284 Thampanakadavu 66.75 1 11 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

285 Engandiyur 38.20 2 1 3 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

286 Pavarathy 66.75 2 1 5 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

287 Edakkazhiyar 73.15 sand, clay, gravel 66.50 3 45 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

288 Vayilathur 40.53 sand, laterite, clay 36.50 4.04 3.33 5 2 20 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

289 Andathode 75 3 1 6 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

290 Vempallur 72.60 41.60 0.02 1 6 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)



113

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

291 Kaipamangalam 72 0 4 1 9 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

292 Vattekad 40 1 6 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

293 Kadapuram 83 1.80 2 1 6 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

294 Maruthiyur 37.50 1.70 2 1 2 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

295 Purathoor 67.06 sand, clay, gravel 65.50 15.30 22.86 13 2 37.2 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

296 Vettom 73.25 0.32 2 14 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

297 Pariyapuram 64.32 sand, clay, laterite, gravel

55 7 52.41 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)



114

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

298 Thanur 65.75 2.76 4.36 1 10 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

299 Parappanagadi 46 2.74 3.34 1 6 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

300 Badagara 27 sand, clay 27 4 10.79 1 10 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

301 Meladi 32 sand, clay 30 1.90 2 1 5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

302 Cannanore 38.75 13 0.40 1 2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

303 Eranvu 28.95 NA NA NA

304 Payyanur 35.52 NA NA NA

305 Nileshwar 44.79 1 6 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

306 Ajanur 25.75 2.90 1 6 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

307 Vamanapuram 200.53 Khondalite 14.80 12.50 8.33 25 4 118.83 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



115

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

308 Neyyattinkara 129.30 Khondalite 25.60 2.67 6 4 45.8 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

309 Malayadi 172.60 Garnetiferous gneiss

6 3.35 7 3 132.6 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

310 Vithura 200 Khondalite 9.60 0.65 3 2 15 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

311 Kottaram 326.45 sand, clay, carbonaceous clay, limestone

322 1.26 2.60 8 244 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

312 Eriyad 78.50 sand, laterite, clay, gravel


313 Nathika 79.92 sand, laterite, clay, gravel

73.10 0.80 32.16 21 6 54 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

314 Somandurai Chittur

161 Granite Gneiss 6.55 1.24 12.02 4 2 6.6 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

315 Diwansahpudur 168 Charnockite and gneiss

6 19.14 2 5.59 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

316 Nagur 183.30 Charnockite 6.20 16 7 140.49 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



116

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

317 Edacheri 200 Horneblende biotite gneiss

7.25 0 NA NA NA

318 Chelakkad 145 Biotite gneiss 20 5.95 6.83 3 71 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

319 Paleri 145 Biotite gneiss 9.30 7.64 17 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

320 Avala Kuttoth 185 Biotite gneiss 15 4.07 2.50 2 140 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

321 Kannadipoil 200 Horneblende biotite gneiss

7 3.30 4 NA NA NA

322 Pudupadi 114.30 Horneblende biotite gneiss


323 Vanimel 175 Horneblende biotite gneiss

30.50 8.90 0.20 NA NA NA

324 Nanminda 157 Horneblende-biotite gneiss

13.70 11.77 6.10 20 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

325 Kalaranthri 152.40 Charnockite 8.50 0.50 1 6.1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

326 Chelapuram 200 Charnockite 21.40 1 1 9.2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



117

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

327 Kakkur 190 Horneblende-biotite gneiss

11 1.26 4.20 8 2 112.9 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

328 Vettiozhinjathottam

200 Charnockite 16.70 16.33 2.50 26 2 94.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

329 Rec Chathamangalam

200 Charnockite 13.75 1.97 1 2 18.3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

330 Vaduvanchal 60 Granite gneiss 21.80 7.95 0.33 1 0 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

331 Ambalavayal 200 Granite gneiss 5.80 200 0 NA NA NA

332 Mangattuparambu

200 Charnockite 13.70 15.64 4 3 91 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

333 Chavasseri 86.80 Syenite 11.90 3.85 14 NA NA NA

334 Chengala 157 Garnet gneiss 34.20 0.85 8 NA NA NA

335 Iringal 175 Garnet gneiss 33 11.24 3 NA NA NA

336 Mayyil 92.90 Charnockite 22.80 12.77 8.40 NA NA NA

337 Perul 200 Hornblende - Biotite Gneiss


338 Peringome 200 Granite Gneiss 10.24 0.20 1 2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

339 Vellora 200 Charnockite Gneiss 17.80 13.59 1.79 NA NA NA



118

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

340 Cheruthazham 187.30 Hornblende - Biotite Gneiss

36.60 10.04 4.36 NA NA NA

341 Kannur Cwrdm 200 Biotite Gneiss 31.50 22.48 0.01 NA NA NA

342 Chala 200 Biotite Gneiss 21.70 8.77 1 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

343 Peralassery 200 Quartz Mica Schist 35 14.35 2.70 3 72 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

344 Vidyanagar 68 Garnetifuous garnite gneiss


345 Yednir 88 Charnockite 4.85 5.11 0.87 3 23.45 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

346 Santipalla 50.50 Charnockite 5.71 3.20 10 2 37 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

347 Sitamguli 63 Charnockites calc-granulites


348 Karambila 94 Charnockite gneiss 4.83 5.33 1.20 5 64.65 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

349 Pallathadka 69 Charnockite 7.90 6.25 4 37 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



119

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

350 Ichlangodu 81.50 Granite gneiss 4.14 4.29 1.47 6 58.3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

351 Kokkechal 73 Charnockite gneiss 4.13 4.13 1.27 40 4 68 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

352 Kundalmarkala 78.50 Gneiss with pegmitite veins & bands of Dolerite dyke


353 Kubanuru 87.60 Pyroxene granulite 9.20 9.70 0.83 4 39 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

354 Paivalike 81.50 Garnite gneiss 4.37 4.57 1.10 2 43 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

355 Kadambaru 72 Horneblende biotite gneiss

5.45 4.12 1.70 6 61 Intrusive Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

356 Kodlamogar 63 Charnockite gneiss 2.14 2.60 0.50 4 32 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

357 Langanaduka 200 Granite gneiss 20.50 8.32 0.50 3 128.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



120

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

ed

rock

(m

)

Stat

ic w

ate

r le

vel (

m)

Dis

char

ge

(lp

s)

Dra

w d

ow

n

(m)

No

. of

zon

es

en

cou

nte

red

/tr

app

ed

Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

358 Hosangadi 62.30 Hornblende gneiss 30.20 3 1 2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

359 Gerukatte 120.20 Syenite 11.60 10.79 11 2 27 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

360 Kunjathur 122.50 Horneblende gneiss


361 Mayippadi 200 Horneblende gneiss


362 Chemmattamvayal

199.50 Charnockite 13.40 5.87 0.50 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

363 Periye 200.40 Charnockite 23.60 11.50 1.50 4 127.3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

364 Kalliot 112.50 Granite gneiss 21 4.25 8.50 4 87.9 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

365 Chirapuram 200 Granite gneiss 31.70 3.93 2 3 162 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



121

Sl. No.


(m) Major Lithology

De

pth

to

b

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(m

)

Stat

ic w

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vel (

m)

Dis

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(lp

s)

Dra

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/tr

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Tota

l th

ickn

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Major rock group

366 Chamakuzhy (Koovatty)

72.30 Hornblende biotite gneiss


367 Kayyur 200 Charnockite 22.90 10.30 2 1 3 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

368 Cheemeni 98 Charnockite 20.40 5.80 11 2 13.2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

369 Chandera 200 Charnockite 31.70 9.25 1.60 1 1 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

370 Pilicode 135 Charnockite & Granitic gneiss

38.20 19.35 7 3 92.1 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

371 Karicherri 86.60 Charnockite 18.40 16 10 3 26 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

372 Kasargod 90 Quartzo feldspathic gneiss

23.30 12.30 9.25 2 6.8 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

373 Pallam 100.75 6.91 4 60 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)



122

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De

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to

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(m

)

Stat

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vel (

m)

Dis

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ge

(lp

s)

Dra

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Tota

l th

ickn

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Major rock group

374 Pulluvila 120.29 Laterite, clay, sand 112.80 49.23 6.30 3 2 45.4 Un-consolidated Sediments (Quaternary -Recent)

375 Chakkai 100.50 2 37 Residual Cappings (Cretaceous -Recent)

376 Aramboli 190 Gneiss & Khondalite


377 Bhoothapandi 200 Gneiss & Khondalite

9 5.07 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

378 Suchindram 191 Khondalite 13.57 2.20 2 138.2 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

379 Kanyakumari 195 Gneiss & Khondalite


380 Marapaddi 184.40 Gneiss & Khondalite

11.50 2.70 2 58 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

381 Mangalam 49.10 Gneiss 7.50 1.60 12 13 4 32.5 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



123

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De

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to

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(m

)

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ge

(lp

s)

Dra

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(m)

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/tr

app

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Tota

l th

ickn

ess

of

zon

es

(m)

Major rock group

382 Vattam 62.40 Gneiss 4.50 9.60 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

383 Chemmangalai 180 Gneiss 18.40 10.67 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

384 Parvathipuram 200 Gneiss 10.50 2.20 1 1 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

385 Marthandam 135.60 Gneiss 21.30 14.59 1.60 33 2 64 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

386 Anandmangalam 160 Gneiss 41.60 8.60 2 28.6 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)

387 Kuttapuli 100 Gneiss 8.40 9.90 2 41.72 Crystalline Rocks (Archaean -Pre-Cambrian)



124

Annexure VI : Salient features of hydro-meteorological stations

A. Salient features of Hydro-Observation Stations

Sl. No.

Station Name

Station type

Ind

ep

en

de

nt

rive

r

Regional office

Division Section office

Dra

inag

e

are

a (S

q.

Km

.)

Zero

of

Gau

ge

(m)

Stat

ion

b

ank

Stat

us

1 Vandiperiyar GDQ Periyar C & S RO, Coimbatore

SWR Division, Cochin

Vandiperiyar 712 789 Left Existing

2 Yennehole GDQ Swarna C & S RO, Coimbatore

Cauvery Division, Bangalore

Yennehole 327 15 Right Existing

3 Haladi GDQ Haladi C & S RO, Coimbatore


Haladi 583 -2 Left Existing

4 Kalampur GDSQ Muvattupuzha

C & S RO, Coimbatore


Site No. 22, Kalampur

405 5 Right Existing

5 Kallooppara GDSQ Pamba C & S RO, Coimbatore


Site No. 18, Kallooppara


6 Karathodu GDSQ Kadalundi



Karathodu 750 2 Right Existing

7 Kidangoor GDSQ Minachil C & S RO, Coimbatore


Site No. 17, Kidangoor

615 -1 Left Existing

8 Kumbidi GDSQ Bharathapuzha



Kumbidi 5755 2 Left Existing

9 Kuniyil GDSQ Chaliyar C & S RO, Coimbatore


Kuniyil 1876 0 Right Existing

10 Kuttyadi GDQ Kuttyadi C & S RO, Coimbatore


Kuttyadi 238 0 Right Existing

11 Kuzhithurai GDQ Thambraparani



Kuzhutharai 841 0 Right Existing

12 Malakkara GDSQ Pamba C & S RO, Coimbatore


Site No. 18A, Malakkara

1713 -1 Right Existing



125

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Station Name

Station type

Ind

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Dra

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ea

(Sq

. K

m.)

Zero

of

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(m)

Stat

ion

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Stat

us

13 Mankara GDQ Bharathapuzha



Site No. 23, Mankara


14 Neeleswaram

GDSQ Periyar C & S RO, Coimbatore


Site No.31, Neeleswaram


15 Pattazhy GDSQ Kallada C & S RO, Coimbatore


Site No. 17N, Pattazhy


16 Perumannu GDSQ Valapatnam



Perumanu 957 9.10 Right Existing

17 Pudur GDQ Bharathapuzha



Site No. 15, Pudur

1313 58 Left Existing

18 Thumpamon GDSQ Achankovil



Site No. 16N, Thumpamon


19 Addoor GDQ Gurpur B & B BO, Shillong



20 Ambarampalayam

GDSQ Bharthapuzha


SR Division, Coimbatore

Ambarampalayam

950 217 Existing

21 Avershe GDQ Sita C & S RO, Coimbatore


Avershe 253 8.78 Right Existing

22 Erinjipuzha GDSQ Payaswani



Erinjipuzha 957 9.10 Right Existing

23 Pulamanthole

GDSQ Bharathapuzha



Pulamanthole 940 10.40 Left Existing

24 Ramamangalam

GDSQ Muvattupuzha



Site No. 15N, Ramamangalam


25 Arangaly GDSQ Periyar C & S RO, Coimbatore


Site No. 14N, Arangaly


26 Ashramam GDQ Pazhayar



Ashramam 258 1 Right Existing



126

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Station type

Ind

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r Regional office


Dra

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ea

(Sq

. K

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Zero

of

Gau

ge

(m)

Stat

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Stat

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27 Ayilam GDSQ Vamanapuram



Site No. 12N, Ayilam


28 Bantwal GDSQ Netravathi



Bantwal 3184 1 Right Existing



127

Annexure VII : Inventory of water tourism sites

A. Water Tourism Sites in the Basin

Sl. No.

Name Type Waterbody WB

Relation District State

1 Swami Vivekananda Rock Memorial Tourist Spot Indian Ocean On Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

2 Thiruvalluvar Statue Museums / Monument Indian Ocean On Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

3 Bhagavathi Amman Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Indian Ocean On Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

4 Kanyakumari Beach Beach Indian Ocean On Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

5 Muttom Beach Beach Arabian Sea On Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

6 Thanumalayan Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Parakkai Lake Near by Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

7 Mandaikadu Pilgrimage (Temple) Arabian Sea On Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

8 Colachel Beach Beach Arabian Sea On Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

9 Thotti Palam (Hanging Bridge) Museums / Monument Thamrapani River On Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

10 Kovalam Beach Beach Arabian Sea On Thiruvananthapuram Kerala

11 Padmanabha Swamy Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala

12 The Napier Museum Museums / Monument Thiruvananthapuram Kerala

13 Aruvikkara Dam Dam Karamana River On Thiruvananthapuram Kerala

14 Varkala Beach Beach Arabian Sea On Thiruvananthapuram Kerala

15 Ponmudi Hill Station Thiruvananthapuram Kerala

16 Jatayupara Tourist Spot Kollam Kerala

17 Thangasseri Lighthouse Museums / Monument Arabian Sea Near by Kollam Kerala

18 Thirumullavaram Beach Beach Arabian Sea On Kollam Kerala

19 Kulathuzha Shastha Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Kallada River Near by Kollam Kerala

20 Palaruvi Waterfall Waterfall Palaruvi Near by Kollam Kerala

21 Kottamkulangara Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Arabian Sea Near by Kollam Kerala

22 Sasthamkotta Pilgrimage (Temple) Sasthankotta Lake On Kollam Kerala

23 Kodumon Chilanthiyambalam Pilgrimage (Temple) Pathanamthitta Kerala

24 Chettikulangara Bhagavathi Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Achankovil River Near by Alappuzha Kerala

25 Konni Hill Station Pathanamthitta Kerala

26 Harippad Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Achankovil River Near by Alappuzha Kerala



128

Sl. No.



27 Malayalapuzha Devi Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Pathanamthitta Kerala

28 Mannarasala Sree Nagaraja Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Achankovil River Near by Alappuzha Kerala

29 Kadammanitta Devi Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Pathanamthitta Kerala

30 Sri Parthasarathi Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Pamba River Near by Pathanamthitta Kerala

31 Edathwa Church Pilgrimage (Church) Pamba River Near by Alappuzha Kerala

32 Chakkulathukavu Devi Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Pamba River Near by Alappuzha Kerala

33 Karumadi Kuttan Pilgrimage (Temple) Pamba River Near by Alappuzha Kerala

34 Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple

Pilgrimage (Temple) Pamba River Near by Alappuzha Kerala

35 Maramon Tourist Spot Pathanamthitta Kerala

36 Champakulam Church Pilgrimage (Church) Pamba River Near by Alappuzha Kerala

37 Kuttanad Tourist Spot backwater Near by Alappuzha Kerala

38 Alappuzha Beach Beach Arabian sea On Alappuzha Kerala

39 Punnamada Lake Water Sport Punnamada Lake On Alappuzha Kerala

40 Saraswathi Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Kottayam Kerala

41 Kuttikkanam Tourist Spot Idukki Kerala

42 Vembaned Lake Lake Vembaned Lake On Alappuzha Kerala

43 Thirunakkara Mahadevar Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Thirunakkara Temple Pond

On Kottayam Kerala

44 Pathiramanal Island Vembanad Lake On Alappuzha Kerala

45 Arthunkal Tourist Spot Arabian sea Near by Alappuzha Kerala

46 Vagamon Tourist Spot Idukki Kerala

47 Sivatemple Pilgrimage (Temple) Vembanad Lake On Kottayam Kerala

48 Kuruvilangad Church Pilgrimage (Church) Kottayam Kerala

49 Hill Palace Museum Museums / Monument Ernakulam Kerala

50 Thommankuthu Waterfall Waterfall Kariyar River On Idukki Kerala

51 Mattancherry Palace Tourist Spot Ernakulam Kerala

52 Santa Cruz Basilica Pilgrimage (Church) Arabian Sea Near by Ernakulam Kerala

53 Dutch Cemetery Museums / Monument Arabian Sea Near by Ernakulam Kerala

54 Bolgatty Island Island Arabian Sea On Ernakulam Kerala



129

Sl. No.



55 Pothamedu View Point Tourist Spot Idukki Kerala

56 Devikulam Hill Station Idukki Kerala

57 Munnar Tourist Spot Idukki Kerala

58 Mattupetti Tourist Spot Mattupetti Dam Near by Idukki Kerala

59 Bhoothathankettu Tourist Spot Periyar River On Ernakulam Kerala

60 Cherai Beach Beach Arabian sea On Ernakulam Kerala

61 Cheraman Juma Masjid Pilgrimage (Masjid) Thrissur Kerala

62 Saint Thomas Memorial Pilgrimage (Church) Periyar River Near by Thrissur Kerala

63 Athirapally Waterfall Waterfall Chalakudi River On Ernakulam Kerala

64 Christian Divine Retreat Centres Pilgrimage (Church) Chalakudi River Near by Thrissur Kerala

65 Vazhachal Waterfall Waterfall Chalakudi River On Thrissur Kerala

66 Arattupuzha Tourist Spot Thrissur Kerala

67 Monkey Falls Waterfall Noyyal River On Coimbatore Tamil Nadu

68 Vadakkumnathan Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Thrissur Kerala

69 Peechi Dam Dam Peechi Reservoir On Thrissur Kerala

70 Shakthan Thampuran Palace Tourist Spot Thrissur Kerala

71 Pothundy Dam Dam Pothundy Reservoir

On Palakkad Kerala

72 Thirumoorthy Dam & Falls Dam Thirumoorthy Reservoir

On Coimbatore Tamil Nadu

73 Guruvayoor Tourist Spot Thrissur Kerala

74 Kollengode Tourist Spot Palakkad Kerala

75 Cheruthuruthy Tourist Spot Thrissur Kerala

76 Jain Temple of Jainimedu Pilgrimage (Temple) Kalpathipuzha River

Near by Palakkad Kerala

77 Thrithala Tourist Spot Palakkad Kerala

78 Mahe Beach Beach Arabian Sea On Kozhikode Pondicherry

79 Sree Kurumba Bhagavathy Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Arabian Sea On Kozhikode Kerala

80 Dharmadam Island Island Andaman Sea On Kannur Kerala

81 Kizhunna Ezhara Beach Beach Arabian sea On Kannur Kerala



130

Sl. No.



82 Thodeekulam Siva Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Kannur Kerala

83 Payambalam Beach Beach Arabian sea On Kannur Kerala

84 Kottiyoor Tourist Spot Bavali River Near by Kannur Kerala

85 Meenkunnu Beach Beach Arabian sea On Kannur Kerala

86 Pazhazzi Dam Dam Pazhazzi Reservoir On Kannur Kerala

87 Parassinikadavu Tourist Spot Valapattanam river

Near by Kannur Kerala

88 Cherukunnu Annapoorneshwari Temple

Pilgrimage (Temple) Valapattanam River


89 Ezhimala Lighthouse Tourist Spot Kannur Kerala

90 Trichmbram Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Valapattanam River


91 Nileswaram Tourist Spot Kasaragod Kerala

92 Anandasram Tourist Spot Kasaragod Kerala

93 Madiyankulam Durga Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Arabian Sea Near by Kasaragod Kerala

94 Chandragiri Fort Fort Chandragiri River Near by Kasaragod Kerala

95 Madhur Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Madhuvahini River

Near by Kasaragod Kerala

96 Ananthapura Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Madhuvahini River

Near by Kasaragod Kerala

97 Kukke Subramanya Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Kumaradhara River

Near by Dakshina Kannada Karnataka

98 Possadigumpe Tourist Spot Kasaragod Kerala

99 Kanwatheertha Beach Beach Arabian sea On Kasaragod Kerala

100 Thirunavaya Tourist Spot Bharathappuzha Near by Malappuram Kerala

101 Trikandiyur Shiva Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Malappuram Kerala

102 Kadampuzha Tourist Spot Malappuram Kerala

103 Kottakkal Tourist Spot Malappuram Kerala

104 Vallikunnu Beach Beach Arabian sea On Malappuram Kerala



131

Sl. No.



105 Padinharekara Beach Beach confluence of the Bharathappuzha

On Malappuram Kerala

106 Beypore Port Chaliyar River On Kozhikode Kerala

107 Kallai Tourist Spot Arabian Sea Near by Kozhikode Kerala

108 Mishkal Masjid Pilgrimage (Masjid) Arabian Sea On Kozhikode Kerala

109 Kozhikode Beach Beach Arabian sea On Kozhikode Kerala

110 Nilambur Tourist Spot Malappuram Kerala

111 Kalipoika Tourist Spot Kozhikode Kerala

112 Pazhassiraja Museum And Art Gallery

Museums / Monument Kozhikode Kerala

113 Kappad Beach Arabian sea On Kozhikode Kerala

114 Kadalur point light house Tourist Spot Arabian Sea On Kozhikode Kerala

115 Payyoli Beach Arabian sea On Kozhikode Kerala

116 Iringal Tourist Spot Kozhikode Kerala

117 Vadakara Tourist Spot Kozhikode Kerala

118 Lokanarkavu Tourist Spot Kozhikode Kerala

119 Edakkal Caves Caves Wayanad Kerala

120 Suthanabbe Falls, Hanumanagundi Falls

Waterfall Bhadra River, Tunga River

Near by Udupi Karnataka

121 Barkana Falls Waterfall Sita river On Udupi Karnataka

122 Kunchikal Waterfall Waterfall Varahi River On Shimoga Karnataka

123 Ambuthirtha Pilgrimage (Temple) Sharavathi River On Shimoga Karnataka

124 Murudeshwara Temple Pilgrimage (Temple) Arabian Sea On Uttara Kannada Karnataka

125 Jog Waterfall Waterfall Sharavathi River On Shimoga Karnataka

126 Apsara Konda Beach Beach Arabian Sea On Uttara Kannada Karnataka

127 Kumarakom Lake Resort Tourist Spot Vembanattu Lake On Kottayam Kerala

128 Vattakottai Fort Fort Indian Ocean On Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

129 Palakkad Fort Fort Kalpathipuzha River

Near by Palakkad Kerala

130 Thalasseri Fort Fort Kannur Kerala



132

Sl. No.



131 St. Angelo Fort Fort Arabian Sea Kannur Kerala

132 Bekal Fort Fort Arabian Sea On Kasaragod Kerala

B. Wildlife Sanctuaries / National Parks in the Basin

Sl. No.


Relation Nearest

City District State Mammals Birds Reptiles

1 Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary

Tiger Reserve

Periyar Lake

Near by Idukki Kerala NA NA NA

2 Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary

Bird Sanctuary

Vembanad Lake

Near by Kottayam Kerala NA NA NA

3 Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary

Bird Sanctuary

Periyar River

On Ernakulam Kerala NA NA NA

4 Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary

Bird Sanctuary

Kadalundi River

Near by Kozhikode Kerala NA NA NA

5 Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary

Kannur Kerala NA NA NA

6 Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary

Sita River Near by Udupi Karnataka NA NA NA

7 Mookambika Udupi Karnataka

NA NA NA

8 Mathikettan Shola National Park

Anayirangal Reservoir

Near by Idukki Kerala NA NA NA

9 Peechi Vazhani Palakkad Kerala

NA NA NA

10 Parambikulam Sholai River

On Thrissur Kerala NA NA NA



133

Sl. No.


Relation Nearest


11 Silent Valley Periyar River

On Idukki Kerala NA NA NA

12 Eravikulam NA NA Ernakulam Idukki Kerala Elephant, Leopard, Tiger, Lion Tailed Macaoque, Malabar Civet, Niligiri Thar

NA Python

13 Anamalai (Indira Gandhi )

Tiger Reserve

NA NA NA Coimbatore

Tamil Nadu

Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Lion tailed macque, Civet

Peacock Mugger Crocodile, Python

14 Brahmagiri Lakshmanthirtha River

Near by NA Kodagu Karnataka Tiger, Elephant, Leopard, Mouse Deer

Peacock NA

15 Idukki Elephant Reserve

NA NA NA Idukki Kerala Elephant, Leopard, Tiger

NA NA

16 Sharavathi valley

NA NA NA NA Shimoga Karnataka NA NA NA

17 Peppara NA Neyyar River

On NA Thiruvananthapuram

Kerala NA NA NA

18 Neyyar NA Karamana River

Near by NA Thiruvananthapuram

Kerala NA NA NA



134

Sl. No.


Relation Nearest


19 Thattekad Bird Sanctuary

Kallada River

On Kollam Kerala



135

Acronyms AEZ Agro-Ecological Zones

AIA Annual Irrigated Area

AIBP Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme

APGCL Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited

AWS Automatic Weather Stations

B&BBO Brahmaputra and Barak Basin Organization

BB Brahmaputra Board

BCB Bansagar Control Board

BCM Billion Cubic Metre

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

BR Balancing Reservoir

BRB Betwa River Board

BWA Barrage Weir Anicut

C&SRO Cauvery and Southern Rivers Organization

CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute

CBIP Central Board of Irrigation & Power

CCA Culturable Command Area

CEA Central Electricity Authority

CGWB Central Ground Water Board

Ch Chainage

CIWTC Central Inland Water Transport Corporation

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CSMRS Central Soil & Materials Research Station

cumec cubic metre per sec

cusec cubic foot per sec

CWC Central Water Commission

CWPRS Central Water and Power Research Station

D Discharge

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DOS Department of Space

DVC Damodar Valley Corporation

EC Electrical Conductivity

EFR East Flowing Rivers

ERM Extension, Renovation and Modernization

ETP Effluent Treatment Plant

EW Exploratory Well

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FC Flood Control

FF Flood Forecasting



136

FMP Flood Management Programme

FRL Full Reservoir Level

G Gauge

GCA Gross Command Area

GD Gauge and Discharge

GDQ Gauge, Discharge and Water Quality

GDS Gauge, Discharge and Sediment

GDSQ Gauge, Discharge, Sediment and Water Quality

GFCC Ganga Flood Control Commission

GIS Geographical Information System

GOI Government of India

GPI Grossly Polluting Industries

GSC Gross Storage Capacity

ha Hectare

HE Hydro-Electric

HFL Highest Flood Level

HO Hydrological Observation

hrs Hours

I&CAD Irrigation and Command Area Development

IBO Indus Basin Organization

IBTL Inter-Basin Transfer Link

IBWT Inter-Basin Water Transfer

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICPO Irrigation-Cum-Power Outlet

IM Moisture Index

IMD Indian Meteorological Department

India-WRIS India-Water Resources Information System

IR Irrigation

IRS Indian Remote Sensing

ISRO Indian Space Research Organization

IWAI Inland Waterways Authority of India

IWT Inland Water Transport

K&GBO Krishna and Godavari Basin Organization

km Kilometre

LBC Left Bank Canal

LGBO Lower Ganga Basin Organization

LGP Length of Growing Period

LISS Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor

lps Litres Per Second

LSC Live Storage Capacity



137

LULC Land Use Land Cover

m metre

M&ERO Mahanadi and Eastern Rivers Organization

MAF Million Acre Feet

MCM Million Cubic metre

Mcum Million Cubic metre

MDDL Minimum Draw Down Level

mg/l Milligram per Litre

MI Minor Irrigation

MLD Million Liters per Day

mm Millimetres

MMIR Major and Medium Irrigation

MOSDAC Meteorological & Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

MoWR Ministry of Water Resources

MPN Most Probable Number

MSL Mean Sea Level

MU Million Units

MW Mega Watt

N&TBO Narmada and Tapi Basin Organization

NBO Narmada Basin Organization

NBSS & LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning

NEEPCO North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited

NEIC North Eastern Investigation Circle

NF No Flow

NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority

NHPC National Hydro Power Corporation Limited

NRLD National Register of Large Dam

NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre

NW National Waterway

NWDA National Water Development Authority

NWDT Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal

NWMP Northern Water Monitoring Programme

NWP National Water Policy

OW Observatory Well

P Precipitation

PET Potential Evapotranspiration

PH Power House

pH puissance de Hydrogen

ppm parts per million



138

PS Pisciculture

PW Peizometre Well

Q Water Quality

R&R Rehabilitation and Resettlement

RBC Right Bank Canal

RF Rainfall

RRR Repair, Renovation and Restoration

RRSC Regional Remote Sensing Centre

RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate

S Sediment

SAC Standing Advisory Committee

SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio

SD Sub Division

SMCS Soil Moisture Control Section

SOI Survey of India

Sq. km Square Kilometres

SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission

TAC Technical Advisory Committee

TBO Tapi Basin Organization

TC Total Coliform

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

Th ha Thousand Hectare

THDC Tehri Hydro Development Corporation

TW Tube well

UGBO Upper Ganga Basin Organization

UIP Ultimate Irrigation Potential

UJVNL Uttarkhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UPJVNL Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited

UT Union Territory

WB Water Body

WFR West Flowing Rivers

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WS Water Supply

YBO Yamuna Basin Organization



139

References:

Central Water commission. 1997. India River Basin Atlas. New Delhi.

Central Water Commission. 1989. Major River Basins of India – An Overview. New Delhi

Central Water Commission. 2012-2013. Annual Report. New Delhi.

Central Water Commission. 2012. Integrated hydrological data Book (Non-classified river

basins). New Delhi.

Ministry of Irrigation and Power. 1972. Report of the Irrigation Commission Volume III (Part 1 &

2). New Delhi.

National Remote Sensing Centre. 2011. Landuse/landcover Atlas of India based on Multi-

temporal Satellite Data of 2005-06. Hyderabad.

National Remote Sensing Centre, RRSC-West. 2012. River Basin Atlas of India. Jaipur: Jaipur

Printers.

National Remote Sensing Centre. 2011. Assessment of Water Resources at Basin Scale using

Space inputs-a pilot study by NRSC and CWC for Godavari and Brahmani-Baitarni basins.

Hyderabad.

Sehgal, J.L., Mandal, D.K., Mandal, C. and Vadivelu, S. 1992. Agro-Ecological Regions of India.

2nd ed., NBSS Publication. 24, Technical Bulletin. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use

Planning, Nagpur, India

Singh. R.L. et al, India A Regional Geography, 1971. National Geographical Society,Varansi.

Spate, O.H.K., 1960. India and Pakistan- A general and Regional Geography. New York:

Methuen & Co. Ltd and E.P. Dutton & Co. Inc.

Links:

India-Water Resources Information System: www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM) 90 m digital elevation Model: CGIAR. 2006,

http://srtm.sci.cgiar.org




140

Authors

ISRO Officials CWC Officials

Dr. V.K. Dadhwal Director National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) ISRO, Department of Space, Govt. of India Balanagar, Hyderabad

Er. A.B. Pandya Chairman Central Water Commission New Delhi

Dr. J.R. Sharma Project Director, India-WRIS Project & Chief General Manager Regional Remote Sensing Centres - NRSC/ ISRO DOS Branch Secretariat, Loknayak Bhawan New Delhi

Er. W.M. Tembhurney Chief Engineer (EMO) Central Water Commission New Delhi

Dr. S. Rama Subramoniam Scientist/Engineer ‘SE’ Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur

Er. Yogesh Paithankar Director Remote Sensing Directorate Central Water Commission, New Delhi

Dr. Manoj Joseph Scientist/Engineer ‘SD’ Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur

Er. Alok Paul Kalsi Deputy Director Remote Sensing Directorate Central Water Commission, New Delhi

Mr. Deepesh Kumar Jangid Project Scientist Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur

Mr. Vipul Sharma Project Scientist Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur

Mrs. Deepika Acharya Sharma Research Scientist Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur



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ISRO Officials

CWC Officials

Project Director Dr. J R Sharma Project In-charge Er. Yogesh Paithankar, Director

Convener (S/W)

Sh. P G Diwakar

Quality Assurance

Team

Sh. V M Bothale, Sh. M V Ravikumar, Dr. S S Rao, Dr. S N Das, Sh. D S P Rao, Ms. A Vijaya Banu, Sh. Chandrasekaran, Sh. D J Chutia

Dy. Project In-charge Er. Alok Paul Kalsi, Dy. Director Er. Prashant Kumar Gupta, Dy. Director

Convener (Database) Dr. A Jeyaram

Quality Assurance

Team

Dr. S Sudhakar, Sh. Uday Raj, Dr. M Kudrat, Ms. Rajashree V Bothale, Dr. D Dutta, Dr. G Ravishankar, Sh. S Pathak, Dr. K K Sarma

Technical Guidance Er. C K Agarwal, Chief Engineer (B & BBO) Er. W M Tembhurney, Chief Engineer EMO

Er R.K. Jain, Chief Engineer (BPMO) Project Coordinators Sh. Shantanu B., Sh.Uday Raj, Dr. A T Jeyaseelan

Project Managers Dr. A K Bera, Dr. B K Bhadra, Sh. S Pathak, Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Groups and Work Components

Project Leads & Project Scientists at Lead Centre

Research Scientists at Lead Centre

DPDs & Project Scientists

Team

Er. Navin Kumar, Director

Er. S N Abraham, Director

Er. R Azhagesan, Director

Er. Ashish Banerjee, Director

Er. Rajiv Kumar, Director

Er. Piyush Ranjan, Executive Engineer

Er. Pankaj Sharma, Dy. Director

Er. Amarjit Singh, Dy. Director

Er. S K Chaturvedi, Dy. Director

Er. Y S Varshney, Executive Engineer

Er. Manoj Paunikar, Executive Engineer

Er. Amitabh Prabhakar, Executive Engineer

Er. Vishal Garg, Assistant Director

Er. M Sahabdeen, Assistant Director

Er. Ashish Awasthi Assistant Director

Er. R. Bhaskaran, Assistant Director

S/W Design, Architecture, Integration, Data Security, Web Hosting & Website

Sh. Gaurav Kumar

Sh. K S Srinivasan

Sh. Hansraj Meena

Ms. Suman Gurjar Ms. Pragya Chaturvedi Ms. Shilpa Taneja Ms. S V Pravalika Ms. Divya Mishra Ms. Jyotsana Chuchra Mr. Samuel Lourdraj C Mr. Rahul Sharma Mr. Piyush Dubey Mr. V Srinivasa Reddy Ms. Chitra S Pai Ms. Manasa Devi B Mr. Mohamed Ali S Ms. Hemlata Gehlot Mr. Amit Kumar Mr. Devdatta Tengshe Mr. Jai Prakash Jyani Mr. Munish Gorsi Ms. Deepika Acharya Ms. Pratima Tak Mr. Niteen K Bankar Ms. Himani Singh Ms. Sneha Ms. Kamini Yadav Mr. Goutam Bhati Mr. Debhasish Bhakta Mr. Nitin Chauhan Ms. Ila Agnihotri Mr. Vishal Singh Ms. Vineeta Sharma Dr. N Vyjayanthi Dr. Shirsath Paresh B Mr. Sanjay Kumar Ms. Rashmi Rekha Dutta Mr. Brij Kishor Jashal

Sh. Vinod M Bothale Sh. Shantanu B Sh. K Nagajyothi

Sh. S S Rajashekhar

Sh. Harish Karnatak Sh. D Giribabu Dr. A V Suresh Babu

Sh. E Sivasankar

Database Organization & Geo-database Standards

Dr. A K Bera

Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Dr. M C Gupta

Dr. S N Das Dr. S S Rao Sh. K Abdul Hakeem

Legacy Data ISRO Projects

Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Sh. Ashish Kumar Jain

Dr. V V Rao Dr. G Ravishankar Dr. A V Suresh Babu Sh. B Simhadhari Rao

Watershed Atlas & Water Resources Projects

Dr. A K Bera

Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Er. Sagar S Salunkhe

Ms. Rajashree V B Dr. G Sreenivasan Dr. S Ravindranath Dr. K H V Durga Rao

Administrative & Thematic Layers

Dr. B K Bhadra

Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Sh. S Pathak

Sh. Sushilkumar B Rehpade

Sh. Amanpreet Singh

Dr. D Dutta Dr. V M Choudhary Sh. P V Raju Sh. P Satyanarayana

Environmental Data Dr. S Rama Subramoniam

Dr. Manoj Joseph

Dr. S N Das Sh. John Mathew Sh. M Shanker Sh. B Simhadhari Rao

Capacity Building, Modelling, Value Addition & Report

Sh. S Pathak Dr. P Manavalan Sh. Pramod Kumar Sh. P V Raju Dr. K H V Durga Rao

Lead Centre: Regional Remote Sensing Centre - West, NRSC/ISRO, Jodhpur

India-WRIS Project Team



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