USAARL Report No. 94-17

I

Vernier AcuityThrough Night Vision Goggles

(Reprint)

DTICByS ELECTE

By MNy 1.Y S 199 4

Jeff Rabin G ,

Aircrew Health and Performance Division

401b

wm~a .. April 1994am00

Approved for public release; dlslrlbuon unimited.

94 5 17 104United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory

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USAARL Report No. 94-17

6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATIONU.S. Army Aeromedical Research (if applkable) S.. Army Medical Research Development,Laboratory SGRD-UAS-VS Acquisition and Logistics Command (Provisional

6c. ADDRESS (Ci%. State and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)P.O. Box 620571Ft. Rucker, AL 36362-0577 Fort Detrick

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11. TITLE (Include Security Claulflcation)

Vernier Acuity through Night Vision Goggles

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)Jeff Rabin

13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) I5. PAGE COUNTFinal FROM TO 1994 April 3

16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATIONPrinted in Optometry and Vision Science, April 1993, Pages 689-691.

17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necenary and identify by block number)FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Night vision goggles, image intensifiers, vernier acuity,

17 05 contrast sensitivity

19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necesary and identify by block number)

Night vision goggles (NVG) are being used increasingly in military and civilian environments.Despite the use of these devices, relatively few tests exist to assess visual performancethrough NVGs. Hyperacuity tasks may provide a sensitive index of performance through nightvision devices. In this study, grating vernier acuity was measured through NVGs. Asreported previously, a power law relation was observed between vernier acuity and stimuluscontrast. Comparison of vernier acuity with and without NVGs indicated that performance islimited by the contrast transfer of the device. Vernier acuity measurements can be used toassess the quality of vision and quantity of contrast transferred through night visiondevices.

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DO RoIm 1473, JUN 86 Previow editiom ore obsolete. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEUnclassified

AND r5W S CUMM VoL 70, Hg. p.L U-MSi•,uum Lu VISIm SinCa•Cd 0 1993 AWmcam Acasan oa Orrowrma

instruments/techniques,

Vernier Acuity through Night Vision Goggles

JEFF RABWU.& Army Meofdo ft.arch Laborato, Fort Ruckw A.Naba

ABSTRACT has shown that vernier acuity depends on stimulusNight vision goggles (NVG'se) an being wsed • - contrast."- Because NVG display contrast is diffi-i in mniftr and civilian ewiornmuf Deep" the cult to measure and varies with ambient conditions,use of these dv relatively few l exist to as- evaluation of the contrast dependency of verniersoes vlsual performance through NVG's. Hyareculty azuity offers an adjunctive approach for assessingtails may provide a snsitive index of pem ance the effective contrast to the observer.through night visew device, In ti s study, gtig ver- In the present study, vernier acuity was measured.nie s was measured thrugh NVG's. As mprted through third-generation NVG's. The red phosphorprviuly, a powie law retlatm was observed betwe of a color monitor was used to stimulate the NVG'sveie acuity and stimulns contrst Complo of which have peak spectral sensitivity in the nearvmr" sc with and wihu NVI's indicated the infrared. Vernier acuity was assessed over a rangeP0110-mme Is imnited by tin ccrst tranofe of the of stimulus contrasts to characterize the contrastdevice. Vernier acuty measurments can be used to dependency of the response. Measurements wereassess the quality of vision and quantity of contrast also obtained without the NVG, but at the sameIrn faed through night vision d display luminance to estimate contrast transfer

through the device.Key Woard night viiw goggles, Image inieneffis mvernier acuity, contrast sesitivity METHO-S

The stimulus for testing NVG's was generatedon a high-resolution color monitor. Only the red

Military operations are often conducted at night gun of the phosphor was used to limit the spectralor under conditions of limited visibility. These op- composition of the stimulus to the spectral rangeerations require high levels of performance in en- of NVG's. Although NVG's have peak sensitivityvironments lacking sufficient ambient illumination in the near infrared (750 nm), little infrared radia-to support normal visual function. Image intensi- tion is emitted by the red gun so its output betweenfying devices [night vision goggles (NVG's)J am- 600 to 720 nm forms the primary stimulus. Becauseplify ambient illumination, making performance the shape of the phosphor spectral output functionpossible under extreme and limited conditions. De- remains constant with software-controlled changesspite their usefulness NVG's present a view of the in monitor intensity, it was possible to introduceworld that is isochromatic and lacking in contrast accurate changes in contrast to the NVG by varyingand detail. It is essential to understand factors the red gun intensity in known steps. Neutral den-which limit vision through NVG's so that perform- sity (ND) filters were used to reduce the overallance can be anticipated under various conditions. monitor luminance to a value estimated to be be-

Several techniques have been used to assess via- tween one-quarter moon and starlight conditions.10

ual performance of NVG's such as visual acuity, This level was used because it corresponds to acontrast sensitivity, and stereopeis.'" Another ap- moderate level of stimulation to NVG's and is belowproach for evaluating vision through NVG's is ver- the intensity level which activates the NVG auto-nier acuity-the precision with which two targets matic brightness control. This made it possible tocan be aligned. Like stereopsis, vernier acuity is a test at an extended viewing distance without anytype of "hyperacuity" because, under optimal con- change in display luminance imposed by the bright-ditions, it is better than the acuity predicted from ness control.the separation between photoreceptors.' Research The stimulus for vernier acuity was a 1.4' circular

patch of vertical, square-wave grating with a spatialReived November 24, 1992 mision ncived April 5, 115. frequency of 6 cpd surrounded by a uniform field ofOOD, Ph.D. the same mean luminance. This spatial frequency

Acuity through Night Vision Goggles-Rai 69

1

was ebaen beas iti socae ih o e- oýdWat wA &W is within the s klbandpas of .. ,the NVG for the light level used.4 In addition, the ,___--- _

spatial frequency was high enough to make theeffiects of higher harmonics in the square-wave .otsbstimulus negligible. The top half of the grating was (-ta at ,c)fixed in spatial phase; the horizontal position of thebottom half was adjustable in pixel steps by key-board control. The subject viewed the grating mo-nocularly with the right eye at a distance of 4.8 m.The method of adjustment was used in which the b00subject depressed keyboard buttons to shift the tobottom half of the grating left or right until itappeared aligned with the top half. After 3 min ofadaptation to the mean luminance of the NVGdisplay, 10 alignment settings were made at each of vu d=---

5 Michelson contrasts ranging from 4 to 66% in 0.3log unit steps. The contrasts were presented inascending order to reduce successive adaptationeffects. For each contrast the standard deviation of10 settings was used as the vernier threshold. o 100

In separate sessions, measurements were ob- Coman ()b).tamed from the same subjects with a simulation of Figure 1. Mean (±1 SE) vemir tresholds from fivethe NVG d/isplay. The same grating stimulus was stdKo am plotted agamt stiWuus contrast for NVG sused, but modulated in contrast using the green smoated-NG cntons (a). The sane dat am Wegun of the monitor to simulate the green phosphor in (b), but corrected for he diffenc n conrast tesh-(P20) of the NVG display. ND filters were used to ads. This was done by siftng Me W e data twedreduce the monitor luminance to the NVG display ong the contrast axis by a factor of 3.4x-the ratio ofluminance used in this study (0.4 ft-L). The same NVG/smiaon detction trehols.procedures were used as described for the NVGmeasurements to obtain vernier thresholds for each The fact that vernier acuity was 2 to 3x betterof the five grating contrasts. in the simulated condition indicates that perform-

Five subjects participated in this study. Each ance through the NVG was limited by electro-subject was male, 21 to 22 years of age, and had no optical properties of the device. This limitationrefractive error with visual acuities of 6/6 (20/20). could not be attributed to the luminance or color of

the display because they were matched in the twoRESULTS conditions. It is also unlikely that resolution limited

Fig. 1 shows mean (*1 SE) vernier acuity from performance because the spatial frequency used wasfive subjects plotted against stimulus contrast for lower than the resolution limit of both the NVGNVG and simulated NVG conditions. The NVG and the human visual system. It is more likely thattest was conducted through the device, whereas the the effective contrast to the observer was atten-simulation indicates performance without the de- uated through the NVG, perhaps because of thevice, but at the same display luminance and color, addition of electro-optical noise. Correction for thisIn both viewing conditions, vernier acuity improved contrast reduction should lessen the difference inwith stimulus contrast. Although display luminance vernier acuity between NVG and simulated-NVGand color were the same in the two conditions, conditions. Fig. lb shows mean vernier acuitiesvernier acuity was consistently reduced when view- corrected for the difference in contrast thresholding through NVG's (mean decrement - 2.7x). This with and without the NVG. All values conform todifference between NVG and simulated conditions, a common function when corrected for this contrastand the improvement in vernier acuity with con- difference--a factor of 3.4x. Recent studies havetrest were statistically significant effects (Friedman also shown that differences in vernier acuity acrosstwo-way analysis of variance; x' - 8.0, p < 0.006). mechanisms (e.g., luminance vs. color) diminish

Previous studies reported a power law relation when contrast is scaled relative to detection thresh-between vernier acuity and contrast." The results ld."'These findings underscore the fundamentalshown in Fig. la are also best described by power importance of system modulation transfer func-law functions with exponents of -08l for the NVG tions for explaining and predicting visual perform-condition (r0 - 0.92), and -0.73 for the simulated ance.condition (r0 - 0.93). These values are comparableto thoae reported in previous studies, and indicate DJCUSSKOthat a 10-fold reduction in contrast will produce a This study quantified vernier performance5 to 7x reduction in vernier performance through through NVG's. As shown in previous studies," aNVG's. power law relation was observed between vernier

09o OPTOMETRY & VIS SCENCE

'2

acuity and stimulus contrast. The exponent of this REFERENCSrelation (-0.8) was about the same as that reported I. Wiley RW. Holy FF. Vison with the AN/PVS.5 night vuonby Bradley and Skottun' using a similar grating goggle. U.S. Ariny Aeromnedical Research Laboratory. Fortstimulus. The dependency of vernier acuity on con- Rucker, AL- 1976.trast indicates that stimulus conditions or device 2. Levine FRR. Rash CE. Attenuating the kjn~1ous outiput ot the

factors which reduce contrast through NVG's will AN/PVS-5A night vision goggles w4d its effect an tv=** a~cuity. U.S. "rm Aerornedical Research Laboratory, Fan

impair vernier alignment performance (e.g., target. Rukr AL- 1989; USM.RL Report No. 89-24.ing tasks). Design features which mitigate against 3. Wiley RW. Visual acuity and stereopsas with night viewocontrast loss are essential for optimal alignment goggles. U.S. Army Aeromnedical Research Laboratory. Fant

*performance through NVG's. Rucker, AL- 1989; USAARL Report No. 89-9.A comparison of vernier acuity through NVG's 4. Kotiiak .IC. Rash CE. Visual acuity with second and third

to measurements obtained without the device but generation night vision goggles obtained from a new. mtodlof night sky siniistion across a wide rainge of target con-.

at the same luminance and color revealed substan- trasts. U.S. A"m Aeromedical Research Laboratory. Forttial differences Lit vernier acuity. Vernier thresholds Rucker. AL: 1992; USAARL Report No. 92-9.through NVG's were an average of 2 to 3x higher S. Westheimrer G. Visual acuity and hyperacuity. Invest ophthal-than values obtained under comparable conditions Mo 1975;14:570-2.of luminance and chromaticity. This reduction in 6. FoIey-Fischer JA. Contrast, edge-gradient, and target ins

verner auit coud nt beattrbutdtothebrigt- Idth as factors inverier acuity. Optics Acta 1977;24:179-ness, color, or resolution of the NVG display, but 7. Wilson MR. Responses of spatial mnechanismsa can explaincould be explained by the difference in contrast hyperacuity. Vision Res 1986;26:453-69.sensitivity with and without the NVG. The differ- 8. Bradley A. Skoltti BC. Effect of contrast and spatial Ire.-ence in vernier performance between real and sim- quenicy on vernier acuity. Vision Res 1987;27:1817-24.ulated conditions was essentially eliminated by cor- 9. Krauskopf J. Fairrel B. Vernier acuity: effects of chromatic

recingstiulu cotrat fr tresolddifereces content, blur and contrast. Vision Res 1991 ;31 :735-49.rectng timlus ontastfor hrehol difereces 10. RICA Elec -Optic Handbook. Electro-optics handbook

with and without the NVG device. technical series; EOH-1 1. Lancaster: RCA Corp. 1974.Current military standards for image intensifiers 11. Kooi FL. Do Valois RL. Switkes E. Spatial localization acoss

include requirements for resolution, gain, and dis- channiels. Vision Res 1991 ;31 :1627-n2.tortion. Vernier acuity offers an additional metricfor grading the quality and quantity of vision A1.171ORS ADOP.E&through NVG's. Subtle distortion or contrast atten-Jefhouation which may elude detection by standard tech- U.S. Armny Aeroinedical Research Laboratoryniques could reduce vernier acuity through NVG's. Aftn SGRD-UAS-VS (MAI Rawi)This approach will prove useful in the future as- P.O. Box 62077sessment of night vision devices. Fort Rucker, Alsbeari 363W2-0577

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