Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

42
Vermi-Compost & Phospho-Compost Dr. P. K. Mani Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.bckv.edu.in

description

Vermi- composting and phosphhocompost,

Transcript of Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Page 1: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Vermi-Compost&

Phospho-Compost

Dr. P. K. ManiBidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.bckv.edu.in

Page 2: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

The word ‘vermi’ is coined from Latin word which means worm, so vermicompost is the compost mediated by the worm (earthworm).

Charles Darwin(1881)Obsn: How Lime+ charcoal go down to lower layer

from soil surface?

Materials were taken from surface to lower layers by Earthworms Book “Formation of vegetable mould” (= humified soil layer) with the activities of Earth Worm)

A.A.Yarilov (1930) endorsed it “Charles Darwin-the founder of soil science”(Book)

Page 3: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Earthworms: (“r” and “K” selections) (M.B.Bouche,1977)

Epigeic: Small size, colour uniform, surface dweller, best thrive in 4-30°C, 50-60 % moisture, phytophagous, short life cycle, good biodegradators but do not re-distribute nutrients.

(“r” selected spp. have high metabolic rate, small body size, high reproduction rate)

Endogeic : Small to medium size, weak pigmentation, geophagous, life cycle is intermediate, high

efficiency in energy utilsation from poor soil(“r”)

Aneciques: bigger size, pigmentation in both end, nocturnal, deep burrowing, phytogeophagous

(“k” selected spp. Have low metabolic rate, long body size with long life span)

Page 4: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Earthworms suitable for Vermi-Composting:

Surface feeder

High reproductive rate

High growth rate

High organic content in the dietary requirement

High metabolic activity

Low retention in body

Capacity to adjust under adverse condition

Page 5: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

1.Vermiculture: means scientific method of breeding and rearing earthworms in controlled conditions. It aims at creating improved conditions artificially so that earthworms multiply in shortest possible time and space. (Mass pdn of EW.)

Eisenia foetida (Sav.) (F. Lumbricidae) (Germany)

Perionyx excavatus (E.Perr.) (F. Megascolecidae) (Aust./NZ)

Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinb.) (F. Eudrilidae) Equatorial West Africa

2.Vermi-Composting: Pdn. of compost mediated by EW

3.Vermi-conservation: Earthworm preservation

Vermitechnology : (converting waste into useful pdts through worms)

Page 6: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Worms are part of the animal kingdom

These are called Eisenia foetida but you may know them as

Red Worm

Tiger Worm

Red Wiggler

Page 7: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

A Worm Is Born!

Each cocoon can have 1-5 worms. If conditions are not right for hatching, such as dryness, many cocoons can be dormant for years and hatch when conditions are right.

Page 8: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Method of Vermicompost Making

Organic wastes are mixed with cow dung, live soil and farmyard manure

at the ratio of 6: 3: 0.5: 0.5 on dry weight basis.

A compost heap is constructed by using above mentioned materials and allowed to decompose at least 15 days.

For commercial purpose or large scale productions, composting is done in a trench. Generally, a trench is prepared under a shade

1.5ft

3-3.5ft

Length(10ft)

shade

stone chips layer of sand

unchopped straw Partial decomposed waste pdt.

Earthworm @ 10/kg wasteEarthworm @ 10/kg wasteAdd Sufficient water so that moisture becomes 50-60%

Spread moist gunny bagSpread moist gunny bag

Keep it for 60-70 days without disturbance

Stop watering 2-3 days before harvest

Page 9: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Method of Vermicompost MakingFew steps are followed for making compost.1st step: Organic wastes are mixed with cow dung, live soil and farmyard manure

at the ratio of 6: 3: 0.5: 0.5 on dry weight basis. A compost heap is constructed by using above mentioned materials and allowed to decompose least 15 days.

2nd step: For commercial purpose or large scale productions, composting is done in a trench. Generally, a trench having 10ft long, 3ft width and 1.5ft deep with a shade is followed.

3rd step: Entire bottom of is trench is covered with stone chips(2″). A layer of sand is spread over it to facilitate percolation of excess water. A permanent bed with unchopped straw is constructed above which the partial decomposed materials obtained from first step is to be laded.

4th step: Pre-decomposed material in the trench is watered sufficiently so that moisture content may be maintained around 50-60%.5th step: Adult earthworms @10/kg composting material are generally released in the

trench.6th step: Entire surface has to be covered with moist gunny bag. The earthworms are

allowed to multiply and digest the materials in an undisturbed condition for at least 60 days.

7th step: If black to brown granules are appeared just below the gunny bag then it is considered that composting is completed. (appeared like CTC Tea)

8th step: Watering is withheld for 3-4 days before harvest.9th step: The compost is harvested from the surface(7″) after removing the gunny bag.10th step: Reload the trench with decomposed materials.

Page 10: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Pits below the groundPits made for vermicomposting are 1 m deep and 1.5 m wide. The length varies as required.

Tanks above the groundTanks made up of different materials such as normal bricks, hollow bricks, shabaz stones, asbestos sheets and locally available rocks were evaluated for VC prepn. Tanks can be constructed with the dimensions suitable for operations. At ICRISATconstructed tanks with dimensions of 1.5 m (5 feet) width, 4.5 m (15 feet) length and 0.9 m (3 feet) height. The commercial biodigester contains a partition wall with small holes to facilitate easy movement of earthworms from one tank to the other.

Heaping above the groundThe waste material is spread on a polythene sheet placed on the ground and then covered with cattle dung. Sunitha et al. (1997) compared the efficacy of pit and heap methods of preparing vermicompost under field conditions and found that the heap method of preparing vermicompost was better than the pit method. (i) Earthworm population was high in the heap method, with a 21-fold increase in Eudrilus eugenae as compared to 17-fold increase in the pit method. (ii) Biomass production was also higher in the heap method (46-fold increase) than in the pit method (31-fold). (iii) production of vermicompost was also higher in the heap method (51 kg) than in the pit method (40 kg).

Page 11: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

The commercial model for vermicomposting developed by ICRISAT consists of 4 chambers enclosed by a wall (1.5 m width, 4.5 m length and 0.9 m height) (Fig. 2). The walls are made up of different materials such as normal bricks, hollow bricks, shabaz stones, asbestos sheets and locally available rocks. This model contains partition walls with small holes to facilitate easy movement of earthworms from one chamber to another. Providing an outlet at one corner of each chamber with a slight slope facilitates collection of excess water, which is reused later or used as earthworm leachate on crop. (The outline of the commercial model is given in Fig.3).

Commercial model

Cement ringsVermicompost can also be prepared above the ground by using cement rings (ICRISAT and APRLP 2003). The size of the cement ring should be 90 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height. The details of preparing vermicompost by this method have been described in a later section.

Conversion rates:1000 earth worms may convert 5 kg waste material per day1000 worms weighs about a kilogram

Page 12: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

The four components of a tank are filled with plant residues one after another. The 1st chamber is filled layer by layer along with cow dung and then earthworms are released. Then the 2nd chamber is filled layer by layer. Once the contents in the 1st chamber are processed the earthworms move to chamber 2, which is already filled and ready for earthworms. This facilitates harvesting of decomposed material from the 1st chamber and also saves labor for harvesting and introducing earthworms. This technology reduces labor cost and saves water as well as time.

Page 13: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 14: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 15: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 16: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 17: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Precautions during the process

• The African species of earthworms, Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugenae are ideal for the preparation of vermicompost. Most Indian species are not suitable for the purpose.• Only plant-based materials such as grass, leaves or vegetable peelings should be utilized in preparing vermicompost.• Materials of animal origin such as eggshells, meat, bone, chicken droppings, etc are not suitable for preparing vermicompost.• Gliricidia loppings and tobacco leaves are not suitable for rearing earthworms. The earthworms should be protected against birds, termites, ants and rats. (100g Chilli dust + 100g turmeric powder + 100g salt + surf

in 20L water, for red ant control) (Rat control, mix 50g dry fish +2g Zinc phosphide, kept in 5-6 place of the shade)• Adequate moisture should be maintained during the process. Either stagnant water or lack of moisture could kill the earthworms.•

Page 18: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Characteristics of Good VermicompostFully decomposed and matured org. manure with C: N = 15: 1Granulated Contains essential plant nutrients

Rich in secondary minerals especially Ca

Rich in millions of beneficial bacteria, particularly N-fixer

Rich in humus (Humic acid)

Rich in vitamins and growth regulators (Gibberalic acid)

Nutrients In assimilable form and suitable for any type of soil

Non-toxic, environmental friendly and ecologically compatible

Enzymes : Protease ,Lipase ,Amylase , Cellulose

Page 19: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Benefits of Vermicompost

Increases growth, flowering and fruiting.(Gn, Cn, Auxin)

Develops soil structure for better root alteration.

Helps root elongation for better uptake.

Free from weed seeds and harmful pathogens.

Helps to fix atmospheric nitrogen (Aztb. Azosp)

Helps phosphate solubilization by bacteria.

Fresh vermicompost increases worm population and ensures longer sustenance of soil fertility.

Improves water retention capacity, aeration status

Contributes to better marketable products by improving quality.Releases nutrients slowly.

Page 20: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

pH (1: 5) water suspension 7.50

CEC (cmole (p+) kg-1 110.3

Organic Carbon (g kg-1) 115.8

Nutrient Vermicompost Farmyard Manure

Major nutrient (%)

Nitrogen 1-1.6 0.5-0.75Phosphorus 1.2-1.45 0.25-0.27Potassium 0.8-1.1 0.3-0.5Calcium 0.5 0.9

Magnesium 0.2 0.2

Micronutrient (ppm)

Iron 175.0 146.5

Manganese 96.5 69.0

Zinc 24.5 14.5

Copper 5.0 2.8

C: N ratio 25.5 31.3

Nutrient profile of Vermicompost and farmyard manure 

Page 21: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Microbes present in the Vermicompost PitMicrobes present in the Vermicompost Pit

Microbes No./ g wet compost

Bacteria 108-109

Actinomycetes 105-108

Fingi, Yeast 104-106

Protozoa 104-105

Dose of Vermicompost :

For Field crops: 2-5 t/ha

For flowers: Vermicompost is applied at 750–1000 kg ha-1.

For vegetables: 7.5 t/ha

Fruit Tree: 200-500g/ plant depending on tree and age of tree

Vermicompost can be used for all crops: agricultural, horticultural, ornamental and vegetables at any stage of the crop

Page 22: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Vermi-Wash

Vermi-CastingsVermicast, similarly known as worm castings, worm humus or worm manure, is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by a species of earthworm.

Vermicompost is the product or process of composting utilizing various species of worms, to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast

Vermiwash is a watery extract of compost, the wash of earthworms present in the medium. Earthworm body is filled up with Celomic fluid. Celomic fluid is always secreted from the body of earthworms and always keeps the body of wet. We can collect Celomic fluid of earthworms and this is called vermiwash.

Vermi-Compost

Page 23: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 24: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 25: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 26: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Worm Castings Benefit the Soil &Worm Castings Benefit the Soil &

Produce Healthier PlantsProduce Healthier Plants

Tomato Seedlings with (on left) and without worm castings resulted in a 50% higher germination

Page 27: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Worm Castings Benefit the Soil & Produce Healthier PlantsWorm Castings Benefit the Soil & Produce Healthier Plants

Use of vermicompost produced shoots that were 41% longer than commercial potting medium & 48.5% heavier

Page 28: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Worm Castings Benefit the Soil & Worm Castings Benefit the Soil & Produce Healthier PlantsProduce Healthier Plants

Vermicompost Increased total # of flowers by 19% as well as flower size

Page 29: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

One teaspoon of good garden soil to which compost has been added contains:

• 100 million bacteria• 800 feet of fungal threads

Page 30: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Vermiculture industry or vermicompost preparation:1. Basic raw material : Any organic material generated in the farm like bhusa ,leaf falletc.,2. Starter : Cow dung ,Biogas slurry , or urine of cattle3. Soil animal : Earth worms (Species: Eisenia foetida )Favourable conditions of earth worms in the composting material:A. pH : Range between 6.5 and 7.5B. Moisture : 60-70 % of the moisture below and above range moderately of worms taking placeC. Aeration : 50 % aeration from the total pore spaceD. Temperature: Range between 18 0C to 35 0C

Page 31: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 32: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 33: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani
Page 34: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Phosphocompost

Page 35: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Principles of phospho-composting

Phospho-composting is based on sound scientific principles. During the decomposition of organic materials, intense microbial activity occurs. As a result a large number of organic acids and humic substances are produced.

Some of the most commonly produced organic acids are: citric, malic, fumaric, succinic, pyruvic, tartaric, oxaloacetic, 2-ketogluconic, lacticoxalic, propionic and butyric (Stevenson, 1967).

Page 36: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Phospho-compost is a compost prepared by addition of low grade rock phosphate and phosphate

solubilizing micro-organisms with organic wastes.

Rock phosphate, as a cheaper source of P

In the process of decomposition many organic acids are liberated.

Due to this acidic condition, P from rock phosphate gets solubilized and compost becomes enriched.

Page 37: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

PHOSPHOCOMPOSTIngredients:

Oragnic wastes : 80 kg (60 kg dry+20 kg green)

Raw Cow dung : 10 kg

Compost : 5 kg

Soil : 5 kg

Total : 100 kg

Rockphosphate : 20 kg

Pyrite : 10 kg

Urea : 2.2 kg

Cultures : 0.05 kg

Dry organic wastes: Straw, husk, waste from cattle shed, stems of mustard , sesame, etc.Green : Waterhyacinth, legumes, weeds, vegetable clippngs, leaves, grasses

Page 38: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

NitrogenNitrogen required for Stimulating the microbial activity required for Stimulating the microbial activity

Pyrites are added due to acidification of the mixture during composting to prevent volatilization loss of N and also to increase P solubilization

Cellulose decomposer: Aspergillus awamori (fungi) (500g mycelial mat / ton of materials)

P-solubilizers: Bacillus megatherium.

Bacillus polymyxa,

Pseudomonas striata

(50 ml/kg of materials having 108 viable cell)

Phosphate Rocks

Page 39: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Divide entire Organic and inorganic component in 10 equal parts

9-12//

I part cowdung + compost + Soil make slurry in waterI part cowdung + compost + Soil make slurry in water

Dry organic wastesDry organic wastes

Urea + microbial Cultures make it a slurry

I part Phosphate Rock and I part PyriteI part Phosphate Rock and I part PyritePreparation of 1st Layer

1st Layer

2nd Layer

3rd Layer

4th Layer

Layer of mud with soil + cowdungCovered with Polythene sheet

Keep it for 3 months , yielding 65-70 kg PhosphoCompost

Page 40: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Method of Phosphocompost Making•Select a suitable upland place, sufficient sunlight, free from water stagnation•Prepare a base with either brick floor or spread the polythene sheet on the floor•Collect all the ingredients (organic and inorganic) as per proper ratio for the

desired pdn level.•Divide the entire ingredients into 10 parts•Step-1:Take one bucket and add Raw Cow dung- 1kg, Compost- 0.5 kg, Soil -0. 5 kg and small water, stir the material and make a slurry.

•Step-2: Take 2nd bucket and add urea-200g, cultures-5g and add water small, make another slurry

•Step-3:Spread dry wastes followed by green wastes and make it 12″ height•Step-4:Now add slurry from 1st bucket (cow dung etc slurry), next add slurry

from 2nd bucket and spread evenly.•Step-5: Now spread 2 kg Rock phosphate and1 kg Pyrite•Repeat the process Step-1 to step 5 and repeat until 10 layers is formed.• covered the top and side portion of the heap with Layer of mud (soil+ cowdung) and subsequently cover with poly thene sheet to prevent water

•1st turnings after 4 weeks and 2nd turnings after 8 weeks• Water is added to the heap so that moisture remains between 60 to 70%.•Add water at each turning to maintain the moisture content between 60 and 70%.•The compost becomes ready for field application within 90-100 days period.

Page 41: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

Nutrient composition of phosphocompost

ManureTotal N

(%)Total P

(%)S C: N

ratio

Phosphocompost 1.2-1.4 2.00-3.50 1.5-2.0 17.0-18.0

Phospho-compost application increased the PUE of greengram (12.90%) and wheat (20.48%) over SSP

(Mishra et al. 1982).

Page 42: Vermi composting, phosphhocompost, pk mani

How to Use Vermicompost?

• Fruit trees: The amount of vermicompost ranges from 5 to 10 kg per tree depending on the age of the plant. For efficient application, a ring (15–18 cm deep) is made around the plant. A thin layer of dry cow dung and bone meal is spread along with 2–5 kg of vermicompost and water is sprayed on the surface after covering with soil.

• Vegetables: For raising seedlings to be transplanted, vermicompost at 1 t ha-1 is applied in the nursery bed. This results in healthy and vigorous seedlings. But for transplants, vermicompost at the rate of 400–500 g per plant is applied initially at the time of planting and 45 days after planting (before irrigation).

• For vegetable and flower crops vermicompost is applied around the base of the plant. It is then covered with soil and watered regularly.