VERB .. PRAKR (VERBAL BASES) -...

CHAPTER .. III

VERB .. PRAKR T! (VERBAL BASES) •

3.0. Introduction

The term verb, used in the grammatical classification of words, refers to an

action event and the processes associated with them. As has been discussed above

(1.8.2.2.), the 'verb' is represented by tbianta pada, which is constituted by both

prakrti and pratyaya. Prakrtis are either basic or derived verbs. In the Pa~inian

system, basic verbs are also listed in a separate text, called the Dhiitupii!ha. Pa~ini has

not technically defined dhiitu as a grammatical term but merely named two important

roots- one of the first conjugation and one of the second. 1 But bhii~yakiira defines and

classifies dhiitu as kriyiivacano dhiitu!z2 and bhiivavacana dhiituf:t in which both kriyii

and bhiiva are the major aspects of the verbal activities. To contrast, kriyii and bhiiva

express the verb's dynamic and static activities respectively. Though Pa~ini has not

defined the term dhiitu, he has enumerated a long list of verb roots which number

around 2200. The listed verbs are primary or basic as contrast to secondary or derived.

In the same manner, Oriya verbs can also be classified into basic and derived verbs.

3.1. Basic Verb,s

Some of the basic Oriya verbs are cited below:

(3/1)

kar '.to do' U!h 'to get up'

niic 'to dance' kin 'to buy'

pi 'to drink' biindh 'to bind'

kat 'to cut' .the/ 'to push'

kah 'to speak' \

bhid 'to pull'

de 'to give' kiimu¢ 'to bite'

ne 'to take' jii 'to go'

3.1.1. Nature of Verbs

In Pa~inian system, the basic verbs are treated in the bound form.

(3/2) Like,

rae 'to arrange, to make'

1 bhu- viidayo dhiitavah 1.3 .I 2 Mbh. on 1.3.1

Ch;1pter- III Verb- Prakrti (Verbal Bases)

ras 'to taste. To feel'

mith 'to unite, to understand'

mil 'to join, to be united'

But basic Oriya verbs are treated in the free form.

(3/3) For i.nstance,

lekh 'to write'

pi 'to drink'

kha 'to eat'

Basic verb:; when used as an inflected form in a sentence may or may not

retai1n their original form. Verbs like de 'to give' and ne 'to take' modit)' their base

form changing e to i, i.e. di and ni in the present tense as exemplified below:

(3/4) semane samastwiku khadya dianti.

they.M.PL. everybody.DAT.PL. food give.PROG.PRS.PL.

They are giving food to everybody.

(ii) semane gharu paisa nianti.

they.M.PL. home.ABL.SG. money take.PROG.PRS.PL.

They are taking money from home.

Verb likeja 'to go' changes toga in simpl1e past tense. In morphophonemic

processes, the c!hanging of} tog is adesa.

(3/5) For example,

ram a

ram.M.SG

gharaku

home.ACC.SG_

Ram went to home.

3.L2. Transitiv,ity

gala.

go.PT.SG.

The number of arguments involved in the action I event also categorizes the

verbs into thr,ee groups: alcannaka 'intransitive', sakarmaka 'transitive' and

dvikarmaka 'ditransitive'. Intransitive verbs only require an obligatory argument, a

subject.3

3 v:IIL7.67

Chapter- III Verb- Prakrti (Verbal Bases)

(3/6) For instance,

(i)

(ii)

pilii.fi

boy.M.SG

kheluchi.

play.INTR.PRS.SG.

The boy is playing.

jhiafi hasuachi.

giri.F.SG laugh.INTR.PRS.SG.

The girl is laughing.

Some ofthe intransitive verbs are,Jisted below:

(3/7)

so 'to sleep' cal 'to walk'

ii 'to come' dau¢ 'to run'

jii 'to go' piihar 'to swim'

bas 'to sit' bhok 'to bark'

kiind 'to cry' par;lh 'to read'

Transitive verbs involve two arguments: a subject and a direct object.

(3/8) For example,

(iii) se penfe

he.M.SG pen.OBJ

He bought a pen.

kinilii.

buy. TR.PT .SG

(iv) riima biighafe dekhilii.

ram.MSG tiger.OBJ see.TR.PT.SG

Ram saw a tiger.

The following verbs belong to transitive group:

(3/9)

pi 'to drink'

khii 'to eat'

dhar 'to catch'

kii! 'to cut'

bik 'to sell'

sikh 'to learn'

ba~zf ' to distribute'

lekh 'to write'

ki~z 'to sell'

dho 'to wash'


But, ditransitive v,erbs require three arguments: .a subject, a direct object

and an indirect object.

(3/10) e.g.

(i) se bahite

he.M.SG book.DOBJ

He gave a book to Ram.

riimaku

ram.IOBJ

de/a.

give.DT.PT.SG.

(ii) sitii chuiiku prasnate paciirilii.

Sita.F.SG child.DOBJ question.IOBJ ask.DT.PT.SG

Sita asked a question to the child.

The following verbs belong to ditransitive group:

(3/ll) lekh 'to write'

paras 'to serve food'

pafhii 'to send'

kah 'to say'

paciir 'to ask'

3.2. Pratya:yiintadhatavah 'Derived Verbs'

Derivative verbs are those which may be derived from a basic. venb root or a

noun. Such verbs can be classified into two major groups: (i) dhiitujadhiitava~z 'verbs

derived from lba:sic verbs' and (ii) namadhiitava!z 'verbs derived from nolllns'. In the

derivational processes, three changes take place: (i) phonological, (ii) lexical and (iii)

semantic. The verbs derived from basic verbs can further b~: classified into six main

subdivisions:

(i) ~Vijanta 'Causative'

(ii]l Sannanta' Desiderative'

(iii) Yannanta 'Frequentative'

(iv) Compound Verbs

(v) Conjunct Verbs

(vi) Dvirvacana 'Reduplicated Verbs'


3.2.1. Iyijanta 'Causative'

Causative verbs are basically derived from intransitive, transitive and

ditransitive verbs. The following sentences exemplify the use of transitive verbs and

its derived causative form, which appear in bold type:

(3/12) As,

(a)

(b)

se kiihtil}i SUI)ifii.

he.M.SG story.DOBJ listen.PT.SG

He listened the story.

ram a taku kiihtil}i su~ziiilii.

rama.M.SG him.IOBJ story.DOBJ listen.CAUS.PT.SG

Ram causes him listen the story.

The verbal paradigm of causative verbs with their corresponding basic verbs

is presented in the below:

(3/13)

Basic Verbs

so 'to sleep'

kar 'to make'

kha 'to eat

lekha 'to write'

pacjha 'to read'

pi 'to drink'

Causative Verbs

soli 'cause X to sleep'

kara 'cause X to do'

khua 'cause X to eat'

lekha 'cause X to write'

pacjha 'cause X to read'

pia 'cause X to drink'

In the above causative derivational process, the following sound changes take place:

(i) In some of the instances, the causative suffix a is added after the base

form.

(ii) Whenever the base form ends with the vowel a, it is substituted by the

causative suffix, a.

(iii) If the base form ends with the vowel a, then the vowel u is added before

the a.

Chaptier- m Verb- Prakrti (Verbal Bases)

The follm"ring is the lexical framework in which causative verbs are interpreted:

[X]v > [[X]v + [iif]cAus]v > 'to cause S to V'

As shown above, Oriya verbs have one causative form which is

morphologically marked with the addition of ii vowel to the basic verb. Even Sanskrit

has also a single causative construction using one morphological marker. But some

lndiart languages have double causative construction using two affixes I

morpl,10logical markf:rs ..

(3il4) Like in Hindi,

(ii.i) ma

(i) bacchii dii.dha pfrahiihe.

child.M.SG milk.DOBJ drink.PROG.PRS.SG

The child is drinking milk.

(ii) nui bacchako dii.dha pfhzrahihe.

mother.F. child.IOBJ milk.DOBJ drink.CAUS.PRS.PROG.

Mother causes child drink milk.

naukar dwtirii bacche ko dii.dha pilwii rahi he.

mother .. F maid by child.IOBJ milk.DOBJ drink.CAUS.PRS.PROG.

Mod1e;r causes child drink milk by the maid.

As has been stated earlier, the causative derivation increases the valency of

the verb, i.e., it adds one more argument to the argument structure of the verb. The

first citsuals of intransitive verbs function as transitive verbs and the first casuals of

transitive v~erbs function as ditransitive verbs. All causative verbs can be called

transitive verbs but thf: reverse doesn't happen. So f.1r the argument structune is

concerned, the subjeets of intransitive and transitive verbs function as the direct object

and the indirect object of their correspondi11g causative derivative respect1ively. The

following sentences ~exemplifY the function of causal derivatives as transitive and

ditransitive verbs and the role of subjects in different contexts.

Chapter- III

(3/15)

(a) riima

ram.M.SG

dau¢ila.

run.ITR.PT.SG

Ram ran.

Verb- Prakrti (Verbal Bases)

(a.i) shyama riimaku dau¢iiila.

(b)

Ram.M.SG. him.DOBJ run.TR.CAUS.PT.SG

Ram causes him ran.

se baghafe

he.M.SG tiger.DOBJ.SG

He saw a tiger.

dekhila.

see.TR.PT. SG

(b.i) hari taku bagha,te dekhaila.

hari.M.SG him.IOBJ.SG tiger.DOBJ.SG see.DT.CAUS.PT.SG.

Hari causes him see a tiger.

Here, dau¢aila (a.i, transitive and causative) and dekhaila (b.i, ditransitive and

causative) are the derivative form of dau¢ila (a, intransitive) and dekhila (b,

transitive) respectively. The subjects, riima in (a) and se in (b) function as direct

object in (a.i) and indirect object in (b.i) respectively. 1

3.2.2. Sannanta 'Desiderative'

In Oriya, the desiderative base is formed from the Sanskrit verb roots.

(3/16)

Basic Verbs

pa 'to drink'

kit 'to cure'

labh 'to love'

bac 'to speak'

As,

Desiderative Verbs

pipasa 'wish to drink'

cikits 'wish to cure'

lipas 'wish to love'

bibalqa 'wish to speak'


To form the desidlerative verbs, the following changes take place::

(ii) In most of the cases, the first consonant is reduplicated followed

by i vowel.

(ii) In some cases, s or sa follow the: verb root.

The following is the lexical frame:work in which desidlerative verbs are interpreted:

[X]tv > [[X]re + (X]v ]v > 'wish to V'

3.21..3. Yannant.~r 'Frequentative'

The basic verb roots used to derive the frequentative verbs are basically

monosyllabic root bt~ginning witlh a consonant. Such derivatives are formed by the

redi11plkatiori of the initial consonant with certain morphophonemic changes ancl

addition ofya in the base ending.

(3117) e.g.

Basic Verbs Frequentative Verbs

pii 'to drink'

cal 'to shake, tremble'

pepiya 'to drink again and again'

ciincalya 'repeatedly shaking'

jangamya 'to go frequently'

jiijjulya 'to shine brightly'

gam 'to go'

}val 'to shine'

T1he flrequentativ;e verbs have the following lexical framework:

[X]v > I[:[X]RE + [X]v+ [ya]suF]v >'to V repeatedly, frequently'

3.2.'t Compound V(!rbs

A compound! verb is a combination of two verbs in which a main verb is

foll(l\vecl by another llexical verb. In the following sentences the compound verbs are

in bi.Did tace:

(3/118) (a) se bahi!i phbigi delii.

lhe.M.SG book.SG through gnve.PFT.PT.SG ~~

He threw out the book.

(lil) riima cifhifi lekhi basilii.

ram.M.SG.. letter.SG. write sit.PFT.PT.SG

Ram sat down to write the letter.

Chapter- III

(c) sit a gharu cali gala.

sita.F.SG house.SG leave go.PFT.PT.SG

S ita went out from the house.


The lexical framework ofthe compound verbs can be interpreted as

/

[X]v > [[X]v + [X]v ]v > [[[X]v + [i]] + [X]v ]v

In a compound verb formation, the following verb, i.e., light verb carries the

tense, aspect and agreement markers. The main light verbs associated to generate such

verbs are the following:

(3/1 9) as 'come'

}a 'go'

de 'give'

ne 'take'

ufh 'rise'

pahaiic 'arrive, reach'

baifh 'sit'

par;! 'fall'

rakh 'keep'

mar 'hit'

dhamak 'thump'

The configuration of the two verb groups is syntactically and semantically

motivated. Both the verb types are in a large number, but not all light verbs occur with

all main verbs. The following examples where compound verbs appear in bold face

show the nature of the main verbs and the conditions in which light verbs follow:

(a) as 'come': co occurs with intransitive verbs of motion and indicates that the

action of the main verb is oriented toward a focal point which may be a person

or which may be set in time or space. The focal point may or may not coincide

with the subject or any other argument of the main verb:4

(3/20) Like,

balakati pokhari ru biihiiri iisilii.

boy.M.SG pond.SG from emerge come.PFT.PT.SG.

The boy came out from the pond.

4 Yamuna Kachru, Hindi, 2006, Pg.86.

Chapter- III Verb- Prakrti (Verbal Bases)·

(b) jfi 'go': co occurs with intransitive verbs of motion and other change of state

verbs, and iJ'1dicates motion away from a focal point.

(3/21) For instance,

se grfima ru sahara ku ciili gala.

he.M.SG village.SG from town.SG to move go.PFT.PT.SG.

He moved from village to the town.

(c) de 'give': cooccurs with transitive verbs and indicates that the action of the

verb is dir(:cted toward a beneficiary other than the subject of the main verb.

(3/22) Like,

sitli hari piii ci_thi lekhi de/ii.

sita.F.SG hari.SG for letter.SG write give.PFT.PT.SG.

Sita wrote a letter for Hari.

(d) ne 'take': co occurs with transitive verbs and indicates a complete meaning.

(3/23) Like.,

sit a sakiilu ghara saphii kari nie.

sita.F.SG morning house.SG clean do take.IMP.PRS.SG.

Sita cleans the: h1ouse from the morning.

(e) ufh rise': co 0ccurs with select intransitive and transitive punctual verbs and

indicates sudden action ..

(3/24) For e''ample,

kiihifu;i swyi samaste lzasi ufhile.

story.SG listem.PTPL. everybody laugh rise.PFT.PT.SG.

l~istening the story, everybody laughed.

(f) baifh 'Siit": co occurs with select transitive and intransitive verbs and indicates

an uneilpected action.

(3/25) ILike,

iiifna sabubele jukti kari base.

ran1a.M.SG always argument do sit.IMP.PRS.SG.

Ram ahvays does argument.

Chapter- Ill · Verb- Prakrti (Verbal Bases)

(g) par) 'fall': co occurs with intransitive verbs and indicates suddenness.


tara kathii SUI}i mo iikhi ru luha biihiiri

his.SG word Iisten.PTPL my eye from tear come

Listening his word, tear came out from my eyes.

paf[ilii.

fali.PFT.PT.SG

(h) rakh 'keep': co occurs with select transitive verbs and indicates a temporary

state resulting from the action of the main verb.

(3/27) Like,

mil eka upahiira tuma piii kb:zi rakhichi.

I.M.SG one gift you.SG for buy keep.PFT.PRS.SG.

I have kept a gift for you.

(i) mar 'hit': co occurs with a very limited set of transitive verbs and indicates rash

action.

(3/28) For example,

riima sabubele hariku dltari miiruchi.

Ram.M.SG always hari.DOBJ.SG hold hit.PROG.PRS.SG.

Ram is always hitting Hari.

U) dhamak 'threaten': co occurs with a very limited set of intransitive verbs and

indicates unwelcome arrival.

(3/29) Like,

iiji sakiile semiine liariku jiii dhamakiiile.

today morning they.M.PL. hari.M.DOBJ go threaten.PFT.PT.PL.

Today morning they threatened Hari.

(k) pahaiic 'reach, arrive': co occurs with a very limited set of intransitive verbs

and indicates arrival rather than motion.


semiine ghare dui ghal}.fii re jiii pahaiicile.

They.PL. home two hour in go reach.PFT.PT.PL

They reached home in two hours.

Chapter- III Verb·· Prakrti (Verbal Bases)

3.2.5. ConJunct VE!rbs

Conjunct verb is a type of complex verb in which a nominal is

followed by a1 verb. Though the verbs involved in such construction are few, but it is a

very producti1ve process. Th1e: verbs included in this group are:

(3/31) he 'to be, become'

kar 'to do'

de 'to give'

as 'to come'

lag 'to feel, apply'

Any noun or adjective can be used in this construction to yield a

corresponding verb. The lexical representation of such construction can be:

[X]v >[[X] ADJ/ N + [X]v]v

The following sentences ,exemplify the use of conjunct verbs, which appear in bold

type:

(3/32)

(a) tanka ghara sapllii helii.

his.HON.SG house.SG clean be.PFT.PT.SG.

His house got clean.

(b) mii. kapa(fa saphii kariclzi.

I.I\1..SG cloth clean do.PFT.PRS.SG.

I have cleaned the cloth.

(c) tiira kathii mote ka!ffa die.

r11is.M.SG word me pain give.IMP.PRS.SG.

His word gives me pain.

(d) jfbana re sabubele sukha iisenahi.

hfe in always happy come.NG.JMP.PRS.SG.

Happiness doesn't always c:ome in life.


(e) gftii " . sum taku iinandita liige.

gita.SG Iisten.PTPL. him happy feei.IMP.PRS.SG.

Listening the Gita, he feels happy.

3.2.6. Dvirvacana 'Reduplicated Verbs'

Reduplication, a word productive process is also employed to derive verbs from the base forms. In Oriya, reduplication in derivative verbs takes place in two ways:

(a) reduplication ofthe base form, represented as,

[X]v > [[X]v + [X]v]v >'to V again and again, for long tenure'

The bold type words exemplify the reduplicated form of verbs in the below:

(3.33) (i) se gapa SU~li su~i soilii. He.SG story listening listening sleep.IMP.PT.SG

Listening, listening story, he slept.

(ii) riima khiii kltiii calila. Ram.SG eating eating leave.IMP.PT.SG

Eating, eating, Ram left.

(ii) reduplication of onomatopoeic words, represented as,

[X]N > [[X]RE + [X]N]v >'to V(sound) again and again, for long tenure'

In such process, the basic verb is fully reduplicated constituting both the words as a single verb. In the following examples, the bold type words exemplifY the reduplicated form ofverbs.

(3/34) (i)

(ii)

kukudiiti hen.F.SG

karkarauchi. make sound.RE.PROG.PRS.SG.

Hen is making noise.

riima ram M.SG.

kabiita kha!kltatauchi. door.DOBJ. knock.RE.PROG.PRS.SG.

Ram is knocking the door.

As discussed in the previous section, the latter category of verbs,

niimadhatava(I derived from nouns I adjectives are discussed in the below:

Chapter- III Verb- Prakrti (Verba·! Bases)

3.:2.7. Niimadh~itu 'Denomina:tive'

The bases: employed to form niimadhti.tu are both noun and adjective.

Noun to Verb:

The pratyayas, iba, eibii are added with the nouns to form the verbs \vith the

following conditions:

(i) The laslt vowel ofthe base noun is deleted whenpratyayas are added with it

(ii) [X]N > [[X]N + [X]suF ]v > 'to do I make N'

For instance,

(a) ibii pratyaya-

(3/35)

thaka + ibii > fhakibii

liar.N SUF lie.V.TR

kodi + ibii > kodibii

grass cutter.N SUF grass cutting. V .ITR

karat a + ibii > karatiba

wood cutter.N SUF wood cutting.V.TR

(b) eiba pratyaya-

(3/36)

rmiga + eibii > rangeiba

colour.N SUF colour.V.TR

kiina + eibii > kiineibii

ear.N SUF give an ear.V.ITR

gorfa + eibii > gorfeibii

leg.N SUF follow.V.ITR

. ITill

Chapter- III

gada +

pile.N


eibii. > gadeibii.

SUF make pile.V.TR

dhamaka + eibii. > dhamakeibii.

threat.N SUF threat.V.TR

Adjective to Verb:

The pratyayas, ibii., eibii., ii.ibii. are added with the adjectives to form verbs

with the following conditions:

(i) Whenever the base form of the adjective ends with a, it is deleted to form

the derived verb.

(ii) In case, the base form ends with ii., the pratyayas are simply added with it.

(iii) [X]AoJ ---+ [[X]ADJ+ [X]sudv >'to do I make ADJ.'

Like,

(3/37)

(3/38)

(a) ibii. pratyaya-

osii.ra + iba > osii.ribii.

wide.ADJ SUF widen.V.TR

melii. + ibii. > meliiibii

open.ADJ SUF open.V.TR

patalii. + ibii > patalii.ibii.

thin.ADJ SUF thin.V.TR

(b) eibii. pratyaya-

iiga + eibii. > ii.geibii.

front.ADJ SUF go ahead.V.ITR

sftala + eiba > sftaleibii.

cold.ADJ SUF make cold.V.TR

\

Chapter·· III Verb- Prakrti (Verbal Bases)

chofa + eibii > chofeibii

small.ADJ .SUF make small.V.TR

pacha + eibii > pacheiba

behind.ADJ SUF go back.V.ITR

© aiba pratyaya-

(3/39)

salakha + iiibii > salakhaiba

straight.ADJ SUF make straight.V.TR

u~uma + iiiba > u~umiiiba

warm.ADJ SUF make warm.V.TR

tara/a + iiibii > taralaiba

Iiquid.ADJ SUF liquidate.V.TR

cikkana + iiiba > cikka~ziiibii

soft.ADJ SUF soften.V.TR

It can be eoncluded from the above analysis that verbal bases are constituted

of two groups: basic and derived. Basic verbs are enumerated and listed. But derived

vterbs are formulated through various grammatical processes. A contrast of Sanskrit

and Oriya verbs are also presented. Compound and conjunct verbs are a sort of

d(~riva.tion which is different from Pal_linian system.The base verbs which are subject

to derivation belong to generally verbs. But in case of conjunct verbs; the nouns

asisociated with the verb modify the function and meaning of the base. In case of

Niimadhatu 'Denominative', the base form is noun and adjective. Though, these are

ward f,ormation processes, but the whole process is syntactically motivated. Through

a wide range of data, Pal).inian system has been applied and interpreted. As a result, it

haSI shown as usefiul device to analyse Oriya verbs and its derivational processes.

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