Venom Induced Consumption Snake bite… Coagulopathy

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Venom Induced Consumption Venom Induced Consumption Coagulopathy Coagulopathy Pathophysiology and implications for antivenom therapy Geoff Isbister Newcastle, Australia Snake bite… 22 year old male bitten by a brown snake Holding snake and attempting to kill himself Initial collapse at the scene with spontaneous recovery Brought in by police and ambulance Blood alcohol = 0.24 Snake bite… Emergency Department Clotting studies done 2 vials given empirically on arrival 2 hr 6 hr 9 hr How much antivenom? When would you give more antivenom? What is Snake Bite Coagulopathy? Venoms contain a procoagulant toxin: Prothrombin activator Causes a clot in vitro Venominduced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) Clotting factor consumption in vivo Specific factor deficiencies: Fibrinogen Factors V and VIII Most Australasian elapids: Brown snake, tiger snake group and taipan VICC ... factor deficiencies Australasian elapids Normal Mild VICC Severe VICC aPTT (seconds) (30 – >180) Fibrinogen (g/L) Factor II (%) Factor V (%) Factor VIII (%) 50 - 150 194 (3 – 82) 10.1 (0.4 – 118) d-Dimer (mg/L) < 0.25 140 (12 – 746) 826 (1.7 – 906) Isbister et al J Thromb Haem 2010 severe haemophilia + afibrinogenaemia + severe factor V deficiency Isbister et al J Thromb Haem 2010

Transcript of Venom Induced Consumption Snake bite… Coagulopathy

Page 1: Venom Induced Consumption Snake bite… Coagulopathy

Venom Induced Consumption Venom Induced Consumption CoagulopathyCoagulopathy

Pathophysiology and implications for antivenom 

therapyGeoff IsbisterNewcastle, Australia

Snake bite…

• 22 year old male bitten by a brown snake

• Holding snake and attempting to kill himself

– Initial collapse at the scene with spontaneous recovery

• Brought in by police and ambulance

• Blood alcohol = 0.24

Snake bite…

• Emergency Department

• Clotting studies done

• 2 vials given empirically on arrival2 hr 6 hr 9 hr

How much antivenom?

When would you give more antivenom?

What is Snake Bite Coagulopathy?

• Venoms contain a procoagulant toxin:

– Prothrombin activator

– Causes a clot in vitro

• Venom‐induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC)

– Clotting factor consumption in vivo

• Specific factor deficiencies:– Fibrinogen

– Factors V and VIII

• Most Australasian elapids:

– Brown snake, tiger snake group and taipan

VICC  ... factor deficienciesAustralasian elapids

Normal Mild VICC Severe VICC

INR 0.9 – 1.3 1.7 (1.2 – 10) >12‡ (1.3 – >12)

aPTT (seconds) 26 – 38 44 (30 – 140) >180‡ (30 – >180)

Fibrinogen (g/L) 1.5 – 4.0 0.6 (0.3 – 1.2) <0.2* (<0.2 – 2.5)

Factor II (%) 50 - 150 76 (28 – 95) 58 (0.1 – 97)

Factor V (%) 50 - 150 53 (14 – 91) 7.1 (0 – 119)

Factor VIII (%) 50 - 150 194 (3 – 82) 10.1 (0.4 – 118)

d-Dimer (mg/L) < 0.25 140 (12 – 746) 826 (1.7 – 906)

Isbister et al J Thromb Haem 2010

severe haemophilia + 

afibrinogenaemia+

severe factor V deficiency

Isbister et al J Thromb Haem 2010

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Recovery of Factors

32 hours~14 hours

Recovery to INR<2 = median 14.4h (IQR 11.5‐ 17.5 h)

XIIIa

XaIXX

IX

Plasmin

VaIXV

ThrombinIXProthrombin (II)

Fibrinogen Fibrin XDPsCross Linked

Fibrin

VIIIaVIII

ATIII

Prothrombin

activators

Thrombin-like enzymes

FDPs

Brown Snakevenom

[Xa, Va]

Xa:Va complex

Protein CProtein C Protein S

C:S complexThrombomodulin

No fibrinogen

No factor V

No factor VIII

Very high D-dimer

Model of snakebite coagulopathy• Homeostasis ‐ simulate• Activated system with a ‘virtual’ elapid bite• Superimposed elapid bite data from PNG (n=78)• Ask questions of the model 

– What’s the maximum likely half‐life of procoagulant taipan toxin?– How quickly must antivenom be given to effect VICC recovery?

TF VII VIIa

VIIa:TF VII:TF

II

IIa

V

Va

TAT

Xa

Xa:Va

IIa:Tmod

Tmod

PCAPC

PS

APC:PS

X

Pg

PFg

F

XF

DP

XIII XIIIa

XI XIa

XIIa

VIII

VIIIa

IX IXa

IXa:VIIIa

TFPI

Xa:TFPI

VIIa:TF:Xa:TFPI

r31

r32

r36

VKH2

VKO VK

Warfarin

IXa:AT-III:Heparin

Xa:AT-III:Heparin

AT-III:Heparin

r1

r2 r3

r4

r5

r6

r7 r8

r9

r10

r11

r12

r13

r14

r15

r16

r17

r18

r19 r20

r21

r22

r23

r24

r25

r26

r27

r28

r29 r30

r33

r35

r37

r34

r44

r45 r48

r47

pII

pVII

pIX

pX

pPC

pPS

K

Pk

CA

XII

IIa:AT-III:Heparin

r38 r39 r40

r41

r42

r43

r46

Activation process, reaction or complex formation

Stimulation of reaction or production

Stimulation of degradation

Inhibition of reaction

VK_p

Tanos et al Toxicon 2008, Wajima et al Clin Pharm Ther 2009

Honours/Post Doc

Procoagulant toxins

Prothrombin ActivatorsAustralasian Elapids

Echis spp.

Factor X activator

Factor V activator

Russell’s Viper

Thrombin‐like Enzymes

Malaysian Pit ViperAmerican vipers 

Crotalus spp., Bothrops spp.

Sri Lankan Russell’s Viper  ... factor deficiencies

Venom contains factor X and factor V activators

Normal Russells Viper Australian VICC

INR 0.9 – 1.3 6.3 (1.6 - > 12) >12‡ (1.3 – >12)

aPTT (seconds) 26 – 38 145 (40 - >180) >180‡ (30 – >180)

Fibrinogen (g/L) 1.5 – 4.0 0.3 (0.1 – 2.4) <0.2* (<0.2 – 2.5)

Factor II (%) 50 - 150 63 (34 – 93) 58 (0.1 – 97)

Factor V (%) 50 - 150 <2.5 (<2.5 – 57) 7.1 (0 – 119)

Factor VIII (%) 50 - 150 32 (3 – 135) 10.1 (0.4 – 118)

Factor X (%) 50 - 150 31 (7 – 96) 54 (37 – 117)

d-Dimer (mg/L) < 0.25 46 (2 – 896) 826 (1.7 – 906)

Scorgie et al HAA 2010

Other Snakes … factor deficiencies

Table 5. Pretreatment levels of clotting factors and FDP in a group of 18 patients bitten by E. carinatus Warrell et al QJM 1977

Carpet Viper Echis sppSouth American Rattlesnake Crotalus

Sano‐Martins et al QJM 2001

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Antivenom and coagulopathy:…what do we really know?

1. Does it WORK?

a) Efficacy: i. In vitro: Does it bind toxins? Does it neutralise activity?

ii. In vivo: Does it bind free venom? Does it increase elimination of toxins?

b) Clinical effectiveness: Does it improve patient outcomes?

2. Dosing?

a) Initial dose: How do we determine this?

b) Re‐dosing: Do we need to ?

Efficacy vs. Effectiveness

Antivenom efficacy:

Ability to bind toxins/venoms

...to neutralise venom effects IN VITRO

...to reverse venom effects IN VITRO

...to neutralise venom effects IN VIVO

...to reverse venom effects IN VIVO

...to change patient outcomes from envenoming: Either preventing further or persistent effects OR reversing established effects

Antivenom effectiveness

Central CompartmentEg. coagulant toxin

Peripheral CompartmentEg. neurotoxin, myotoxin

• Increasing doses of antivenom being used– Commence with a larger dose of antivenom

• Antivenom needs to be titrated:– Repeat coags 1 to 3 hours post‐AV, fibrinogen best

• IF abnormal repeat dose antivenom

– Regular coagulation testing

– Continue antivenom until coagulation normal

• Does NORMAL = measurable fibrinogen, normal INR and aPTT, or even normal D‐dimer?

Australia … “Previous / Current” practice Australia … Increasing Antivenom Dose

• CSL initially recommended 500 U

– Now equivalent to ½ vial

• CSL antivenom handbook:

– 3 to 4 vials

• Toxicologists in 2006:

– 5 vials (Eastern States)

– 10 vials (WA) = 20 x initial CSL dose

Increasing Dose of Antivenom

• Animal work suggesting insufficient:– Tibballs 1990: up to 25 x dose needed

• N=1 studies

– Sprivulis 1996: unable to neutralise 20 x• Massive amounts of venom (100 x clinical)

• Insufficient antivenom being tested

– Madaras 2005

• Clinical studies:– Yeung et al 2004:

• Variable fibrinogen assays (derived, LOQ)

• Did not consider time for clotting recovery

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In Australia…

• A re‐assessment:– Antivenom dose

– Concept of titration

– Role of antivenom:• Prevention

• Reversal of coagulopathy

• Improvement in recovery of coagulopathy

• Key change: measurement of venom concentration in envenomed patients

Why had previous in vitro studies suggested larger doses?

‐ Assumed much higher venom concentrations i.e. 50,000 ng/mL

VICC... antivenom dose and efficacy

• Dose with binding efficacy:

– 1 vial binds all venom in vitro

– 1 vial binds all venom in vivo 

• In vitro efficacy:– 1 vial neutralises procoagulant activity in vitro

• Clinical Effectiveness:

– Antivenom does not prevent coagulopathy occurring: 

• need to give <30 minutes

– Antivenom does not speed recovery

Y Y Y Y

Venom assay: Enzyme Immunoassay

Y AntibodyAnti-snake venom IgG

Venom

Biotinylated AntibodyAnti-snake venom IgG

Streptavidin Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate

Serum

Microplate reader – 405nm

Sandwich ELISA

Toxicon 2010

Venom binding 

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

0 100 200 300 400 500

Antivenom Concentration (microg/mL)

Pe

rce

nt

Fre

e V

en

om

12.5ng

50ng

100ng

0 5 10 15 200

1

2

3

4

5Tiger snake

Rough-scaled snake

Stephen's banded snake

Antivenom Concentration (mU/mL)

Fre

e v

en

om

co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

ng

/mL

)

[Venom] = 4ng/mL

Antivenom concentration in patients after 1 vial of antivenom

Clinically relevant venom concentrations

In vivo binding...after antivenom

• Brown snake (27 patients)

– No venom detected in any sample; 9 given only 1 vial

– Rough‐scale snake (20 patients)

– No venom detected except 1 patient given small amount of polyvalent; 5 given only 1 vial

– Tiger snake (46 patients)

– No venom detected after antivenom; 7 given only 1 vial

– Taipan (17 patients)

– No venom detected after antivenom; 7 given only 1 vial

Isbister et al Toxicon 2007

Gan et al Med J Aust 2009

Kulawickrama et al Toxicon 2010

Our patient...

15:25 16:20 20:20 Day 3

Venom (ng/mL) 121 0 0 0

Antivenom (U/L) 0 1044 685 137

2 vials of antivenom

1hr          2hr        6hr        60hr

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Procoagulant Activity

Antivenom efficacy...neutralisation

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 200 400 600 800

CT (venom alone)/CT

Antivenom Concentration (mU/mL)

Brown snake venom

Taipan venom

Tiger snake venom

Rough‐scale snake 

venom

Stephens banded snake 

venom

Antivenom concentration in patients after 1 vial or less

• In vitro clotting studies

Venom added to plasma

Time to cloudiness (clotting) recorded

Venom induces clot formation in vitro

Venom + antivenom mixtures added to plasma

Increasing time to cloudiness

Antivenom prevents clot formation

venom

Brown Snake 1 vial

Tiger Snake/Rough Scale 1 vialBlack Snakes:Mulga Snake 1 vial

Red-bellied Black Snake 1 vial tiger/black

Taipan 1 vialDeath Adder 1 vial

Antivenom Dose

• Can we trust the science OR do we just give more because it makes us feel better– False attribution of FAILURE to not enough antivenom and SUCCESS to giving the antivenom

Brown Snake 4 to 10 vials

Tiger Snake/Rough Scale 4 vials

Black Snakes:Mulga Snake 1 vial

Red-bellied Black Snake 1 vial tiger/black

Taipan 3 vials

Death Adder 1 vial

Australia: Do we need to re‐dose?

• Once all venom (toxins) bound no further doses are required:

– i.e. no venom detectable in serum

• Assumes: 

– No ongoing absorption of venom

– Can only be determined with venom concentrations:

• Not possible in real time

• Establish dose in large prospective studies (ASP)

Our patient...

15:25 16:20 20:20 Day 3

Venom (ng/mL) 121 0 0 0

Antivenom (U/L) 0 1044 685 137

2 vials of antivenom

1hr          2hr        6hr        60hr

16:20 20:20

>180 >180

>180 >180

PKPD delay between venom removal and recovery of coagulopathy

Recovery of coagulopathy

• Delay between venom neutralisation and coagulopathy resolving:– Dependent on resynthesis of clotting factors 

– Will antivenom speed this process?   NO

• INCORRECT ASSUMPTION:– Ongoing coagulopathy = insufficient antivenom

– BASED ON:• Antivenom will treat the coagulopathy

• SO, no reason to re‐dose

Other snakes: Dose and re‐dose?Russells viper: Venom Concentrations

Page 6: Venom Induced Consumption Snake bite… Coagulopathy

Issues:•Venom concentrations:

oVenom not all boundoDecreased venom without re‐dose

• 3rd dose not required

Questions:

Can we assume that all venom is absorbed???

1. Is antivenom binding and immediately 

neutralising venom

OR

2. Is antivenom assisting in elimination of venom

Does venom have to be undetectable in serum for 

antivenom to be EFFECTIVE ?

Sri Lanka: Russell’s viperAustralian Elapid Coagulopathy

Post‐bite

Sri Lankan Russell’s viper

ELIMINATION

NEUTRALISATION

2nd AV Dose Median (IQR)

How do we determine dose?• Australia:

– Snakes with small fangs delivering small doses• Small range of doses 1 to 200ng/mL

– Most likely rapidly and completely absorbed– Highly potent venoms– Free venom levels go to ZERO– DOSE can be determined in a cohort study

• Sri Lanka:– Snakes with very large fangs (vipers) deliver large doses

• Large range of doses 2 to 5000ng/mL

– Absorbed over 24+ hours– Less potent venoms– Free venom remains DETECTABLE– More difficult to establish dose

Antivenom: proposing a mechanism of action?

• Binding of all venom

– No detectable venom on ELISA

– Probable immediate neutralisation (coagulant toxins)

– Requires excess antivenom ie. AV:venom > ? 5

• Increasing venom elimination

– Free venom still detectable by ELISA

– Delay in neutralisation (coagulant toxins)

– Requires at least 1:1 ratio of AV: venom

X

PTAProthrombin

Elimination

PTA

Prothrombin

X

Neutralisation

NOT detectable with ELISA for free venom

DETECTABLE with ELISA for free venom

Toxin in central compartmente.g. coagulant toxin

Appears to be the case in Australia

Might be the case in Sri Lanka

Page 7: Venom Induced Consumption Snake bite… Coagulopathy

Are ‘free’ venom assays enough?

• Free venom assay:

– “0” means there is no free venom

= neutralisation

– “non‐zero” does NOT mean that antivenom is not bound to venom

•Venom can probably still be detected when there is a 1:1 binding of venom‐antivenom

• Can we measure the venom‐antivenom complex?

Y Y Y Y

[venom – AV] assay: Enzyme Immunoassay

Y AntibodyAnti-snake venom IgG

Venom – AntivenomComplex

Anti-Horse IgG Antibody Conjugated

Serum

Microplate reader – 405nm

VAV Assay

Y

YYY Y

Measuring the Venom‐Antivenom complex

Venom‐Antivenom Assay

Y Y Y Y

Y

Y Y Y YY

Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Y

Y YY Y

Y Y Y Y

Y YYYY

Y

Y Y Y Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y Y

Y

YY

Y

Free venom assay

Venom‐Antivenom Assay

n – 1 AV Ab per toxin

Slope =  0.075 mU AV / ng venom This implies that 0.075 mU of AV is required for each nanogram of venom (at VAVmax)

ie 0.075 U for each microgram of venom

ie 0.75 U for 10 micrograms of venom

This is very close to CSL definition of 1 U required for 10 micrograms of venom

Antivenom:venom ratio ?

Page 8: Venom Induced Consumption Snake bite… Coagulopathy

Antivenom:venom ratioCan we use this for other antivenoms ?

11E1Feb23 Plate2 : Measurement of VAV complex (solid lines) and of free RVV (dotted lines) in mixtures of RVV and RVVAV

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

100502512.56.253.131.560

conc RVVAV ug/ml in well

abs

at 4

50n

m

RVV = 200 ng/ml

RVV = 100 ng/ml

RVV = 50 ng/ml

RVV = 200 ng/ml

RVV = 100 ng/ml

RVV = 50 ng/ml

EFFECTIVENESS ?

• Antivenom – toxin interactions

– Effectiveness per se?

– Effective dose

• Toxin target: 

– Peripheral

– Central

• Toxin reversibility

• Question does antivenom shorten the course of the coagulopathy?– Not possible to do a placebo controlled trial of AV

• Objective: to investigate predictors of VICC recovery– Antivenom:

• timing of antivenom• dose of antivenom

– Factor replacement– Other covariates: snake, age, sex

• Main outcome measure: – Time until INR < 2 = ‘VICC recovery’

Q J Med 2009Recovery of VICC

Antivenom dose – no effectAntivenom time – no effectFFP use: large highly probable positive effect

Interpretation

• Recovery of VICC 

– Administration of FFP within 4 hours only important determinant

– EARLIER administration of antivenom or INCREASED dose of antivenom had NO effect

• Suggests antivenom has no effect

– ONLY for Australian elapids

• Recovery of VICC 

– Administration of FFP within 4 hours only important determinant

– EARLIER administration of antivenom or INCREASED dose of antivenom had NO effect

• Suggests antivenom has no effect

– ONLY for Australian elapids

VICC … Echis spp.

• Prothrombin activator toxin

– Snake venom metalloproteinase (not like human factor Xa)

– Also a haemorhaggin  vascular injury

• Bleeding/Coagulopathy:

– Spontaneous bleeding

– Prolonged coagulopathy: reported to continue for up to 10 days untreated

Warrell QJM 1977

Page 9: Venom Induced Consumption Snake bite… Coagulopathy

Am J Emerg Med 2011

• 12 year period

• 71 envenomed viper bites

– 62 got antivenom

• 39 got early antivenom < 24 hours post‐bite

• 23 got delayed antivenom > 24 hours post‐bite

– 9 did not get antivenom

Echis … recovery of VICC

Faster recovery of VICC with antivenomHOWEVER …. They all did recover

Echis … recovery of VICC

• No relationship between time of AV and recovery of VICC ?– Authors: delayed antivenom is still beneficial

• Difficult for this to be biologically plausible –

• i.e. if antivenom is given late then VICC must recover even faster in these patients ?

• Assume antivenom works – supported by 9 patients not getting antivenom

– Cynic: Does antivenom speed the recovery at all?• Not disimilar to Australian elapids

• Are the 9 untreated patients convincing (small no. etc)

HOW DO WE EXPLAIN THIS?http\\: star.ferntree.com

ASP investigators

Geoff Isbister Simon BrownNick Buckley  Bart CurrieJulian White Colin PageDavid Spain Alan TankelOvidu Pascui Helen MeadRichard Whitaker  Peter GarrettRandall Greenberg Anna HoldgateMark Miller Yusuf NagreeKate Porges Kent McGregorLambros Halkidis Gary WilkesMark Coghlan Andrew ParkinShane Curran Rod EllisMichael Taylor Katie MillsPeter Miller Rob BonninGreg Treston Chris GavaghanChris Barnes  Nick RyanBen Close Chris TrethewyJustin Yeung

Newcastle Toxicology UnitMargaret O’Leary, Leonie Calver, Renai KearneyAustralian Clinical ToxicologistsAndis Graudins, Lindsay Murray, Ian Whyte, Rob Dowsett, Frank Daly, Naren Gunja, Mark Little, Sam Alfred, Shaun Greene, David McCoubrie, Andrew Dawson, Michael DownesAustralian Laboratories Sarah Just, Tony Ghent, Vaughan Williams, Nick Michalopoulos, Mario KyriacouPKPD Toxicology GroupStephen Duffull, Toshihiro Wajima, Panayiota Tanas, AbhishekHaematology Research:Michael Seldon, Lisa Lincz, Fiona Scorgie, Lesley Survela, Tina NoutsosMonash LabWayne Hodgson, Nicki KonstanakopoulousNSW, Qld and Victorian Poison Centres

Acknowledgements