Vehicle Emissions
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Transcript of Vehicle Emissions
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Vehicle EmissionsVehicle Emissions
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What will we learn today?What will we learn today?
Atoms, molecules, and elementsAtoms, molecules, and elements
What is combustion?What is combustion?
Exhaust emissionsExhaust emissions
IDEAL products of burningIDEAL products of burning
REAL products of burningREAL products of burning
Click here for a short
chemistry lesson.
Skip chemistry and
go to combustion.
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AtomsAtoms
An atom contains:An atom contains:
AA nucleusnucleus mademadeup ofup of protonsprotons andandneutronsneutrons
ElectronsElectrons orbit theorbit thenucleus.nucleus.
The length of an atom is:cm
,, 000000100
1
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H H
O
Introduction to EmissionIntroduction to Emission
ChemistryChemistry Water (HWater (H22O) is made ofO) is made of
two types of atomstwo types of atoms
Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen and oxygen areHydrogen and oxygen are
found naturally in thefound naturally in theatmosphere as diatomicatmosphere as diatomic
molecules: Hmolecules: H2(g)2(g) and Oand O2(g)2(g)
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Water is formedWater is formed
during combustionduring combustion
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What is Combustion?What is Combustion?
Combustion occurs when a fuel reactsCombustion occurs when a fuel reacts
with oxygen to give off heat and light.with oxygen to give off heat and light.
**Air provides enough oxygen (~20% oxygen, ~80%Air provides enough oxygen (~20% oxygen, ~80%nitrogen)nitrogen)
Fuels are typically made of carbon andFuels are typically made of carbon and
hydrogen (hydrocarbons)hydrogen (hydrocarbons)
What are some common fuels?What are some common fuels?
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Why Do We Care?Why Do We Care?
Burning of fuel is the energy source for almost allBurning of fuel is the energy source for almost alltypes of automobilestypes of automobiles
Combustion accounts for 85% of all worldwideCombustion accounts for 85% of all worldwide
electricity productionelectricity production
Source:
http://museum.nist.gov/exhibits/timeline/item.cfm?itemId=27
Source:
http://www.sunocoinc.com/market/marketplace.htm
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BUTBUT,,
Combustion accounts for 90% of all airborneCombustion accounts for 90% of all airborne
pollutionpollution
Air pollution can lead to lung problems andAir pollution can lead to lung problems and
shorter life spansshorter life spans
Link to Lung Attack activity
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CombustionCombustion
Ideal combustion produces only carbonIdeal combustion produces only carbondioxide, water, anddioxide, water, and ENERGYENERGY::
Natural Gas:Natural Gas:
CHCH44 + 2 O+ 2 O22 COCO22 + H+ H22OO
Gasoline (approximate):Gasoline (approximate):
CC88HH1616 + 12 O+ 12 O22 8 CO8 CO22 + 8 H+ 8 H22OO
Glucose in your blood/muscles:Glucose in your blood/muscles:
CC66HH1212OO66 + 6 O+ 6 O22 6 CO6 CO22 + 6 H+ 6 H22OO
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Real CombustionReal Combustion
Fuel does not exist as a pure substanceFuel does not exist as a pure substance varying hydrocarbon chainsvarying hydrocarbon chains
*Jet and diesel fuel contain hydrocarbon chains of 12 to 20 carbons*Jet and diesel fuel contain hydrocarbon chains of 12 to 20 carbons
in length. Fuel oil contains hydrocarbons 20 to 40 carbons long.in length. Fuel oil contains hydrocarbons 20 to 40 carbons long.
sulfur (S)sulfur (S)
nitrogen (N)nitrogen (N)
oxygen (O)oxygen (O)
The combustion process is NEVER completeThe combustion process is NEVER completeand NEVER ideal. You will always get moreand NEVER ideal. You will always get more
than just COthan just CO22 and Hand H22OO
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Emissions: AutomobilesEmissions: Automobiles
Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)
Carbon (C)Carbon (C)
Nitrogen (N)Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)Oxygen (O)
Lets look at what happens in ideal and real
combustion in automobiles. The symbols we will use
are shown below:
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Ideal vs. Real CombustionIdeal vs. Real Combustion
Hydrocarbon
Oxygen
NitrogenIdeal
Real
NitrogenWaterCarbon
dioxide
Carbon
dioxide WaterNitrogen
Carbon monoxide Nitrogen dioxide
Unburned hydrocarbon Nitrogen monoxide
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Primary Emissions from AutomobilesPrimary Emissions from Automobiles
Carbon monoxide (CO)Carbon monoxide (CO)
Oxides of nitrogen (NO, NOOxides of nitrogen (NO, NO22))
Carbon as soot or particulatesCarbon as soot or particulates Unburned fuel (hydrocarbons)Unburned fuel (hydrocarbons)
Carbon dioxide (COCarbon dioxide (CO22))
Water (HWater (H22O)O)
Details of primary
pollutants
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Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO)Carbon monoxide (CO) a nona non--irritatingirritating (wont(wont
make you cough),make you cough), colorless, tasteless, and odorlesscolorless, tasteless, and odorless
gas.gas.
Source: rich combustionSource: rich combustion -- tootoo littlelittle air or tooair or too
muchmuch gasolinegasoline
*Other sources: cigarette smoke or faulty household furnaces**Other sources: cigarette smoke or faulty household furnaces*
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Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide
CO isCO is POISIONOUSPOISIONOUS because it reduces thebecause it reduces theability of blood to bring oxygen to the bodysability of blood to bring oxygen to the bodys
cells and tissues.cells and tissues.
Remember that oxygen is needed for theRemember that oxygen is needed for the
combustion that gives our bodies energy.combustion that gives our bodies energy.
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Nitrogen OxideNitrogen Oxide
Nitrogen oxideNitrogen oxide (NO(NOxx: mainly NO, NO: mainly NO, NO22))
Source: lean combustionSource: lean combustion -- tootoo littlelittle gasoline orgasoline or
tootoo muchmuch airair
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Nitrogen OxideNitrogen Oxide
Environmental Effects:Environmental Effects:
NONO22 is an component ofis an component ofacid rainacid rain can damage trees and lakescan damage trees and lakes
NONOXX
reacts with other chemicals in sunlight toreacts with other chemicals in sunlight to
produce ozoneproduce ozone smogsmog (brownish haze)(brownish haze)
Health Effects:Health Effects:
Lung damageLung damage Illnesses such asIllnesses such as asthma,asthma, bronchitis,bronchitis, andand emphysemaemphysema
(sicknesses caused by problems with breathing(sicknesses caused by problems with breathing
passages and lungs)passages and lungs)
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NONOxx Emissions in the U.S.Emissions in the U.S.
Density map of 1999 NODensity map of 1999 NOxx emissions, by county.emissions, by county. Highly populated areas have high concentration of NOHighly populated areas have high concentration of NOxx
Why?Why?
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NONOxx EmissionsEmissions
NOx emissions by source, 1999
NOx Emissionson i ions o
55%40%
4%
1%r ns or ion
Fue Combus ion
In us ri
Processes
Misc neous
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Particulate Matter (PM)Particulate Matter (PM)
Particulate Matter (PM)Particulate Matter (PM) -- small solids andsmall solids andliquids suspended in the air.liquids suspended in the air. ex: Dust, Smoke, Sootex: Dust, Smoke, Soot
Source:Source: burning of wood, diesel and other fuelsburning of wood, diesel and other fuels
by vehicles, power plants, and also agriculture.by vehicles, power plants, and also agriculture.
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Particulate MatterParticulate Matter
Health effects:Health effects:
Nose and throat irritationNose and throat irritation
lung damage, bronchitislung damage, bronchitis
early deathearly death
Environmental effects:Environmental effects:
main source of haze that reduces visibility,main source of haze that reduces visibility,discolors clothes and furniture.discolors clothes and furniture.
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Secondary PollutantsSecondary Pollutants
WhenWhen emissionsemissions react withreact with other chemicalsother chemicals inin
the atmosphere, they makethe atmosphere, they make secondarysecondary
pollutantspollutants..
Examples
of secondary pollutants
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Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases Green house gasesGreen house gases
Gases that trap heat like a blanket surrounding theGases that trap heat like a blanket surrounding theEarth.Earth.
A normal concentration of these gases keep our planetA normal concentration of these gases keep our planetat a steady temperature, but the temperature can rise ifat a steady temperature, but the temperature can rise ifwe have too many in the atmosphere.we have too many in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases:Greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide (COCarbon dioxide (CO22): normal combustion): normal combustion
Methane: coal production, landfills, livestockMethane: coal production, landfills, livestock
Water: airplanes and from surface water thatWater: airplanes and from surface water thatevaporates as the Earth becomes warmer!!!evaporates as the Earth becomes warmer!!!
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Some of the suns radiation is
reflected back into space by
the atmosphere and Earth.
EARTH
S A E
ATMOS HERE
Some of the suns
radiation passes
through the
atmosphere and
hits the Earth to
warm it up.After bouncing off the
Earth, the radiation
has lower energy that
is absorbed by
greenhouse gases.
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Secondary PollutantsSecondary Pollutants
But wait! Theres more!But wait! Theres more!
NONOXX reacts with other chemicals inreacts with other chemicals in
sunlight to produce ozonesunlight to produce ozone Ozone isOzone iscalled smog (brownish haze) in the lowercalled smog (brownish haze) in the lower
atmosphereatmosphere
Smog and PM reduce visibility and lead toSmog and PM reduce visibility and lead to
health problems (asthma,health problems (asthma, bronchitis,bronchitis,
emphysemaemphysema))
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OzoneOzone
Ozone is a colorless odorless gasOzone is a colorless odorless gasmade of oxygen.made of oxygen.
Ozone is OOzone is O33 -- three oxygen atomsthree oxygen atomsjoined together.joined together.
Ozone is helpful in the upperOzone is helpful in the upperatmosphere by shielding us fromatmosphere by shielding us fromultraviolet light, but it is aultraviolet light, but it is a
component of smog in the lowercomponent of smog in the loweratmosphereatmosphere
O OO
RAR6
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Slide 26
RAR6 Talk to Amber.
Ball-and-stick or Lewis structures?Ruth A.Rivers, 3/30/2005
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ConclusionConclusion
It is impossible to eliminate harmfulIt is impossible to eliminate harmful
emissions, but it is the responsibility ofemissions, but it is the responsibility of
every one of us to reduce energyevery one of us to reduce energyconsumption!!consumption!!
EmissionEmission--related definitionsrelated definitions (EPA)(EPA)