Vegetative Parts of Plants

Spring 2010

Descriptive Terminology

• LEARN DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY = PHYTOGRAPHY

- Vegetative- Floral/inflorescence- Fruit

• ASSOCIATE STRUCTURES WITH TERMS- Significant range of variation- Learn to identify major structures and

modifications

R. W. Pohl Conservatory5th floor – Bessey Hall

• AVAILABLE TO BIOLOGY 366 STUDENTS - Free to look at plants to get a better idea of morphological structures.

• OPEN HOURS ARE 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday - Friday- Some Friday afternoons conservatory is closed for

pesticide applications. Some research areas are not available for general viewing

• PLANTS AND PLANT PARTS ARE NOT TO BE REMOVED

- Pesticides have been applied to all plant material.- Do not eat any plant products.

Sequoia—tallest

Sequoiadendron—most massive

Among the smallest plants in the world:Duckweeds (Lemna, Araceae)Root and 1-2 leaves; floating aquatic

Vegetative Parts of Plants

NON-REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS:

ROOTS - STEMS - LEAVES

Roots• FUNCTIONS

- Anchoring and support- Absorption of water and mineral nutrients; mycorrhizae

• STRUCTURE- xylem and phloem usually in a central

vascular strand- no cuticle (except on aerial roots), root hairs.- branching pattern variable; adventitious roots- no nodes/internodes present in roots!

• DESCRIPTIVE TERMS:- Taproot (carrot) vs. fibrous roots (grass)- Fibrous, adventitious, aerial, fleshy, prop

Fibrous roots Tap root

Mycorrhizal associations were criticalto the invasion of land by plants andare nearly universal in plants.

endomycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae

Adventitious roots – roots produced by structures otherthan another root (e.g., stems)

Prop roots (adventitious)

Pandanus (Pandanaceae)

Root Modifications:Ficus (Moraceae) “Strangler Fig”

Adaptation for anchoring and nutrient gathering – begins as an epiphyte, and sends down adventitious roots.

Modifications of Roots: Mangroves – Anchoring, support, and aeration (coastline habitats)

Mangrove:

Pre-dehiscence germination

Root is alreadyemerged fromseed before itis separatedfrom the tree.

Root Modifications: Aerenchyma in aquatics

Haustorial roots

Found in parasiticplants.

Dodder (Cuscuta,Convolvulaceae)

StemsStems• FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

- support and exposure of leaves to light, flowers to - support and exposure of leaves to light, flowers to pollination agents, fruits to dispersal agentspollination agents, fruits to dispersal agents- vascular conduction of water/minerals and photosynthates- vascular conduction of water/minerals and photosynthates- sometimes the primary photosynthetic organ - sometimes the primary photosynthetic organ

• STRUCTURESTRUCTURE- nodes and internodes; rearrangement of vascular tissues- nodes and internodes; rearrangement of vascular tissues- ring of bundles or scattered bundles in primary stems- ring of bundles or scattered bundles in primary stems- secondary growth produces secondary xylem (wood)- secondary growth produces secondary xylem (wood)- epidermis in primary stems; bark in woody plants- epidermis in primary stems; bark in woody plants- buds: terminal, axillary/lateral, bud scale scars - buds: terminal, axillary/lateral, bud scale scars

• DESCRIPTIVE TERMS:DESCRIPTIVE TERMS:- Branching patterns; bulbs, herbaceous, woody- Branching patterns; bulbs, herbaceous, woody- Horizontal stems: above ground = stolons; below = - Horizontal stems: above ground = stolons; below =

rhizomesrhizomes- Vines, shrubs, trees, succulent, tendril, phylloclade, etc.- Vines, shrubs, trees, succulent, tendril, phylloclade, etc.

Fig. 4.2 from the text

Stems: Nodes and Internodes

No apparent stems!

Subterranean horizontal stems: Rhizomes

Rhizomes vs. roots

Stems: Some can be hollow;loss of pith during maturation

Modifications in the Petiolar Region

Swollen nodes: Characteristic of the PinkFamily, Caryophyllaceae

Woody Stems – Arborescent or shrubby habit

Stem Modifications:

Bark (phellem)

Most woody plants produce bark, a growth of the cork cambial layer, for mechanical protection and to reduce water loss.

Photosynthetic Stems

phylloclades

succulent stems

Basal rosette:

In plants with agraminoid (grass-like) habit, stems may not be evident.

This example is a‘tussock’ habit, forming clumps.

Bulbs: stems (internodes) are shortened and leaves are fleshy and protective.

Leaves

• FUNCTIONS- light capture, production of photosynthate,

transpiration

• STRUCTURE- petiole, stipules, pulvinus, blade (lamina), veins- vestiture (minimally a cuticle), hairs, scales, etc.- simple vs. compound (blade divided into discrete parts)- many modifications, including extreme reduction- virtually always with a bud or branch in the axil

• DESCRIPTIVE TERMS:- Many, based on leaf shape, size, color, venation,

margin, apex, base, arrangement, number, presentation

Fig. 4.3 from the text

Modifications in the Petiolar Region

Sheathing leaf bases

Modifications in the Petiolar Region

Ocrea: stipular tube(characteristic of most of the Buckwheat Family, Polygonaceae)

Venation: Parallel vs. “Netted”

Unusual venation: Melastomataceae

Leaf blade:

Pinnate

Simple Compound

Palmate

Fig. 4.5 from the text

Palmate Leaf – leaflets arise from one point

Fig. 4.4 from the text

Modifications for capturing insects

Sarraceniaceae

Droseraceae

Leaf Modifications:

Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae)

Adaptation for vegetativepropagation – sheds pre-formed plantlets from leaf margins.

Fig. 4.15 from the text

Indumentum: Surface Structures Hairs, trichomes, scales

Variation in leaf shape morphology:Sassafras albidum (Lauraceae)

Armature: Thorns, spines, prickles

Summary• Vegetative structures important in

describing plants.• Variations on similar basic morphology can

be diagnostic for certain plant groups.• An understanding of descriptive terms is

essential for plant identification and to understand morphological evolution.• Make lists of terms and their associated

structures; drawings, however crude, may also help.• Be sure to observe, compare and contrast

related structures to avoid interpretation errors.