Vegetation Composition of Abu Tartur Mining …...Maha Mohamed Abdelmonem El-Shamy Botany...

Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A 6 (2016) 38-53 doi: 10.17265/2161-6256/2016.01.004

Vegetation Composition of Abu Tartur Mining Region

(Western Desert, Egypt): Biological and Phytochemical

Survey of Some Studied Taxa

Maha Mohamed Abdelmonem El-Shamy

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

Abstract: Groundwater in Egypt plays an important role in the country’s water budget. South Western desert represent an arid of desert biome within world’s net-work of the biosphere reserves. In this study, the plant wild vegetation were surveyed in Abu Tartur mining area located in the Southern part of Western depending essentially on the seepage from water line tubes which supplies water demands at Abu Tartur. The vegetation-environment relationships in Abu Tartur are described. Data sets (42 species in 38 plots) beside the pip-line enriched from 13 wells were analyzed, using multivariate procedures, i.e., two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), to produce a classification of plant communities in the studied areas and to examine the relationships of that plant communities to certain edaphic factors. Five plant communities were identified. Astragalus vogelii, Chenopodium murale, Citrullus colocynthis, Fagonia arabica, Farsetia aegyptia, Hyoscyamus muticus, Morettia philaeana, Cynodon dactylon, Trichodesma africana, Tamarix nilotica, Senna italica, Schouwia purpurea, Salsola volkensii and Phragmites australis were common in the study area. Phytochemical survey for nitroprpionic compounds in some taxa belonging to Fabaceae family showed the absence of these toxic compounds by using GC/MS analysis. Also some phytochemical components of Astragalus vogalii were extracted and identified by GC/MS spectra. A biological activity, in this regard was the screening of methanol extracts for some wild taxa of Abu Tartur against natural Tetranychus urticae as acricidal activity and the methanol extracts of some taxa give high mortality results, like Farsetia aegyptia (86.6%) and Fagonia arabica Burm. f. (70.0%). Key words: Abu Tartur, vegetation composition, aliphatic nitro-compounds, Astragalus vogelii, acaricidal activity.

1. Introduction

The desert areas in Egypt are considered as a

promising economic support for future development,

even though they did not be paid enough concern yet

[1]. The Western Desert of Egypt comprises an area of

more than 400,000 km2 in the Eastern Sahara. It is one

of the most arid regions on Earth and is nearly barren

of people today. It is made of two major

physiographic provinces separated by the prominent

Eocene scarp. The north area of the scarp is known as

the Libyan Plateau or Northern Libyan Desert, and the

Southern Nubian sandstone has been eroded by wind

to form flat-topped gebels [2].

Phosphate ore is an important economic deposit in

Corresponding author: Maha Mohamed Abdelmonem El-Shamy, Ph.D., research field: applied plant ecology.

Egypt. Abu Tartur phosphate deposit is one of the

largest phosphates mining area (1,000 million tons) in

the Middle East. The mining area is located in the

Western Desert of Egypt, about 60 km from

El-Kharga city and 10 km from the main road between

El-Karga and El-Dakhla Oases [3].

Desert plants are under tremendous pressure and are

subjected to large fluctuations over time due to highly

unpredictable environment with respect to water

availability, a relatively short growth period and

extreme aridity. Deserts are generally regarded as

fragile, which are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic

disruption. Native plants are the part of the desert

ecosystem that has been damaged by overgrazing,

cutting down the woody plants for fuel, abuse of

off-road vehicles, urbanization, mining and other

D DAVID PUBLISHING

Vegetation Composition of Abu Tartur Mining Region (Western Desert, Egypt): Biological and Phytochemical Survey of Some Studied Taxa

39

activities. They represent good sources for many

purposes, such as livestock, fibers, biofuel and

pharmaceutical raw materials.

In Egypt, desert vegetation is the most important

characteristic of natural plant life. In a survey of the

vegetation units in the Western Desert of Egypt,

outside the oases five desert zones are distinguished

along a precipitation gradient and support the growth

of accidental vegetation [4].

Plant life of the major inhabited oases in the

Western Desert have been intensively studied, such as

Bahariya, Farafra, Kharga, Dakhla and Siwa Oasis [5, 6],

Wadi El-Natrun [7] and Abu Tartur mining area [8].

Leaflets of 78 species of Astragalus species from

Iran were analyzed for toxic aliphatic nitro

compounds. The catabolites of nitro

compounds—3-nitropropanol and 3-nitropropionic

acid are especially toxic to cattle and sheep. Nitro

compounds were detected in six species of Astragalus,

and all the nitro-bearing species were herbaceous [9].

Livestock should be prevented from grazing

nitro-bearing Astragalus. NO2 complexed with ferrous

hemoglobin can prevent its reoxygenation [10]. The

methemoglobin concentration in the blood of fatally

poisoned animals may exceed 30% [11].

The two-spotted spider mite—Tetranychus urticae,

was first described by Koch in 1836 and it is an

ubiquitous pest with a global distribution [12]. T.

urticae is a member of the family: Tetranychidae is

the most notorious pest responsible for significant

yield losses in many economic crops, vegetables and

fruit trees in Egypt, and horticultural, ornamental

agronomic crops worldwide [13]. This is because T.

urticae feed on the leaves, causing a reduction in

photosynthetic activity. The high reproductive

potential and extreme short life cycle, combined with

frequent acaricide applications, facilitate the resistance

build-up [14].

This study was conducted to study the floristic

composition, distributional pattern and life-form of the

wild flora in the mining region of Abu Tartu and

survey phytochemical composition for aliphatic

nitro-compounds, such as 3-nitropropionic acid, in

some taxa of Fabaceae recorded in mining region and

some compounds extracted from Astragalu svogalli,

as well as biological activities of ethanol extract for

some taxa of the studied area.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Study Area

The investigated area extends between Kharga and

Dakhla Oasis in the Nubian Desert as a part of the

Southern Sahara [15]. It has been conducted in two

consecutive extreme desert zones [16], where the

accidental type of vegetation exists. The mining area

of Abu Tartur lies between 25°05′-26°08′ Northern

latitudes and 30°10′-29°13′ Eastern longitudes [17]

(Fig. 1a).

Groundwater in mining region is considered the

sole source for water used mainly for mining activities

and other human purposes [18]. The plant vegetation

of study area depends essentially on the seepage from

water line tubes (Fig. 1b), which are funded from 13

wells and extend for about 14 km along the mining

region to be used in the extraction of phosphate raw

material and human activities for the individuals

working there.

2.2 Climatic Data of Study Area

According to Köppen-Geiger climate classification

system [19], the study area lies in the zone of

subtropical arid deserts. The temperature regime is

characterized by mild winters and very hot summers.

Whereas, the average temperature in January remains

rather constant between 12 °C and 4 °C, in July mean

temperature rises to approximately 39 °C. It is

hyperarid region, mostly rainless with an annual

intensity rainfall of 0.1 mm and average evaporation

rate of 414.66 mm/month (Table 1).

2.3 Soil Sampling

Soil samples are collected from each quadrate, which


40

(a) Water pips line (b) Position of the studied quadrates

Fig. 1 Water pips line and position of the studied quadrates in Abu Tartur mining area.

Table 1 Climatic data of study area.

Climatic variables Month Year

mean Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Max. temperature (°C) 33.2 40.1 44.8 46.1 48.0 49.5 45.2 45.5 45.2 44.2 39.3 32.9 49.5

Average high (°C) 21.5 24.0 28.1 33.6 37.3 38.9 39.0 38.4 36.4 32.9 27.1 22.8 31.79

Daily mean (°C) 12.0 14.2 18.3 23.6 28.4 30.8 30.9 30.4 28.4 24.3 18.1 13.7 22.8

Average low (°C) 3.5 5.1 8.7 13.4 18.3 21.6 22.3 21.6 20.2 16.2 9.9 5.3 13.8

Min. temperature (°C) -3.9 -3.8 -0.8 2.1 7.4 12.4 15.4 15.2 12.2 7.7 1.0 -2.1 -3.9

Average precipitation (mm) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Average relative humidity (%)

47.0 41.0 35.0 29.0 26.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 31.0 36.0 43.0 47.0 34.4

Mean monthly sunshine (h) 294.0 279.0 316.2 315.0 356.0 366.0 384.4 375.0 336.0 328.0 300.0 291.4 3,943.0

is representing profile at a depth of 0-50 cm. The soil

texture (using drying sieve method) and the maximum

water-holding capacity are determined by the methods

described by Margesin and Schinner [20]. Total

CaCO3, oxidizable organic carbon were estimated in

air dry soil, while, electrical conductivity (EC) and pH

for each sample were determined as a soil solution 1:5

dilution in deionized water, also anaions like,

biocarbonate, chlorides and sulphates were estimated

[21].

2.4 Vegetation Analysis

A total of 38 quadrates with each 20 m × 20 m

(approximately the mean minimum area of the

prevailing plant communities), were selected, beside

the line of water pips extend along the mining region

in March 2014. Quadrates were subjectively chosen at

locations, where either dense vegetation or change in

species composition was encountered. Thirty eight

quadrates were positioned using GPS model Trimble

SCOUTM, and distributed along the studied area

(Table 2). The relative values of density and cover are

calculated for each plant species and summed up to

give an estimate of its important value (IV) in each

quadrate, which is out of 200 according to community

analysis package (CAP) [22]. The classification

technique applied here was the two way indicator

species analysis (TWINSPAN), while the ordination

technique is the deternded corresponding analysis

(DCA) [23, 24]. Classification, identification,

nomenclature and floristic categories are followed by

Ref. [25]. The description and classification of life

form spectra were according to Ref. [26].

2.5 Phytochemical Screening for Some Taxa of

Fabaceae

Plant samples, Astragalus vogelii (Webb),

Trigonella hamosa L., Vicia monentha Retz, Medicago


41

Table 2 Thirty eight quadrates positioned using GPS model Trimble SCOUTM.

Quadrate No. Latitudes (N) Longitudes (E ) Quadrate No. Latitudes (N) Longitudes (E)

1 25°24′417″ 30°04′661″ 20 25°23′093″ 30°06′290″

2 25°24′152″ 30°04′902″ 21 25°23′147″ 30°06′334″

3 25°24′042″ 30°04′885″ 22 25°23′350″ 30°06′420″

4 25°23′135″ 30°05′235″ 23 25°23′332″ 30°06′554″

5 25°23′097″ 30°05′268″ 24 25°23′349″ 30°06′520″

6 25°23′058″ 30°05′357″ 25 25°23′342″ 30°06′617″

7 25°23′055″ 30°05′298″ 26 25°23′324″ 30°06′744″

8 25°23′005″ 30°05′252″ 27 25°23′334″ 30°06′763″

9 25°23′001″ 30°05′256″ 28 25°23′062″ 30°07′002″

10 25°23′007″ 30°05′284″ 29 25°22′892″ 30°07′147″

11 25°23′085″ 30°05′419″ 30 25°22′726″ 30°07′270″

12 25°23′105″ 30°05′413″ 31 25°22′507″ 30°07′418″

13 25°23′080″ 30°05′637″ 32 25°22′453″ 30°07′532″

14 25°22′998″ 30°05′604″ 33 25°21′775″ 30°08′268″

15 25°22′879″ 30°05′895″ 34 25°21′519″ 30°08′703″

16 25°22′874″ 30°05′910″ 35 25°20′275″ 30°09′613″

17 25°23′258″ 30°06′025″ 36 25°18′573″ 30°10′771″

18 25°23′007″ 30°06′000″ 37 25°18′529″ 30°10′840″

19 25°23′215″ 30°06′201″ 38 25°18′348″ 30°10′908″

polymorpha L., Senna italica and Melilotus indicus

were collected from the field during March 2014, then

aerial parts of the plant material were dried at room

temperature and kept in plastic bags. Afterwards, 20 g

were taken and extracted with 250 mL acetone for 72

h, and filtered through Whatman filter paper. Shoots

were washed once by 20 mL acetone, and the extract

was concentrated by rotary evaporator to about 8 mL.

The 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) was eluted from

silica gel column (55 cm × 4 cm) using 100 mL of

40%-65% of ethyl acetate and 1% formic acid in

chloroform, then fractions were collected and

concentrated by rotary evaporator to thickness and

re-dissolved in small volume of acetone. Elutes were

characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) [27]

to assure the presence of nitropropionic acid using gas

chromatograph-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Also,

some phytochemical components were investigated

from acetone extract of Astragalus vogalii (Webb)

collected from mining area.

2.6 Biological Activities for Some Collected Taxa

Laboratory screening for two-spotted spider mites

(T. urticae) was at the temperature of 27 °C ± 2 °C

and the relative humidity was 65% ± 5%. Castor bean,

Ricinus commumis L. (Euphorbiaceae family) is

considered one of the main wild host for T. urticae. A

culture of many replicates of adult females of T.

urticae in plates was hold. Use different plant extracts

by immersion disks of castor bean leaves in specific

plant extract for 15 s and repeat for other plant

extracts. Each replicate contain three disks and each

disk contain 10 individuals of adult females [28].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Ecological, Vegetation and Floristic Compositions

The habitat investigated in this study is a relatively

simple one, in which the species can withstand hard

environmental conditions. This is not only reflected

by the preponderance of annuals, but also by the

presence of several highly adapted, drought-resistant

species [29]. In this respect, the vegetation along the

mining area has very much in common with that of

the Kurkurs of Gebel Uweinat and some neighboring

areas of South-Western Egypt [30, 31].


42

The sandy soils of study reserves support a

xerophytic vegetation formed of nearly 30%. The

results presented here suggest that the distribution of

different life forms chiefly depends on soil properties,

and water seepage from pipe line on the climatic

factors of the study area. These results were in

accordance with Ayyad et al. [32]. The floristic

composition of Abu-Tartur area indicated that the total

number of recorded species is 42 taxa, belonging to 17

families (one belonged to class monocots and the rest

related to the dicots). Poaceae, Fabaceae,

Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae and Astraceae are

represented by the highest number of species (64%).

The life-form resulted from evolved adaptation to

environment and climate [33]. The recorded species

are classified into 35.71% perennials, 2.38% biennials

and 61.9% annuals. The life-form spectra of the

species recorded in the study area showed six types

(Table 3), the majority of plant species are therophytes

(61.9%), then hemicryptophytes (16.7), chamaephytes

and geophytes of the same percent (7.14%), followed

by phanerophytes (4.8%) and cryptophytes (2.4%).

High percentage of therophytes coincide with the

floristic characters of the arid zones [34] (Fig. 2).

The phytogeographical distribution of plant species

from mining area was given in Table 4. Results of the

total chorological analysis of the surveyed flora

revealed that 50% of the studied species are

pluri-regionals, 38.10% are bi-regionals and 11.9%

are Mono-regional. More than half of the species

(52.37%) distributed in Saharo and than 49% in

Irano-Turanian 30.95% in Mediterranean, 21.42% in

Sindian and 19.05% in Cosmopolitan, further species

were either Sudano-Zambezian (11.9%),

Palaeotropical (9.52%) or Pantropical (4.76%).

Psamophyte vegetation type had the highest species

diversity among the vegetation types.

This study was carried out at Abo-Tartur mining

area nearby the line of water pipes, where 38

quadrates with different degrees of conservation were

ecologically analyzed with respect to their vegetation

cover and density and soil characteristics. The

development of plant communities has been mainly

influenced by edaphic condition and water seepage

(which enriched from 13 wells). Multivariate analysis

is used in this study, namely, classification and

ordination. Many studies in different parts of Egypt

based on a multivariate approach to community

analysis have been carried out [35-37].

The application of TWINSPAN on the relative IV of

the 15 perennial species recorded in 38 sampled plots

helped to distinguish four vegetation groups (Fig. 3).

The four clusters are named after dominant species as

follows: Astragalus vogelii, Morettia phialeana,

Schwouwia purpurea, Farsetia aegyptiaca,

Trichodesma africanum, Senna italica, Phragmites

australis, Tamarix nilotica, Fagonia arabica,

Hyoscyamus muticus, Malva parviflora, Chenopodium

murale, Citrullus colocynthis, Sonchus oleraceus,

Cynodon dactylon, Salsola volkensii. These groups were

named after their leading dominant species, i.e., those

have the highest relative IV, as follows: (A) Trigonella

hamosa-Citrullus colocynthis, (B) Malva

parviflora-Polygonum equesitiform, (C) Morettia

phialeana-Astragalus vogalii-Fagonia arabica and (D)

Schwouwia purpurea-Chenopodium murale.

In group A, there were five quadrates mostly

dominated by Trigonella hamosa (IV = 29.23%) with

Citrullus colocynthis as co-dominants (IV = 24.66%),

followed by Melilotus indicus and Chenopodium

murale with the same mean of relative cover and

relative density (IV = 22.0%). These quadrates have a

high content of fine sand, water holding capacity,

calcareous sediments and low amounts of organic

carbon (Tables 5 and 6).

In Group B, Malva parviflora (mean IV = 59.6%) is

the characteristic species of this group, comprising

three quadrates with high salinity and much calcareous

sediments. Next to it was Polygonum equesitiform (IV

= 32.08%), followed by Vicia monantha (IV = 23.04%)

and Melilotus indicus (IV = 20.83%). The low numbers

of annuals are recorded in this group (Tables 5 and 6).


43

Table 3 Life form, lifespan and chorology of plant species recorded in mining area of Abu Tartur.

Family Species Life/habitspan Life form Chorotype

Aizoaceae Trianthema triquetra Willd. Annual herb Th PAN

Asteraceae

Cichorium endivia L. Annual herb Th ME + IT

Launaea mucronata (Forssk.) Muschl. Annual herb H ME + SA

Sonchus oleraceus L. Annual herb Th COSM

Brassicaceae

Brassica tornifortii Gouan. Annual herb Th ME + IT + SA

Farsetia aegytiaca Turr. Perennial subshrub Ch SA + SZ

Moretti aphialeana (Delile) DC. Annual herb Th SA + SZ

Schwouwia purpurea (Fossk.) Schwinf Annual herb Th SA

Boraginaceae Trichodesma africanum (L.) R. Br. Annual herb Th SA + SZ

Caesalpiniaceae Senna italica Mill. Perennial Shrub G SA + SZ

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium murale L. Annual herb Th COSM

Bassia arabica (Boiss.) Maire & Weiller Perennial subshrub Th SA + IT

Bassia indica (Wight) A. J. Scott. Annual herb Th SA + IT

Bassia muricata (L.) Asch. Annual herb Th SA + IT

Beta vulgaris L. subps. msritima (L.) Arcang. Biennial herb Th ME + IT + ES

Salsola volkensii Ascl. & Schweinf. Perennial subshrub Ch ME + SA + IT

Convolvulaceae Convolvuolus arvensis L. Perennial herb H COSM

Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis L. Perennial herb H ME + SA + IT

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia granulate Forssk. Annual herb H SA + SZ

Fabaceae

Astragalus vogalii (Webb) Borum. Annual herb Th SA

Medicago polymorpha L. Annual herb Th COSM

Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Annual herb Th ME + IT + SA

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Perennial shrub Ph SA

Trigonella hamosa L. Annual herb Th ME + ES

Vicia monantha Retz. Annual herb Th IT + ME

Malvaceae Malva parviflora L. Annual herb Th IT + ME

Poaceae

Avena fatua L. Annual herb Th PAL

Cynodondactylon (L.) Pers. Perennial herb G COSM

Echinochloa crus-galli Annual herb Th PAN

Eleusine indica Annual herb Th PAL

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) F. T. Hubb. Annual herb Th ME + SA + IT

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch Perennial herb H ME + SA + IT

Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Perennial herb H PAL

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Perennial herb Helo COSM

Polygonaceae Polygonum equsiteforme Sm. Perennial herb G ME + IT

Rumex vesicarius L. Annual herb Th PAL

Portulacea Portulaca oleracea L. Annual herb Th COSM

Resedaceae Reseda decursiva L. Annual herb Th SA

Solanaceae Hyosyamousmuticus L. Perennial herb H SA + IT

Solanum nigrum L. Annual herb Th COSM

Tamaricaceae Tamarix nilotica (Ehreub.) Bunge Perennial tree Ph SA + IT

Zygophyllaceae Fagonia arabica Burm F. Perennial shrub Ch SA

Ph = phanerophytes, Ch = chamophytes, H = hemicryptophytes, Th = therophytes, G = geophytes, Helo = helophytes. COSM = cosmopolitan, PAN = pantropical, PAL = palaeotropical, ME = meditrranean, ES = Euro-Siberian, SA = Saharo-Arabian, IT = Irano-Turanian, SZ = Sudano-Zambzian.


44

Fig. 2 The relation between chorotype and life form of studied species.

Table 4 Phytogeographical analysis for the flora of study area

Chorotype No. of species Percentage

Mono-regional

SA 5 11.90%

Bi-regionals

ME + IT 4 9.52%

ME + SA 1 2.38%

SA + IT 4 9.52%

ME + ES 1 2.38%

SA + SZ 5 11.90%

SA + IT 1 2.38%

Total 16 38.10%

Pluri-regionals

COSM 8 19.05%

PAN 2 4.76%

PAL 4 9.52%

ME + SA + IT 6 14.29%

ME + ES + IT 1 2.38%

Total 21 50.00%

Total 42 100.00%

In Group C, 22 quadrates is characterized by the

dominance of Morettia phialeana (IV = 48.75% and

Astragalus vogalii (IV = 41.44%) than Fagonia

arabica (IV = 14.32%). This group occupied the plains

with high content of fine sand, high EC, CaCO3 and

low content of organic carbon. Many annuals are

recorded in this group, as Bassia indica, Reseda

decursiva, Trichodisma africana and Chenopodium

murale. Also there are some perennials, as Tamarix

nilotica and Convolvulus arvensi (Tables 5 and 6).

Lif

e fo

rm (

%)


45

Fig. 3 Dendrogram of the first TWINSPAN dichotomy differentiated the 38 quadrates into two main groups.

Table 5 The mean values ± standard deviations (SD) of IV values of the diversity indices in the four groups derived from TWINSPAN.

Species Vegetation groups

A B C D

Astragalus vogelii subsp. vogelii (Webb) Bornm. 0.00 5.27 ± 5.27 41.44 ± 39.50 12.13 ± 23.46

Avena fatua L. 3.27 ± 8.19 0.00 0.07 ± 0.33 0.00

Bassia muricata L. 0.00 0.00 4.25 ± 8.21 7.24 ± 9.99

Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) 2.07 ± 5.18 3.89 ± 5.51 0.00 0.00

Brassica tournefortii Gouan. 6.07 ± 4.47 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chenopodium murale L. 22.02 ± 19.87 18.08 ± 3.04 0.00 34.82 ± 37.94

Cichorium endivia L. 0.00 0.58 ± 0.82 0.00 0.00

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 24.66 ± 55.15 0.00 0.00 0.00

Convolvulus arvensis L. 10.16 ± 25.39 4.84 ± 6.84 0.13 ± 0.57 0.00

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 0.00 0.00 11.35 ± 24.49 8.51 ± 25.52

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.12 ± 42.18

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 0.00 0.00 0.41 ± 1.82 0.00

Eragrostis cilianensis All. 19.35 ± 21.85 0.00 0.00 0.00

Fagonia arabica L. 0.00 0.00 14.32 ± 22.43 0.00

Farsetia aegyptia Turra 0.00 0.00 9.89 ± 19.42 5.75 ± 17.24

Hyoscyamus muticus L. 0.00 0.00 8.14 ± 30.63 6.51 ± 10.59

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. 0.00 0.00 5.63 ± 13.02 0.00

Bassia indica (Wight) 0.00 6.90 ± 9.76 0.54 ± 1.72 6.19 ± 12.31

Launaea mucronata (Forssk.) Muschl. 5.70 ± 14.26 0.00 0.46 ± 2.07 1.83 ± 5.49

Malva parviflora L. 10.56 ± 18.78 59.56 ± 58.02 7.45 ± 22.24 7.07 ± 21.22

Medicago polymorpha L. 8.75 ± 21.870 0.00 0.00 0.00

Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 22.00 ± 19.63 20.83 ± 29.45 0.53 ± 2.35 0.00

Morettia phiaena Boiss. 0.00 0.00 48.75 ± 40.09 18.63 ± 41.92

Paspalidium geminatum (Forsk.) Stapf 0.00 0.00 0.78 ± 3.53 0.00

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 0.00 0.00 10.48 ± 21.47 4.40 ± 13.21


46

(Table 5 continued)

Species Vegetation groups

A B C D

Polygonum equisetiform Sm. 0.00 32.08 ± 45.36 0.76 ± 3.39 0.00

Portulaca oleracea L. 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.37 ± 15.46

Reseda decursiva Forssk. 0.00 6.92 ± 9.79 0.30 ± 1.35 0.00

Rumex vesicarius L. 0.00 0.00 3.43 ± 11.19 0.00

Salsola tetrandra Forssk. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 ± 1.92

Salsola volkensii Schweinf. & Asch. 0.00 0.00 1.85 ± 8.26 0.00

Schouwia purpurea (Forssk.) Schweinf. 0.00 0.00 2.59 ± 5.77 37.89 ± 48.16

Senna italica Mill. 1.40 ± 3.13 0.00 1.28 ± 5.71 5.56 ± 16.68

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. 0 0.00 1.53 ± 5.23 3.64 ± 10.93

Solanum nigrum L. 6.34 ± 8.98 0.00 0.68 ± 3.06 0.00

Sonchus oleraceus L. 16.12 ± 40.31 15.61 ± 0.33 0.19 ± 0.85 4.59 ± 9.25

Euphorbia granulates Forssk. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 ± 5.24

Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge 0.00 0.00 11.69 ± 24.93 0.00

Trianthema triquetra Willd. 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.51 ± 7.19

Trichodisma africana (L.) Lehm. 0.00 4.14 ± 3.75 11.08 ± 20.53 1.63 ± 4.88

Trigonella hamosa L. 29.23 ± 42.51 0.00 0.00 0.00

Vicia monantha Retz. 12.28 ± 30.69 23.04 ± 32.58 0.00 0.00

Bassia arabica (Boiss.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.28 ± 12.83

Table 6 The mean values ± standard deviations (SD) of the measured soil variables and the diversity indices in the four groups derived from TWINSPAN.

Environmental variables Vegetation groups after TWINSPAN

A B C E

Coarse sand 10.76 ± 9.75 14.25 ± 11.08 8.16 ± 5.95 16.72 ± 6.88

Fine sand 73.59 ± 7.74 67.27 ± 14.62 71.31 ± 11.99 64.91 ± 11.41

Silt and clay 15.37 ± 5.45 17.63 ± 4.07 20.27 ± 11.73 21.23 ± 10.02

Porosity 42.58 ± 6.25 41.40 ± 5.39 40.38 ± 7.58 37.80 ± 3.39

WHC 38.19 ± 16.61 35.41 ± 11.34 26.70 ± 9.06 29.39 ± 9.48

Org. C 0.80 ± 0.60 1.20 ± 0.52 0.99 ± 0.55 0.83 ± 0.62

CaCO3 7.10 ± 3.59 17.67 ± 15.22 13.11 ± 9.85 21.06 ± 11.01

EC 809.80 ± 1,280.90 832.30 ± 497.00 714.40 ± 676.50 956.00 ± 1,026.00

Cl- 0.20 ± 0.35 0.06 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.17 0.15 ± 0.18

SO42- 0.19 ± 0.28 0.34 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.15 0.24 ± 0.17

HCO3- 0.14 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.03

pH 8.18 ± 0.30 7.83 ± 0.31 8.09 ± 0.41 8.18 ± 0.49

WHC: water holding capacity; Org. C: organic carbon; EC: electrical conductivity.

In group D, Schwouwia purpurea (mean IV =

37.9%) and Chenopodium murale (mean IV = 34.8%)

dominates the moist lands with high levels of coarse

sand, EC and CaCO3. Some perennials were recorded

in this group, as Cynondon dactylon, Farsetia agyptia,

Senna italica, Sesbania sesbane and Phragmites

australis (Tables 5 and 6).

When plotted on the first two DCA ordination axes,

the stands tend to cluster into the four groups, which

resulted from TWINSPAN and are described in Fig. 4.

The ordination biplot displays graphically which

stands are transitional in their composition within the

groups differentiated by clustering. It is obvious from

Fig. 4 that the four groups have a wide extension

along asix 2 (vertical axis). Table 7 shows that the

eigenvalue for the first DCA axis was relatively high,

indicating that it captured the graeter proportion of the

variations in species composition among quadrates,


47

but the species-environment correlation were low for

the CCA (Figs. 5 and 6).

Application of both the classification and ordination

techniques has resulted in a clear demonstration of the

vegetation pattern in the study area in quantitative

terms and in the characterization of more

phytosociological groups than that identified in many

other studies [37, 38].

Fig. 4 The ordination results of the DCA analysis of the floristic data set.

Table 7 The results of ordination for the three CCA axes, interest correlation of soil variables, together with eigenvalues and species-environment correlation.

Parameter Axes

Axe 1 Axe 2 Axe 3

Eigenvalues 0.6880 0.5500 0.4100

Species-environment correlations 0.9340 0.9080 0.8280

Coarse sand 21.6686 10.5834 30.3552

Fine sand 59.4783 10.8441 33.0551

Silt clay 18.4695 7.8988 14.0176

Porosity 39.9925 6.3432 2.7398

WHC 29.5653 11.2398 2.4147

Org. C 0.9704 0.5434 2.4921

CaCO3 14.7107 10.4271 2.7657

EC 856.2672 869.7655 2.3679

Cl- 0.1759 0.2074 2.3445

SO42- 0.2964 0.1707 1.2666

HCO3- 0.1231 0.0365 1.6922

pH 8.1349 0.3958 1.6538

Axi

s 1

Axis 2


48

Fig. 5 The correlation between their distribution and the studied soil variables by application of CCA.

Fig. 6 CCA species-environment biplot. Arrows representing the environmental factors and circles (○) indicating 38 quadrates.

3.2 Phytochemical Screening for Some Taxa of

Fabaceae

After the examination of acetone extracts by TLC

and GC-MS analysis for plant samples (Astragalus

vogelii (Webb), Trigonella hamosa L., Vicia monentha

Retz., Medicago polymorpha L., Senna itallica Mill.

and Melilotus indicus (L.) All.), it was found that there

is nonitropropinic acid or their derivatives in these

species of Fabaceae family, so it may recommended as

fodder for domestic animals of the study area.

3.3 Identification of Acetone Extract Constituents of

Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm. by Using GC/MS

Technique

The components of acetone extract were identified

by the aid of GC/MS technique. The GC

chromatogram showed 33 peaks corresponding to 33

compounds were characterized by comparing their

mass spectra with those of their analogous reported by

National Institute of Standerds and Technology (NIST)

virtual library. The resulted natural products (Fig. 7

-0.6 1.0

-0.4

0.8

Coarse sand

Fine sand

Silt .clayPorosity

W.H.C.

Org.C

CaCO3

E.C.Cl -

SO4- -

HCO3-

pH

1

23

4

5

67

89

10

1112

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

37

38

Axis 2

Axis 2

Axis 1

-0.6 1.0

-0.4

0.6

Astragal

Chenopod

Citrullu

Cynodon

Echinoch

Fagonia

Melilotu

Morettia

Phragmit

Tamarix

Trigonel

coarse s

Fine sand

Silt .clPorosity

W.H.C.

Org.C

CaCO3

E.C.Cl -

SO4- - HCO3-

pH

Coarse sand 3

SO42- HCO3

-

Silt & clay

SO42-

CaCO3

Coarse sand

Silt & clay

HCO3-

Axis 1


49

and Table 8) could be classified into one monoterpene,

two diterpenes, one triterpene, six steroids, one

shikimate, one flavonoid, six miscellaneous

compounds and 15 acetogenins. This screening can

help in more study for Astragalus vogelii as a natural

products and more survey for more components from

that taxa. The GC chromatogram for Astraglus vogelii

(Webb) Bornm. showed that 33 natural compounds

were characterized by comparing their mass spectra

with those of their analogous reported by NIST library

[39].

3.4 Acaricidal Screening of Some Wild Taxa of Abu

Tartur Mining Area

The methanolic extract of 14 wild plant species

collected from Abu Tartur mining area were screened

for their acaricidal activity at 7,000 ppm against T.

urticae Koch after 3 d and 7 d of treatment.

The results obtained in Table 9 showed that Farsetia

aegyptia (86.6%) was the most effective acaricidal

activity, followed by Fagonia indica (70%), Morettia

philaeana and Rumex vesicaricus (66.6%), while

Trichodesma africana and Reseda decursiva (26.6%)

showed the lowest activity percentage after 7 d of

treatment.

The acaricidal activity of the ethyl acetate root

extract of Senna italica subsp. arachoides, was

recorded [40] when tested against Hyalomma

marginatum rufipes. Also, insecticidal effects of total

glucosinolates extracted from Farsetia aegyptia Turra.

Fig. 7 Structural formulae of some characterized natural compounds from shoot system of Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm..

Table 8 Chemical constituents of acetone extract from shoot system of Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm..

Series Rt (min) Compound Area (%) MW MF

1 9.17 2(E)-Decenal 0.40 154 C10H18O

2 9.75 (E; Z)-2,4-decadienal 0.46 152 C10H16O

3 9.97 E-carvone oxide (1) 0.18 166 C10H14O2

4 10.24 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (2) 0.72 150 C9H10O2


50

(Table 8 continued)

Series Rt (min) Compound Area (%) MW MF

5 12.44 n-Hexadecane 0.47 226 C16H34

6 13.78 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4H)-benzofuranone (3) 0.48 180 C11H16O2

7 14.32 n-Dodecanoic acid 0.45 200 C12H24O2

8 15.77 1-(3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2-benzofuranyl)-ethanone (4) 0.83 208 C13H20O2

9 16.04 4-(4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one (5) 0.45 224 C13H20O3

10 16.50 Z-8-hexadecene 0.13 224 C16H32

11 17.05 n-Tetradecanoic acid 1.30 228 C14H28O2

12 17.81 Neophytadiene (6) 0.55 278 C20H38

13 17.93 Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (7) 1.69 268 C18H36O

14 19.79 n-Hexadecanoic acid 23.58 256 C16H32O2

15 20.74 n-Heptadecanoic acid 0.13 270 C17H34O2

16 28.94 Phytol isomer (8) 2.56 309 C20H40O

17 21.95 (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 41.08 278 C18H30O2

18 23.13 n-Tricosane 0.31 324 C23H48

19 30.94 5-Methyl-5-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (9) 1.23 324 C21H40O2

20 23.98 n-Eicosanoic acid 0.46 312 C20H40O2

21 24.22 Octadecanamide 0.22 283 C18H37NO

22 25.42 Glycerol 1-palmitate 0.26 330 C19H38O4

23 27.66 n-Hexacosane 0.25 366 C26H54

24 28.02 Decanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester 0.31 426 C26H50O4

25 28.18 7,4’-Dihydroxy-2’,3’-dimethoxy-isoflavan (10) 0.36 302 C17H18O5

26 29.33 n-Nonacosane 0.21 408 C29H60

27 30.81 (3β)-Cholest-5-en-3-ol 0.93 386 C27H46O

28 31.80 Campesterol 0.70 400 C28H48O

29 32.11 Stigmasterol 1.54 412 C29H48O

30 32.74 β-Sitosterol 3.34 414 C29H50O

31 33.18 β-Amyrin 0.21 426 C30H50O

32 33.57 (22E)-Stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one (11) 0.23 410 C29H46O

33 34.32 Stigmast-4-en-3-one (12) 0.82 412 C29H48O

Rt: retention time; MW: molcular weight; MF: molecular formula.

Table 9 The percentages of mortality for two-spotted spider mites (TSSE) with the treatment of methanol extracts of some wild plants of Abu Tartur mining area.

Mortality (%) Families Species No.

After 7 d After 3 d

46.6 10.0

Fabaceae

Trigonella hamosa L. 1

43.3 3.0 Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm. 2

36.6 16.6 Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 3

33.3 6.6 Senna italica Mill. 4

30.0 16.6 Polygonaceae

Polygonum equisetiforme Sm. 5

66.6 33.3 Rumex vesicarius L. 6

86.6 13.3

Brassicaceae

Farsetia aegyptia Turra 7

43.3 10.0 Schouwia purpurea (Forssk.) Schweinf. 8

66.6 13.3 Morettia philaeana (Delile) DC. 9

33.3 6.6 Chenopodiaceae Bassia muricata (L.) Asch. 10

26.6 13.3 Boraginaceae Trichodesma africanum (L.) R. Br. 11

36.6 6.6 Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 12

26.6 0.0 Resedaceae Reseda decursiva Forssk. 13

70.0 20 Zygophyllaceae Fagonia arabica Burm. f. 14


51

on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were estimated [41].

The effect of Fagonia arabica water extract was

studied on Hyalopterus pruni and Armeniaca vulgaris

which applied on apricot trees [42]. Acaricidal activity

assessment against T. urticae Koch of different

extracts of Polygonum equisetiforme aerial parts

revealed that butanol extract has the highest activity

[43]. This study recommended that natural

insecticides were more effective and safe than

chemical ones in pest control. Also more studies may

show the better concentrations of methanol extracts or

whether water or other solvents may give better

results.

4. Conclusions

Desert plants are under tremendous pressure and are

subjected to large fluctuations over time due to highly

unpredictable environment with respect to water

availability, a relatively short growth period and

extreme aridity. Deserts are generally regarded as

fragile, which are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic

disruption. Plant wild vegetation in Abu Tartur mining

area depends essentially on the seepage from water

line tubes which supplies water demands at Abu

Tartur. Phytochemical investigation of some members

related of family Fabaceae are devoid of toxic

nitropropunic compounds, so they can be used by

some desert animals. Also the biological survey for

methanolic extracts for some wild taxa can be used as

bio-acaricidal substances which are related to green

technology.

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