Veg Cobbage

7/28/2019 Veg Cobbage

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By: Lohith. L. S.

PAL 0253

Dept. of seed Sci. & Tech

Presented to: Dr. P. J. Devaraju

Assoc. Professor

Dept. of Seed Sci. & Tech.

Seed production in Cabbage


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IntroductionCabbage is one of the most economically important

members of genus Brassica.

It is the most popular vegetable around the world in

respect of area, production and availability, almost round

the year.

In India it ranks 2nd next to cauliflower in area and

production.

Globally, China ranks first followed by India in area and

production.


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Botanical discription

Family: Cruciferae

Genus:Brassica

Species: oleracea Botanical variety: Capitata

Chromosome number: 2n =18


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Uses Cabbage is commonly used fresh as salad, cole-slaw, boiled

vegetable cocked in curries and processed.

Cabbage is known to possess medicinal properties and used

against gout, diarrhoea and stomach troubles.

Cabbage has an anti-cancer property due to the presence of

indole -3-carbinol.

The leaves are used to cure ulcers and wounds.

Sauerkrant (shredded leaves fermented under pressure) has

a curtive effect on scurvy disease.

Cabbage is rich in mineral and vitamins A,B and C.


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Nutritional constituents of cabbage(per 100g)

Water (%) 92

Energy (cal) 24

Protein (g) 1.3Fat (g) 0.2

Carbohydrate (g) 5.4


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Area and production (India)

Year

Area

(lac.ha)

Total vegetable

area (%)

Production

(in 000Mt)

Total vegetable

production (%)

2008-09 3.1 3.9 6870 5.3

Area and production (Karnataka)

Year Area

(ha)

Production

(t)

Productivity

(t/ha)

2005-06 6917 131297 19

Source: NHB, indiastat.com


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Origin

Cabbage evolved in Germany (Helm, 1963).

Cabbage was one of the earliest cultivated form of

cole crops.

The first recorded evidence of organized seed

production of cabbage is in the early forties when

the experiments were conducted at Quetta in

Baluchistan and later in Kashmir valley and HP(Seshadri and Chatterjee, 1983).


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Botany

Cabbage is a herbaceous annual for vegetablepurpose and biennial for seed production.

The first three leaves have a petiole whereas laterleaves are completely sessile.

The leaves are coated with a layer of wax.


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FLORAL BIOLOGY

The flowers are borne in terminal racemes, which develop on the

main stem and all its branches.

The bright yellow hypogynous flowers borne on slender pedicels are

perfect, with four sepals, four petals, six stamens.

Anthesis: 8-10 am.

Stigma receptivity begins 2-3 days before anthesis.

Nature Agent Condition fav. CP Seed set inc. (%)

Highly cross

pollinated

Bees (cuckoobee,

honeybee,bumblebee),

Diptera, Blow fly

Protogynic

condition, selfsterility

14-22


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PACKAGE OF PRACTICE

Crop Type

Time of

sowing LocationNUTRIENT (Kgs ha-1)

Spacing

Seed

rate

(g)

Avg yld

(kg ha-1)N P K

Cabbage

Early

Late

July - Aug

Oct - Nov

Hills

Plains

125 75 60 6030or

4545

6060

500-675 500-600

600-700


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Bolting

Bolting is where the plant puts on a sudden spurt ofgrowth too quickly and uses up all its energy, then flowersand seeds. It will stop growing as it has completed its lifecycle.

Why does bolting occur?

Flowering plants like cabbage, lettuce or spinach havea photoreceptor protein which is sensitive to seasonal

changes or hours of darkness. These long day plantsrequire fewer number of hours darkness within a day toset flower. A cold spell of weather can also assist withbolting.

Contd .


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With the increase of temperature in February the heads

start building out as a result of internal pressure.

At this state cuts of 2.5 to 5.0 cm deep at right angles are

given across the heads for easy emergence of the flower

stalks.

As soon as the heads burst and growing tip comes out,

bolting is said to have taken place and continues till

flowering.

Lower temperatures within the favorable range of 4.4 to

60C. For vernalization stimulate the plant to bolt quickly

and produce flowers in abundance.


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Seed production

For seed multiplication of cabbage following 3 methods

(Singh et al., 1959) can be followed depending on the

suitability, type of the seed and stage of multiplication.

1. Seed-to-seed method

2. Head-to-seed method

3. Late planting


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Seed-to-seed( Insitu) method

It is commonly used for foundation and certifiedseed production

Plants are allowed to grow, over winter andproduce seed in their original position. Where they

were first planted as seedling

This method is again divided into three submethods.

1. Head intact method2. Stump method

3. Stump method with central core intact


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Head intact method

This is the most common method in commercial seedproduction of cabbage.

The plants are allowed to over winter at the place of originalplanting as seedling.

Head formation is completed by mid December With the rise in temperature in the first fortnight of march the

developing flower stalk exerts an internal pressure and thestarts bursting.

Two vertical cuts are made in the heads as soon as they startproducing dome shaped appearance to facilitate the flowerstalk to emerge easily

Care is to be taken not to injure the central growing point


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Stump method

The fully matured heads are decapitated just below the base

with sharp knife keeping the stem with outer whorls of leaves

intact.

The stumps thus left will develop throw flowering shoots

from the axillary buds during spring.

Merits:

1. Extra income from the sale of heads.

2. Seed yield is more than head-intact method.

3. Flowering and maturity is advanced by about 14 days.

Demerits:

1. Flowering shoots arising from the stumps are decumbent.

2. Rotting of stems from the cut ends after a frost or snow

fall.


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Stump method with central core intact

Instead of removing the whole heads they are choppedoff on all sides with downward perpendicular cuts insuch a way that central core is not damaged.

The flowering shoots arise from the terminal and axillarybuds.

Merits1. Higher yield than the stump method.

2. The flowering branches are not decumbent.

3. Early seed maturity.

Demerits1. The cut portions of heads are unmarketable.

2. Require additional labour.


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Head-to-seed method

This method is mostly fallowed for nucleus seedproduction.

True to type compact heads are selected, uprooted and

replanted in a separate plot during Nov-Dec.

Before replanting, the outer leaves are removed andplants are set in the field in such a way that the whole

stem below the head is buried in the ground with thehead resting just above the surface of the soil.


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Late planting

This method is a modification of Insitu method

It is only fallowed in early types which when planted latewill bolt directly in spring after over wintering in the fieldwithout forming any topical heads.

In this method, seed yield is very high but the quality ofseed may not be up to the prescribed standard.


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Hybrid seed production

Exploitation of heterosis in cabbage was done as

early in 1951 with release of first practical hybrid

Nagaoka Kohai No.1 in Japan.

In developed countries almost 90% of cabbage

growing area is now under hybrids while in India it is

only 31.39% (Sharma, 2000).

F1 hybrids have various advantages such as

increased earliness, winter hardiness uniform maturity

and better productivity.


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Methods of hybrid seed production

Cabbage is a cross pollinated crop.

It is mainly due to prevalence of genetic mechanism like

self-incompatibility. However, male sterility has also been

observed in this crop.


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Self-incompatibility

This natural mechanism avoids the tedious job of doingemasculation.

sporophytic SI is the operating system in Brassica and hasbeen used effectively in cabbage for production of F1 hybridseed through single, double or triple crosses.

It is controlled by one locus with 50 multiple alleles.

Utilization of this system involves selection of parents,development of homozygous SI lines and commercialproduction of Hybrid seed.


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Production of hybrid seed

After developing the homozygous SI lines by inbreeding single,double and triple cross hybrids are produced in cabbagedepending upon the vigour of the SI lines.

The single cross F1 hybrids involves cross between two SI lineswith different S alleles ' S1 and S2 ' planted in alternate rows.

Seeds from the parents are harvested. However seedproduced by both the lines are identical except the maternallyinherited traits.

In double cross hybrids 4 homozygous SI inbreed lines are used.And in triple cross hybrids 6 inbreed lines are used.

S1S2 x S2S2 S4S4 x S5S5




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Physiological Disorder (Harza and Som, 1999)

Disorder Deficiency Symptoms Control

Browning Boron

Browning of the stem along

with thickening and

brittleness of leaves

Hallow stem, water areas and

stunted

(Edward Raja, 1999)

Soil application of Borax

@ 10-15 ka/ha.

Whip tail Molybdenum

Distortion of growing point

along with reduction of leaf

area.

Rise the soil pH up to

6.5 by liming 1.5 ka Na or

ammonium molybdate /

ha.

Spraying of 0.1%

ammonium molybdate.


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Seed Yield

Early varieties:500-600kg/ha

Late Varieties: 600-700kg/ha

Varieties Seed yield(kg/ha) SMR

Golden Acre 364.630 1:353

Pusa Drum Head 237.790 1:125

Verma & Chaurasia, 1994


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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

60x75 75x75 100x75

seed yield (kg/ha)

Spacing (cm)

Effect of plant population on seed yield of cabbage.

-Ahmed and Kumar (1995)


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Treatments plant height (cm) net weight of curd(kg) net curd yield9q/ha)

45 DAT 75 DAT

T1 43.3 51.34 0.7 271.5

T2 49.15 52.29 0.793 305.43

T3 43.73 46.13 0.936 346.56

T4 46.94 49.9 0.956 286.16

T5 52.29 54.97 0.957 330.59

T6 52.47 55.98 0.973 359.76

T7 53.16 55.99 0.98 385.11

T8 50.23 54.37 o.968 376.82

T9 49.77 52.78 0.958 337.04

C.D.(P=0.05) 0.358 0.048 0.038 7.887

Effect of different treatment combinations on plant height and

yield of cauliflower

Application of PSB +RDF(120:60:60 kg/ha) NPK was proved best for higher curd yield . It

means treatment 7 is the best.

Sanjay kumar et al., 2011

Eff t f i t t t b f l d t


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Treatments No of

leaves

/plant

days to

harvesting

avg

weight of

leaves(g)

avg

weight of

head(g)

avg

yield(q/ha)

T1 1.5 90.13 621.66 720 270.43

T2 18.3 85.56 720 940 487.93

T3 19 83.46 786.66 961 497.93

T4 16.1 71.13 683.33 840.66 443.23

T5 19.6 69 809.33 970.33 513.23

T6 17.7 80.53 593.33 759.33 382.73

T7 17.5 79.13 678.33 766.66 425.06

T8 16.7 75.53 633 820 432.1

T9 17.5 73.4 783 815.33 491.47

T10 12.7 94.93 428.33 420 211.7

SE 1.1 5.41 72.72 97.63 16.47

Effect of various treatments on number of leaves , days to

harvesting and yield parameters in cabbage

The treatment 5 recorded the highest yield 513.23 q/ha to the rest of treatments .the

results indicated that the application of higher dose of NPK or combination ofinorganic fertilizers with organic manures were found to be beneficial.

V.S. Supe 2008


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Effect of head weight on seed yield and its components

Head Weight (g) Days to 50%

flowering

No. of

branches/plant

Seed yield/plant (g)

201-500 66.67 12.67 26.21

501-800 67.33 17.93 26.61

801-1100 68.33 19.80 27.96

1101-1400 63.00 19.67 30.561401-1700 65.33 18.00 31.89

1701-2000 65.00 17.93 29.56

CD at 5% 2.61 5.50 NS

(Pathania and Negi., 1993)

Yield components of cabbage at the different levels of


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Treatments Mean head

length

(cm)

Mean head

width (cm)

Mean

weight of

non-wrapper

leaves (g)

Mean head

weight per

plant (kg)

Yield (t/ha)

0 t/ha 7.7 8.6 10.2 0.64 24.3

10 t/ha 10.4 11.2 10.5 0.95 29.4

20 t/ha 10.6 11.8 11.3 0.97 30.3

30 t/ha 11.8 12.9 11.6 1.30 35.6

40 t/ha 9.7 11.7 10.7 0.86 31.4

Means 10.0 11.2 10.9 0.94 30.2

LSD0.05 2.4 3.7 NS 0.2 3.7CV(%) 9.46 6.32 9.34 13.41 6.69

Yield components of cabbage at the different levels of

decomposed poultry manure

Ijoyah et al., 2009

Application of 30 t/ha of decomposed poultry manure is recommended. This application is

associated with higher head length, head width, weight of non- wrapper leaves, head weightper plant and yield respectively.

RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT SOWING DATES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF


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Treatment Fresh weight

(kg/plant)

Head weight

(kg/plant)

Head

diameter

(cm)

No. of

marketable

heads/plot

Yield

(T ha -1)

1st June 2.23 ab 1.13 a 15.19 a 26.00 a 30.28 ab

16 th June 2.60 a 1.38 a 13.86 ab 27.00 a 37.83 a

1st

July 1.80 bc 0.65 b 11.92 bc 24.60 a 15.80 bc16 th July 1.25 cd 0.59 b 10.13 c 21.00 b 20.99 b

31 st July 0.86 d 0.28 c 5.50 d 12.00 c 3.25 c

LSD (0.05) 0.71 0.30 2.54 2.41 14.83

RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT SOWING DATES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF

CAULIFLOWER

Muhammad Din et al., 2007

Maximum number of marketable heads (plot -1), head diameter (cm)

head weight (kg plant -1) and Yield (T ha -1) were produced when the

cauliflower was planted on 1 st and 16 th June .

Effect of different Spacing on growth and yield of knol khol


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Treatm

ents

Plant

height

(em)

No. of

leaves/

plant

Leaf

length

(em)

Leaf

width

(em)

cercom

fere

nce of

knob(em)

Horizo

ntal

length

ofknob(e

m)

Vertica

l length

knob

(em)

Net

knob

weight

(g)

Yield

tlha

25*25 37.09 13.21 18.02 9.70 22.86 6.81 5.83 189.93 27.39

30*25 35.06 12.65 18.98 10.26 23.00 6.36 5.83 185.78 24.77

30*30 35.96 12.87 18.98 10.56 23.17' 6.62 5.91 196.96 21.89

Sem. 0.69 0.20 0.32 0.17 0,31 0.10 0.13 4.81 0.60

CD at

5%

NS NS NS 0.48 NS 0.29 NS NS 1.74

Effect of different Spacing on growth and yield of knol khol

The plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, circumference of knob, vertical length of knob

and net weight of knob did not differ significantly due to different spacing except leaf width,

horizontal length of knob and yield. Leaf width increased with increasing the levels of spacing,

wider spacing recorded higher leaf width than closer spacing.

Dongra 2003

Effect of integrated nutrient management on morphological and yield contributing parameters


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Treatment Curd

diamet

er

(cm2)

Numb

er of

lateral

shoots

Curd

weig

ht

(g)

Weight

of lateral

shoots(g

)

Yield

/plot

(kg)

Ra

nk

RDF (N:P:K=100:60:60) 11.0 6.1 140 550.0 300.0 VI

FYM at 20 t/ha 11.5 7.0 136 450.0 340.5 II

FYM at 10 t/ha+NPK (50:60:60) 10.50 7.1 142 530.0 295.5 VI

Neem Cake at 5 t/ha 10.50 5.5 150 560.0 205. VIII

Vermicompost at 5 t/ha 10.5 5.5 141 625.0 298.5 V

Neem Cake at 2.5 t/ha+ NPK (50:60:60) 10.75 6.0 150 525.0 320.0 IV

Vermicompost at 2.5 t/ha+ NPK (50:60:60) 10 6.0 140 600.0 345.0 I

Poultry manure at 5 t/ha 11.05 6.0 146 580.0 321.0 III

Poultry manure at 2.5 t/ha+ NPK (50:60:60) 10.50 5.5 130 500.0 275.5 VII

CD (5%) 3.0 1.1 5.2 19.0 5.2

g g p g y g p

of Broccoli

Higher yield treatment of Vermicompost at 2.5 t/ha+1/2 NPK (chemical fertilizers) would be

most suitable as it resulted in maximum yield/ plot, which was statically higher than all thetreatments except FYM at 20 t/ha.

Jag Paul Sharma et al., 2012

Effect of time of sowing on yield of Broccoli


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Time of

sowing

No. of

leaves

/plant

Days to

first har-

vest

Lengt h of

head (cm)

Diame-

ter of

head (cm)

Single

head wt.

(g)

Main

head

yield

(t/ha)

Lateral

head

yield

(t/ha)1 Oct. 19.8 90.4 22.6 22.9 638 16.7 4.7

15

Oct.

20.0 83.1 15.8 18.8 478 15.0 2.5

30 Oct. 19.4 80.2 16.7 16.2 347 12.2 1.3

CV(%) . 6.5 3.7 8.2 2 8 12.0 14 12.0 9.8

LSD (0.05) - 21.4 4.5 4.5 240 6.2 3.2

Effect of time of sowing on yield of Broccoli

1st October sowing produced the highest main head yield and lateral head yield

and 30 October sowing produced the lowest main head yield and lateral head

yield.

Hossain et al., 2011


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Time of

sowing

No. of

leaves

/plant

Days to

first har-

vest

Lengt h of

head (cm)

Diame- ter

of head

(cm)

Single

head wt.

(g)

Main head

yield (t/ha)

60x40cm 19.4 85.7 18.8 18.6 441 16.3

60x50cm 19.7 84.6 18.0 19.3 479 14.7

60x60cm 20.1 83.5 18.2 20.0 543 12.8

CV(%) - - - 14.0 12.0 -

LSD(0.05 - - - - 75.9 6.1

Effect of spacing on yield of Broccoli

Hossain et al., 2011

The maximum single head weight was measured from 60cm x 60cm and the minimum single

head weight was measured from 30cm x 30cm. Food accumulation was maximum in the plant

which was grown at wider spacing.


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plants(m-2) Head density(g cm -3) Soluble solids(%) Dry matter (%)

16.6 0.62 a 5.3 a 10.6 a

10.8 0.76 b 5.6 a 9.6 b

8.2 0.89 c 5.8 a 8.8 c

Influence of plant spacing on quality of Cabbage

Deloje et al., 2007

Head density, soluble solids and dry matter increase with increase in

spacing .head density and dry matter gives significant difference withs acin .


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Treatmentsmolibdinum Foliage FW(kg) Plant height(cm) No. ofleaves/

plant

Leaves FW(kg) LeavesDW(%)

Control 5.04 86.36 19.25 2.66 15.92

Mo 15 gl 5.15 87.36 19.58 2.72 16.20

Mo 30 gl 5.34 89.03 19.85 2.79 16.57Mo 45 gl 5.35 89.54 20.28 2.85 16.83

L.S.D. at 5% 0.07 N.S N.S 0.06 0.12

Effect of molybdenum application on plant growth of cauliflower

Mohamed et al., 2011

Increasing foliar application of molybdenum positively influenced vegetative growth

characters. Foliage fresh weight, leaves fresh weight and leaves dry weight were

significantly responded to the foliar application of molybdenum at 30 and 45 g/l than

other treatments


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Treatments Total yield(ton/fed) Marketable yield(ton/fed) Non-marketableyield (kg/fed)

Control 10.769 10.168 601

Mo 15 gl 10.981 10.408 573

Mo 30 gl 11.115 10.568 547Mo 45 gl 11.137 10.599 538

L.S.D. at 5% 0.050 0.079 10.6

Molybdenum treatment had significant effect on total, marketable and non-

marketable yield. The maximum values of total and marketable yield and the

minimum values of non-marketable yield were obtained when the plants were

sprayed with Mo at 30 or 45 g/l.

Mohamed et al., 2011

Effect of molybdenum application on the yield of cauliflower curds


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Table 1.Effect of date of transplanting of head on seed yield and yield

contributing characters of cabbage.

Treatment Plant ht (cm) Branches/plant Pods/plant Seed yield (kg/ha)

22 November

30 November

8 December

16 December

25 December

151.44

147.55

141.22

135.66

131.66

24.77

22.28

22.55

20.66

19.44

363.11

345.77

311.44

276.00

269.44

751

689

583

573

490

(Singh et al., 2000)

Conclusion: Maximum seed yield was obtained when the crop was

transplanted on 22nd November.


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Comparison of production methods in relation to yield and quality of seed

Plant make up In situ Transplanted Mean C.D. (P=0.05)

Seed yield/ plant (g)

Stump 12.18 8.03 10.10 Plant make up 3.80

Core intact 21.53 15.37 18.45 Method 2.69

Full head 43.06 25.83 34.44 Interaction 2.18

Mean 25.56 16.41 21.00

100 Seed Weight (mg)

Stump 1046 1000 1023 Plant make up NS

Core intact 1040 946 99 Method 11.59

Full head 1028 1025 1027 Interaction 21.08Mean 1038 990 1014

(Verma., 1998)


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PopulationPlant /acre Marketable yield(25 lb . Ctn/ acre) Avg head weight(oz)

14500 217 5.7

21750 259 4.6

29000 178 2.8

Response NS S

R value o.36 0.66

Effect of plant population on broccoli marketable yield and

average weight of head

Kostewicz 1984

Average weight of marketable broccoli heads were negatively correlated

with popuulation

Effect of various treatments on qualitative and quantitative parameters in cabbage


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Treatments stalk length

(cm)

head to leaf

ratio

Compactness of

head(%)

girth of head

(cm)T1 6.67 1.16 32.06 13.2

T2 8.55 1.31 33.99 14.22

T3 8.03 1.22 29.33 15.38

T4 6.93 1.23 27.29 14.3

T5 8.53 1.2 36.83 14.93

T6 7.36 1.28 33.41 13.47

T7 6.73 1.14 41.32 13.17

T8 7.48 1.3 34.05 13.33

T9 8.45 1.17 31.4 14.91

T10 5.64 1 22.12 10.9

SE+ 0.29 0.08 1.93 10.9

C.D.(P=0.05) 0.86 NS 5.74 0.58


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