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Transcript of Veg Cobbage
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By: Lohith. L. S.
PAL 0253
Dept. of seed Sci. & Tech
Presented to: Dr. P. J. Devaraju
Assoc. Professor
Dept. of Seed Sci. & Tech.
Seed production in Cabbage
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IntroductionCabbage is one of the most economically important
members of genus Brassica.
It is the most popular vegetable around the world in
respect of area, production and availability, almost round
the year.
In India it ranks 2nd next to cauliflower in area and
production.
Globally, China ranks first followed by India in area and
production.
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Botanical discription
Family: Cruciferae
Genus:Brassica
Species: oleracea Botanical variety: Capitata
Chromosome number: 2n =18
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Uses Cabbage is commonly used fresh as salad, cole-slaw, boiled
vegetable cocked in curries and processed.
Cabbage is known to possess medicinal properties and used
against gout, diarrhoea and stomach troubles.
Cabbage has an anti-cancer property due to the presence of
indole -3-carbinol.
The leaves are used to cure ulcers and wounds.
Sauerkrant (shredded leaves fermented under pressure) has
a curtive effect on scurvy disease.
Cabbage is rich in mineral and vitamins A,B and C.
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Nutritional constituents of cabbage(per 100g)
Water (%) 92
Energy (cal) 24
Protein (g) 1.3Fat (g) 0.2
Carbohydrate (g) 5.4
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Area and production (India)
Year
Area
(lac.ha)
Total vegetable
area (%)
Production
(in 000Mt)
Total vegetable
production (%)
2008-09 3.1 3.9 6870 5.3
Area and production (Karnataka)
Year Area
(ha)
Production
(t)
Productivity
(t/ha)
2005-06 6917 131297 19
Source: NHB, indiastat.com
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Origin
Cabbage evolved in Germany (Helm, 1963).
Cabbage was one of the earliest cultivated form of
cole crops.
The first recorded evidence of organized seed
production of cabbage is in the early forties when
the experiments were conducted at Quetta in
Baluchistan and later in Kashmir valley and HP(Seshadri and Chatterjee, 1983).
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Botany
Cabbage is a herbaceous annual for vegetablepurpose and biennial for seed production.
The first three leaves have a petiole whereas laterleaves are completely sessile.
The leaves are coated with a layer of wax.
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FLORAL BIOLOGY
The flowers are borne in terminal racemes, which develop on the
main stem and all its branches.
The bright yellow hypogynous flowers borne on slender pedicels are
perfect, with four sepals, four petals, six stamens.
Anthesis: 8-10 am.
Stigma receptivity begins 2-3 days before anthesis.
Nature Agent Condition fav. CP Seed set inc. (%)
Highly cross
pollinated
Bees (cuckoobee,
honeybee,bumblebee),
Diptera, Blow fly
Protogynic
condition, selfsterility
14-22
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PACKAGE OF PRACTICE
Crop Type
Time of
sowing LocationNUTRIENT (Kgs ha-1)
Spacing
Seed
rate
(g)
Avg yld
(kg ha-1)N P K
Cabbage
Early
Late
July - Aug
Oct - Nov
Hills
Plains
125 75 60 6030or
4545
6060
500-675 500-600
600-700
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Bolting
Bolting is where the plant puts on a sudden spurt ofgrowth too quickly and uses up all its energy, then flowersand seeds. It will stop growing as it has completed its lifecycle.
Why does bolting occur?
Flowering plants like cabbage, lettuce or spinach havea photoreceptor protein which is sensitive to seasonal
changes or hours of darkness. These long day plantsrequire fewer number of hours darkness within a day toset flower. A cold spell of weather can also assist withbolting.
Contd .
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With the increase of temperature in February the heads
start building out as a result of internal pressure.
At this state cuts of 2.5 to 5.0 cm deep at right angles are
given across the heads for easy emergence of the flower
stalks.
As soon as the heads burst and growing tip comes out,
bolting is said to have taken place and continues till
flowering.
Lower temperatures within the favorable range of 4.4 to
60C. For vernalization stimulate the plant to bolt quickly
and produce flowers in abundance.
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Seed production
For seed multiplication of cabbage following 3 methods
(Singh et al., 1959) can be followed depending on the
suitability, type of the seed and stage of multiplication.
1. Seed-to-seed method
2. Head-to-seed method
3. Late planting
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Seed-to-seed( Insitu) method
It is commonly used for foundation and certifiedseed production
Plants are allowed to grow, over winter andproduce seed in their original position. Where they
were first planted as seedling
This method is again divided into three submethods.
1. Head intact method2. Stump method
3. Stump method with central core intact
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Head intact method
This is the most common method in commercial seedproduction of cabbage.
The plants are allowed to over winter at the place of originalplanting as seedling.
Head formation is completed by mid December With the rise in temperature in the first fortnight of march the
developing flower stalk exerts an internal pressure and thestarts bursting.
Two vertical cuts are made in the heads as soon as they startproducing dome shaped appearance to facilitate the flowerstalk to emerge easily
Care is to be taken not to injure the central growing point
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Stump method
The fully matured heads are decapitated just below the base
with sharp knife keeping the stem with outer whorls of leaves
intact.
The stumps thus left will develop throw flowering shoots
from the axillary buds during spring.
Merits:
1. Extra income from the sale of heads.
2. Seed yield is more than head-intact method.
3. Flowering and maturity is advanced by about 14 days.
Demerits:
1. Flowering shoots arising from the stumps are decumbent.
2. Rotting of stems from the cut ends after a frost or snow
fall.
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Stump method with central core intact
Instead of removing the whole heads they are choppedoff on all sides with downward perpendicular cuts insuch a way that central core is not damaged.
The flowering shoots arise from the terminal and axillarybuds.
Merits1. Higher yield than the stump method.
2. The flowering branches are not decumbent.
3. Early seed maturity.
Demerits1. The cut portions of heads are unmarketable.
2. Require additional labour.
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Head-to-seed method
This method is mostly fallowed for nucleus seedproduction.
True to type compact heads are selected, uprooted and
replanted in a separate plot during Nov-Dec.
Before replanting, the outer leaves are removed andplants are set in the field in such a way that the whole
stem below the head is buried in the ground with thehead resting just above the surface of the soil.
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Late planting
This method is a modification of Insitu method
It is only fallowed in early types which when planted latewill bolt directly in spring after over wintering in the fieldwithout forming any topical heads.
In this method, seed yield is very high but the quality ofseed may not be up to the prescribed standard.
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Hybrid seed production
Exploitation of heterosis in cabbage was done as
early in 1951 with release of first practical hybrid
Nagaoka Kohai No.1 in Japan.
In developed countries almost 90% of cabbage
growing area is now under hybrids while in India it is
only 31.39% (Sharma, 2000).
F1 hybrids have various advantages such as
increased earliness, winter hardiness uniform maturity
and better productivity.
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Methods of hybrid seed production
Cabbage is a cross pollinated crop.
It is mainly due to prevalence of genetic mechanism like
self-incompatibility. However, male sterility has also been
observed in this crop.
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Self-incompatibility
This natural mechanism avoids the tedious job of doingemasculation.
sporophytic SI is the operating system in Brassica and hasbeen used effectively in cabbage for production of F1 hybridseed through single, double or triple crosses.
It is controlled by one locus with 50 multiple alleles.
Utilization of this system involves selection of parents,development of homozygous SI lines and commercialproduction of Hybrid seed.
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Production of hybrid seed
After developing the homozygous SI lines by inbreeding single,double and triple cross hybrids are produced in cabbagedepending upon the vigour of the SI lines.
The single cross F1 hybrids involves cross between two SI lineswith different S alleles ' S1 and S2 ' planted in alternate rows.
Seeds from the parents are harvested. However seedproduced by both the lines are identical except the maternallyinherited traits.
In double cross hybrids 4 homozygous SI inbreed lines are used.And in triple cross hybrids 6 inbreed lines are used.
S1S2 x S2S2 S4S4 x S5S5
S1S1 x S3S3 S4S5 x S6S6
S1S3 x S2S3 S4S6 x S5S6
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Physiological Disorder (Harza and Som, 1999)
Disorder Deficiency Symptoms Control
Browning Boron
Browning of the stem along
with thickening and
brittleness of leaves
Hallow stem, water areas and
stunted
(Edward Raja, 1999)
Soil application of Borax
@ 10-15 ka/ha.
Whip tail Molybdenum
Distortion of growing point
along with reduction of leaf
area.
Rise the soil pH up to
6.5 by liming 1.5 ka Na or
ammonium molybdate /
ha.
Spraying of 0.1%
ammonium molybdate.
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Seed Yield
Early varieties:500-600kg/ha
Late Varieties: 600-700kg/ha
Varieties Seed yield(kg/ha) SMR
Golden Acre 364.630 1:353
Pusa Drum Head 237.790 1:125
Verma & Chaurasia, 1994
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
60x75 75x75 100x75
seed yield (kg/ha)
Spacing (cm)
Effect of plant population on seed yield of cabbage.
-Ahmed and Kumar (1995)
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Treatments plant height (cm) net weight of curd(kg) net curd yield9q/ha)
45 DAT 75 DAT
T1 43.3 51.34 0.7 271.5
T2 49.15 52.29 0.793 305.43
T3 43.73 46.13 0.936 346.56
T4 46.94 49.9 0.956 286.16
T5 52.29 54.97 0.957 330.59
T6 52.47 55.98 0.973 359.76
T7 53.16 55.99 0.98 385.11
T8 50.23 54.37 o.968 376.82
T9 49.77 52.78 0.958 337.04
C.D.(P=0.05) 0.358 0.048 0.038 7.887
Effect of different treatment combinations on plant height and
yield of cauliflower
Application of PSB +RDF(120:60:60 kg/ha) NPK was proved best for higher curd yield . It
means treatment 7 is the best.
Sanjay kumar et al., 2011
Eff t f i t t t b f l d t
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Treatments No of
leaves
/plant
days to
harvesting
avg
weight of
leaves(g)
avg
weight of
head(g)
avg
yield(q/ha)
T1 1.5 90.13 621.66 720 270.43
T2 18.3 85.56 720 940 487.93
T3 19 83.46 786.66 961 497.93
T4 16.1 71.13 683.33 840.66 443.23
T5 19.6 69 809.33 970.33 513.23
T6 17.7 80.53 593.33 759.33 382.73
T7 17.5 79.13 678.33 766.66 425.06
T8 16.7 75.53 633 820 432.1
T9 17.5 73.4 783 815.33 491.47
T10 12.7 94.93 428.33 420 211.7
SE 1.1 5.41 72.72 97.63 16.47
Effect of various treatments on number of leaves , days to
harvesting and yield parameters in cabbage
The treatment 5 recorded the highest yield 513.23 q/ha to the rest of treatments .the
results indicated that the application of higher dose of NPK or combination ofinorganic fertilizers with organic manures were found to be beneficial.
V.S. Supe 2008
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Effect of head weight on seed yield and its components
Head Weight (g) Days to 50%
flowering
No. of
branches/plant
Seed yield/plant (g)
201-500 66.67 12.67 26.21
501-800 67.33 17.93 26.61
801-1100 68.33 19.80 27.96
1101-1400 63.00 19.67 30.561401-1700 65.33 18.00 31.89
1701-2000 65.00 17.93 29.56
CD at 5% 2.61 5.50 NS
(Pathania and Negi., 1993)
Yield components of cabbage at the different levels of
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Treatments Mean head
length
(cm)
Mean head
width (cm)
Mean
weight of
non-wrapper
leaves (g)
Mean head
weight per
plant (kg)
Yield (t/ha)
0 t/ha 7.7 8.6 10.2 0.64 24.3
10 t/ha 10.4 11.2 10.5 0.95 29.4
20 t/ha 10.6 11.8 11.3 0.97 30.3
30 t/ha 11.8 12.9 11.6 1.30 35.6
40 t/ha 9.7 11.7 10.7 0.86 31.4
Means 10.0 11.2 10.9 0.94 30.2
LSD0.05 2.4 3.7 NS 0.2 3.7CV(%) 9.46 6.32 9.34 13.41 6.69
Yield components of cabbage at the different levels of
decomposed poultry manure
Ijoyah et al., 2009
Application of 30 t/ha of decomposed poultry manure is recommended. This application is
associated with higher head length, head width, weight of non- wrapper leaves, head weightper plant and yield respectively.
RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT SOWING DATES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF
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Treatment Fresh weight
(kg/plant)
Head weight
(kg/plant)
Head
diameter
(cm)
No. of
marketable
heads/plot
Yield
(T ha -1)
1st June 2.23 ab 1.13 a 15.19 a 26.00 a 30.28 ab
16 th June 2.60 a 1.38 a 13.86 ab 27.00 a 37.83 a
1st
July 1.80 bc 0.65 b 11.92 bc 24.60 a 15.80 bc16 th July 1.25 cd 0.59 b 10.13 c 21.00 b 20.99 b
31 st July 0.86 d 0.28 c 5.50 d 12.00 c 3.25 c
LSD (0.05) 0.71 0.30 2.54 2.41 14.83
RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT SOWING DATES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF
CAULIFLOWER
Muhammad Din et al., 2007
Maximum number of marketable heads (plot -1), head diameter (cm)
head weight (kg plant -1) and Yield (T ha -1) were produced when the
cauliflower was planted on 1 st and 16 th June .
Effect of different Spacing on growth and yield of knol khol
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Treatm
ents
Plant
height
(em)
No. of
leaves/
plant
Leaf
length
(em)
Leaf
width
(em)
cercom
fere
nce of
knob(em)
Horizo
ntal
length
ofknob(e
m)
Vertica
l length
knob
(em)
Net
knob
weight
(g)
Yield
tlha
25*25 37.09 13.21 18.02 9.70 22.86 6.81 5.83 189.93 27.39
30*25 35.06 12.65 18.98 10.26 23.00 6.36 5.83 185.78 24.77
30*30 35.96 12.87 18.98 10.56 23.17' 6.62 5.91 196.96 21.89
Sem. 0.69 0.20 0.32 0.17 0,31 0.10 0.13 4.81 0.60
CD at
5%
NS NS NS 0.48 NS 0.29 NS NS 1.74
Effect of different Spacing on growth and yield of knol khol
The plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, circumference of knob, vertical length of knob
and net weight of knob did not differ significantly due to different spacing except leaf width,
horizontal length of knob and yield. Leaf width increased with increasing the levels of spacing,
wider spacing recorded higher leaf width than closer spacing.
Dongra 2003
Effect of integrated nutrient management on morphological and yield contributing parameters
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Treatment Curd
diamet
er
(cm2)
Numb
er of
lateral
shoots
Curd
weig
ht
(g)
Weight
of lateral
shoots(g
)
Yield
/plot
(kg)
Ra
nk
RDF (N:P:K=100:60:60) 11.0 6.1 140 550.0 300.0 VI
FYM at 20 t/ha 11.5 7.0 136 450.0 340.5 II
FYM at 10 t/ha+NPK (50:60:60) 10.50 7.1 142 530.0 295.5 VI
Neem Cake at 5 t/ha 10.50 5.5 150 560.0 205. VIII
Vermicompost at 5 t/ha 10.5 5.5 141 625.0 298.5 V
Neem Cake at 2.5 t/ha+ NPK (50:60:60) 10.75 6.0 150 525.0 320.0 IV
Vermicompost at 2.5 t/ha+ NPK (50:60:60) 10 6.0 140 600.0 345.0 I
Poultry manure at 5 t/ha 11.05 6.0 146 580.0 321.0 III
Poultry manure at 2.5 t/ha+ NPK (50:60:60) 10.50 5.5 130 500.0 275.5 VII
CD (5%) 3.0 1.1 5.2 19.0 5.2
g g p g y g p
of Broccoli
Higher yield treatment of Vermicompost at 2.5 t/ha+1/2 NPK (chemical fertilizers) would be
most suitable as it resulted in maximum yield/ plot, which was statically higher than all thetreatments except FYM at 20 t/ha.
Jag Paul Sharma et al., 2012
Effect of time of sowing on yield of Broccoli
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Time of
sow- ing
No. of
leaves
/plant
Days to
first har-
vest
Lengt h of
head (cm)
Diame-
ter of
head (cm)
Single
head wt.
(g)
Main
head
yield
(t/ha)
Lateral
head
yield
(t/ha)1 Oct. 19.8 90.4 22.6 22.9 638 16.7 4.7
15
Oct.
20.0 83.1 15.8 18.8 478 15.0 2.5
30 Oct. 19.4 80.2 16.7 16.2 347 12.2 1.3
CV(%) . 6.5 3.7 8.2 2 8 12.0 14 12.0 9.8
LSD (0.05) - 21.4 4.5 4.5 240 6.2 3.2
Effect of time of sowing on yield of Broccoli
1st October sowing produced the highest main head yield and lateral head yield
and 30 October sowing produced the lowest main head yield and lateral head
yield.
Hossain et al., 2011
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Time of
sowing
No. of
leaves
/plant
Days to
first har-
vest
Lengt h of
head (cm)
Diame- ter
of head
(cm)
Single
head wt.
(g)
Main head
yield (t/ha)
60x40cm 19.4 85.7 18.8 18.6 441 16.3
60x50cm 19.7 84.6 18.0 19.3 479 14.7
60x60cm 20.1 83.5 18.2 20.0 543 12.8
CV(%) - - - 14.0 12.0 -
LSD(0.05 - - - - 75.9 6.1
Effect of spacing on yield of Broccoli
Hossain et al., 2011
The maximum single head weight was measured from 60cm x 60cm and the minimum single
head weight was measured from 30cm x 30cm. Food accumulation was maximum in the plant
which was grown at wider spacing.
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plants(m-2) Head density(g cm -3) Soluble solids(%) Dry matter (%)
16.6 0.62 a 5.3 a 10.6 a
10.8 0.76 b 5.6 a 9.6 b
8.2 0.89 c 5.8 a 8.8 c
Influence of plant spacing on quality of Cabbage
Deloje et al., 2007
Head density, soluble solids and dry matter increase with increase in
spacing .head density and dry matter gives significant difference withs acin .
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Treatmentsmolibdinum Foliage FW(kg) Plant height(cm) No. ofleaves/
plant
Leaves FW(kg) LeavesDW(%)
Control 5.04 86.36 19.25 2.66 15.92
Mo 15 gl 5.15 87.36 19.58 2.72 16.20
Mo 30 gl 5.34 89.03 19.85 2.79 16.57Mo 45 gl 5.35 89.54 20.28 2.85 16.83
L.S.D. at 5% 0.07 N.S N.S 0.06 0.12
Effect of molybdenum application on plant growth of cauliflower
Mohamed et al., 2011
Increasing foliar application of molybdenum positively influenced vegetative growth
characters. Foliage fresh weight, leaves fresh weight and leaves dry weight were
significantly responded to the foliar application of molybdenum at 30 and 45 g/l than
other treatments
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Treatments Total yield(ton/fed) Marketable yield(ton/fed) Non-marketableyield (kg/fed)
Control 10.769 10.168 601
Mo 15 gl 10.981 10.408 573
Mo 30 gl 11.115 10.568 547Mo 45 gl 11.137 10.599 538
L.S.D. at 5% 0.050 0.079 10.6
Molybdenum treatment had significant effect on total, marketable and non-
marketable yield. The maximum values of total and marketable yield and the
minimum values of non-marketable yield were obtained when the plants were
sprayed with Mo at 30 or 45 g/l.
Mohamed et al., 2011
Effect of molybdenum application on the yield of cauliflower curds
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Table 1.Effect of date of transplanting of head on seed yield and yield
contributing characters of cabbage.
Treatment Plant ht (cm) Branches/plant Pods/plant Seed yield (kg/ha)
22 November
30 November
8 December
16 December
25 December
151.44
147.55
141.22
135.66
131.66
24.77
22.28
22.55
20.66
19.44
363.11
345.77
311.44
276.00
269.44
751
689
583
573
490
(Singh et al., 2000)
Conclusion: Maximum seed yield was obtained when the crop was
transplanted on 22nd November.
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Comparison of production methods in relation to yield and quality of seed
Plant make up In situ Transplanted Mean C.D. (P=0.05)
Seed yield/ plant (g)
Stump 12.18 8.03 10.10 Plant make up 3.80
Core intact 21.53 15.37 18.45 Method 2.69
Full head 43.06 25.83 34.44 Interaction 2.18
Mean 25.56 16.41 21.00
100 Seed Weight (mg)
Stump 1046 1000 1023 Plant make up NS
Core intact 1040 946 99 Method 11.59
Full head 1028 1025 1027 Interaction 21.08Mean 1038 990 1014
(Verma., 1998)
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PopulationPlant /acre Marketable yield(25 lb . Ctn/ acre) Avg head weight(oz)
14500 217 5.7
21750 259 4.6
29000 178 2.8
Response NS S
R value o.36 0.66
Effect of plant population on broccoli marketable yield and
average weight of head
Kostewicz 1984
Average weight of marketable broccoli heads were negatively correlated
with popuulation
Effect of various treatments on qualitative and quantitative parameters in cabbage
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Treatments stalk length
(cm)
head to leaf
ratio
Compactness of
head(%)
girth of head
(cm)T1 6.67 1.16 32.06 13.2
T2 8.55 1.31 33.99 14.22
T3 8.03 1.22 29.33 15.38
T4 6.93 1.23 27.29 14.3
T5 8.53 1.2 36.83 14.93
T6 7.36 1.28 33.41 13.47
T7 6.73 1.14 41.32 13.17
T8 7.48 1.3 34.05 13.33
T9 8.45 1.17 31.4 14.91
T10 5.64 1 22.12 10.9
SE+ 0.29 0.08 1.93 10.9
C.D.(P=0.05) 0.86 NS 5.74 0.58
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Thank You