Vectors
description
Transcript of Vectors
VectorsThis is one of the most important
chapters in the course.
PowerPoint presentations are compiled from Walker 3rd Edition Instructor CD-ROM and Dr. Daniel Bullock’s own resources
Learning objectives• Scalars Versus Vectors• The Components of a Vector• Adding and Subtracting Vectors• Unit Vectors• Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors• Relative Motion
Scalars and Vectors• Scalar has only magnitude (size)
– 5 seconds (time)– 10 kg (mass)– 13.6 eV (energy)– 10 m/s (speed)
• Vector has both magnitude (size) and direction– 10 m/s North (velocity)– - 5 m/s2 (acceleration)– 4.5 Newtons 370 North of West (force)
Vectors• Vector has tail (beginning) and tip (end)• A position vector describes the location of a
point • Can resolve vector into perpendicular
components using a two-dimensional coordinate system:
tail
tip
Vectors• Length, angle, and components can be calculated from
each other using trigonometry:
AyA
hyp
oppsin
AxA
hyp
adjcos
x
y
A
A
adj
opptan
• Length (magnitude) of the vector A is given by the Pythagorean theorem
2222yx AAoppadj A
Vectors• Signs of vector components
Adding and Subtracting Vectors• Adding vectors graphically: Place the tail of the second
at the head of the first. The sum points from the tail of the first to the head of the last.
Adding Vectors Using Components:1. Find the components of each vector to be added.2. Add the x- and y-components separately.3. Find the resultant vector.
Adding and Subtracting Vectors• Subtracting Vectors: The negative of a
vector is a vector of the same magnitude pointing in the opposite direction. Here, D = A – B.
Unit Vectors• Unit vectors are dimensionless vectors of
unit length.• Multiplying unit vectors by scalars: the multiplier changes the length, and the sign indicates the direction.
Vector AdditionA motor boat is moving 15 km/hr relative to the water.
The river current is 10 km/hr downstream.
How fast does the boat go (relative to the shore)
upstream and downstream?
Boat Upstream Vector
Vector AdditionA motor boat is moving 15 km/hr relative to the water.
The river current is 10 km/hr downstream.
How fast does the boat go (relative to the shore)
upstream and downstream?
Boat Upstream Vector
Boat Downstream Vector
Vector AdditionA motor boat is moving 15 km/hr relative to the water.
The river current is 10 km/hr downstream.
How fast does the boat go (relative to the shore)
upstream and downstream?
Current Vector = 10 km/hr downstream
Boat Upstream Vector
Boat Downstream Vector
Boat Velocity UpstreamUpstream: Place vectors head to tail,
net result, 5 km/hr upstream
bas
Boat Velocity UpstreamUpstream: Place vectors head to tail,
Boat VelocityUpstream: Place vectors head to tail,
net result, 5 km/hr upstream
Start
Finish
Difference
Boat VelocityDownstream: Place vectors head to tail,
Boat VelocityDownstream: Place vectors head to tail,
net result,
Boat VelocityDownstream: Place vectors head to tail,
net result, 25 km/hr downstream
abba
Commutative law
bas
Forces On An AirplaneWhen will it fly?
Gravity
Propulsion
Net Force?
Forces On An AirplaneWhen will it fly?
Gravity
Propulsion
Net Force
Plane Dives to the Ground
Forces On An AirplaneWhen will it fly?
Gravity
Propulsion
Lift
Net Force?
FrictionWhen will it fly?
Gravity
Propulsion
Lift
Net Force = 0 up or down
Plane rolls along the runway like a car because of propulsion.
Forces On An AirplaneWhen will it fly?
Gravity
Propulsion
Lift
Net Force
Plane Flies as long as Lift > Gravity
FrictionWhen will it fly?
Gravity
Propulsion
Lift
Air Resistance
Net Force = 0
Equilibrium
FlightWhen will it fly?
Gravity
Propulsion
Lift
Air Resistance
Net Force
Plane Flies as long as Lift > Gravity
AND Propulsion > Air Resistance
Adding (and subtracting) vectors by components
yBxBB
yAxAA
yx
yx
Let’s say I have two vectors:I want to calculate the vectorsum of these vectors:
yBAxBABA yyxx
yxyBxBB
yxyAxAA
yx
yx
85
43
Let’s say the vectors have the following values:
x
y
yxyBxBB
yxyAxAA
yx
yx
85
43
A
B
yx
yx
yBAxBABA yyxx
122
8453
x
y
A
BOur result is consistentwith the graphical method!
What’s the magnitudeof our new vector?
2121481444
122 22
.
BA
x
y
A B+
How would you find the angle, , the vector makes with the y-axis?
yxBA
122
y
x
opp = 2
adj = 12
01 5961
61
122
.tantan adj
opp
Multiplying vectors by scalars:
yAaxAaAa
yAxAA
yx
yx
So if the vector A was:the scalar, a = 5 then the new vector:
yxA
43 and it was multiplied by
yx
yxAa
2015
4535
Scalar Product: (aka dot product):
cosbaba
mag. of amag. of b
angle betweenthe vectors
Scalar Product: (aka dot product):
cosbaba
vectors scalars
The dot product is the productof two quantities:(1) mag. of one vector(2) scalar component of the second vector along the direction of the first
zzyyxx
zyxzyx
bababa
zbybxbzayaxaba
)()(
Vector Product (aka cross product)The vector product produces a new vector who’s magnitudeis given by:
sinbabac
The direction of the new vector is given by the, “right hand rule”
Mathematically, we can find the direction usingmatrix operations.
zbybxbb
zayaxaa
zyx
zyx
zyx
zyx
bbb
aaa
zyx
ba
The cross productis determined from three determinants
zyx
zyx
bbb
aaa
zyx
ba
The determinants are used to find the components of the vector
1st : Strike out the first column and first row!
3rd : Strike out the 2nd column and first row
4th : Cross multiply the four components,subtract, andmultiply by -1:
2nd : Cross multiply the four components – and subtract:
yzzy baba x - component
zyx
zyx
bbb
aaa
zyx
ba
xzzx baba y - component
zyx
zyx
bbb
aaa
zyx
ba
5th: Cross out the last column and first row
6th : Cross multiply and subtract four elements
xyyx baba z-component
So then the new vector will be:
zbabaybabaxbababac xyyxxzzxyzzy
We’ll look more at the scalar product when we talk about angular momentum.
Example:
yxb
yxa
24
32
zx
zyx
zyx
zyx
ba
1616
1240124
432240024322
024
032
Example:
yxb
yxa
24
32
z
zyx
zyx
zyx
ba
16
12400
432240022003
024
032
Notice the resultant vector is in the z – direction!
Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
Average velocity vector:
So vav is in the same
direction as Δr.
Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vector
• Average acceleration vector is in the direction of the change in velocity:
• Instantaneous velocity vector is tangent to the path:
Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vector
• Velocity vector is always in the direction of motion; acceleration vector can point anywhere:
Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vector
Relative Motion• The speed of the passenger with respect
to the ground depends on the relative directions of the passenger’s and train’s speeds:
Relative Motion
This also works in two dimensions:
Chapter 3 Summary
• Scalar: number, with appropriate units
• Vector: quantity with magnitude and direction
• Vector components: Ax = A cos θ, By = B sin θ
• Magnitude: A = (Ax2 + Ay
2)1/2
• Direction: θ = tan-1 (Ay / Ax)
• Graphical vector addition: Place tail of second at head of first; sum points from tail of first to head of last
Chapter 3 Summary• Component method: add components of individual vectors, then find magnitude and direction• Unit vectors are dimensionless and of unit length• Position vector points from origin to location• Displacement vector points from original position to final position• Velocity vector points in direction of motion• Acceleration vector points in direction of change of motion• Relative motion: v13 = v12 + v23