VECTOR

SURVEILLANCE &

CONTROL AT

POINTS OF ENTRY

CAPSCA 2016 12-13 October 2016 Budapest, Hungary

Outline

Why vector surveillance and control at PoEs matter?

What is presumed under “vector surveillance and control” under the IHR (2005)?

WHO Handbook on Vector Control at the Points of Entry

Vector control

Vectors of focus

Required measures (Annex 5)

Vector surveillance

Types, plans, requirements, methods

Vector-borne diseases (such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya,

Zika virus, yellow fever) are reported in over 100 countries, and

put up to 60% of the world’s population at risk of infection;

more than 500 million cases are reported each year.

The fast growing international travel and transport contribute to

the dissemination and spread of vector borne diseases all over

the world, including countries and populations previously not at

risk.

One of the areas requiring capacity building under the IHR

2005 is capacity building for vector surveillance and control

at POE

Why vector surveillance and control

matter to IHR?

ECDC, Guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe

Legal provisions under the IHR

Annex 5 – Parties shall establish programmes to control vectors that may transport an infectious agent that constitutes a public health risk to a minimum distance of 400 m from those areas of PoE facilities, with extension of the minimum distance if vectors with a greater range are present [incl. travelers, conveyances, containers, cargo, and postal parcels].

As per Arts. 22, 24, 27 & Annex 4 competent authorities are also required to ensure that facilities used by travellers at PoE are maintained in a sanitary condition and are kept free of source of infection and contamination, including vectors & reservoirs.

Handbook “Vector surveillance and control at ports, airports, and ground crossings” (WHO, 2016)

Handbook

Provides technical guidance to state parties with a

view to meeting obligations of IHR (2005).

Contains technical advice for developing a

comprehensive programme for systemic monitoring of

vectors and for integrated vector control at PoE.

Reference material by Port Health Officers,

Regulators, Port Operators and other competent

authorities implementing these provisions under IHR

(2005).

Important vector borne diseases and

target vector species

• Mosquitoes - Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, Plague, Leptospirosis

• Fleas – Plague, Murine typhus, Tularaemia

• Sandflies – Cutaneous & visceral leishmaniasis, bartonellosis, pappataci fever

• Cockroaches – mechanical vectors for diarrhoeal diseases, typhoid fever, dysentery and also cause asthma

• Triatomines – Chagas disease

• Ticks - Tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme Disease

• Rodents – Plague, murine typus, leptospirosis

Non mosquito vectors of disease

Species Rattus norvegicus Rattus rattus Mus musculus

Common

name

Brown Rat or Norway Rat Roof Rat or Black Rat House Mouse

Weight

500 g 250 g 20 g

Length

45 cm 40 cm 18 cm

Habitat

Principally lives in sewers

and holes and feeds on

garbage.

Under the roof of any type of

building.

Around supplies of grain, cereals, and flour.

Animal and other wildlife regulations

Pets

Other exotic birds & animals

Governed by the Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD), International Plant Protection Convention

(IPPC), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

& World Trade Organization (WTO).

Routine

Spot Checks

Emergency surveillance

Types of surveillance I

Areas of surveillance

Within ports of entry area and up to a radius of 400 m around ports

of entry (may need to be extended based on geographical location

of PoE and flight range of vectors)

Intensity of surveillance

Depending on:

importation/exportation risk due to prevailing disease burdens

suspected or confirmed disease outbreaks/epidemics

suspected presence or presence of exotic vector species

Surveillance characteristics

Vector Free Zone minimum 400m perimeter around these PoE

Essential elements of surveillance

Trained staff for field & lab work, infrastructure & equipment, reagents,

chemicals, PPE & SOPs for surveillance

Establishment of a surveillance plan

Depending on epidemiological situation and risk of

importation/exportation of vectors and their pathogens

routine surveillance plan for normal circumstances

emergency surveillance plan in case of outbreaks/epidemics

Vector surveillance at PoE

Mosquito surveillance

Larval surveillance

Adult surveillance

Surveillance for rodents (e.g. rats, mice)

Runways & rub marks, tracks, gnawing, droppings, urine

Use of traps for surveillance, calculation of Rodent

Abundance Index

Types of surveillance II

Breeding Sites Resting Places

Ponds Human dwellings/Rest rooms

Puddles Sheds

Ditches Indoor hanging objects

Surface drains Crevices

Grassy and marshy land Bushes/ Vegetation wild and in gardens

Pits and depressions Furniture

Scrap and water containing depressions in sheeting Curtains

Containers of different varieties and shapes Underneath or on sides of Tanks

Water Chambers Cargo Boxes

Hydrants Work stations

Tires including fenders Walls of the Buildings

Ground and overhead water tanks Open luggage boxes

Septic tanks Cartons

Terraces/roof tops/ lintels Scrapped crafts, vehicles, vessels, etc.

Curing waters in construction/development sites

Wells

Iron ore loader buckets

Table: Listing potential breeding and resting places of

mosquitoes at ports, ground crossings and in periphery

Vector control in conveyances

Vector control in containers, baggage & cargo

Vector control in the POE

Vector control in the surroundings of POE

Vector control

Specific Measures (Annex 5)

States Parties establish vector control programs,

minimum distance of 400m from PoE facilities used

by travellers, conveyances, etc.

extended due to PoE geographical location range/type

of vector

Every Conveyance leaving a PoE with recommended

vector control should apply disinfection measures

Competent Authorities with capacity of next known

port to be notified for vector control follow-up

Specific Measures (Annex 5, cont.)

Conveyances should be inspected:

Possible vector borne disease or case on board

Left affected area within period of continued transmission

State Parties should NOT prevent suspected aircraft or

ships from entering but may divert them to appropriate

airports/ports with the capacity to apply control

measures

State parties may apply vector control measures to

conveyances arriving from area affected by a vector

borne disease

Environmental management

Source reduction

Habitat modification &

manipulation

Mechanical control

Screening

Drilling holes in tyre fenders

Removal &/or appropriate

storage of scrap

Methods of vector control

• Biological control

– Biological larvicides

• Chemical control

– Larviciding

– Adult control

Trained staff in adequate numbers

Resources for procurement of equipment, PPE & supplies

Support of engineering department / contractors to implement

physical, mechanical and environmental control measures

Routine surveillance plan with linkages to referral centres

Larval & adult bio assay kits

Impact assessment plan

Basic requirements for vector control

Pre-flight – Applied by ground staff to flight deck, passenger

cabin, toilets, open overhead & side wall lockers, coat lockers

and crew rest areas, before passengers board and 1 hour

before doors are closed (2% Permethrin)

Blocks away – following boarding of passengers and closure

of cabin door, before flight take off. Done by crew members

with 2% D-Phenothrin (0.7g a.i/100 m3)

Top-of-descent – when aircraft starts its descent with 2% D-

Phenothrin

Disinsection of aircraft

Use of rat guards on tending lines,

although not mandatory under IHR,

excluding in countries where plague

is endemic

Illumination

Traps (conventional, spring board,

glue trap and electronic traps)

Rodent prevention & control

Recommended in the following situations:

Known disease outbreak at the source of conveyance

Known or suspected disease outbreak onboard a vessel

Outbreak around PoE

Emergency control measures

THANK YOU