Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis
Transcript of Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis
![Page 1: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Vector borne diseases
Zeliha Kocak Tufan, MD, Assoc. Prof.
Infectious Diseases & Clinical Microbiology
![Page 2: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Vectors
• Live carrier- transmits the infectious agent
• Insects-Athropods, ticks, flies…
![Page 3: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CCHF
Sand fly fever
![Page 4: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CDC
![Page 6: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chagas disease Life-threatening condition transmitted through triatomine bugs, contaminated food, infected blood transfusion. Trypanosoma cruzi
Chikungunya Viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti)
Dengue Fever Mosquito-borne infection that may cause lethal complications
Dracunculiasis Infection caused by drinking-water containing water fleas that have ingested Dracunculus larvae
Human African Trypanasomiasis Glossina-borne parasitic infection, fatal without prompt diagnosis and treatment
Leishmaniasis Infection is caused if bitten by female sandflies
Lymphatic filariasis Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes
Lyme Disease Disease caused by infected ticks (Ixodes)
Malaria Disease caused by a parasite plasmodium, transmitted via infected mosquitoes
Yellow fever Viral disease transmitted via aedes mosquitoes
Onchocerciasis Parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus
![Page 7: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
MALARIA
![Page 9: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Anopheles
• Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae
![Page 10: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Incubation: 10 days- 4 weeks (7 days-1 year)
• P. vivax and P. ovale—relapsing malaria–dormant in liver up to 4 years
![Page 11: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CCHF
• Family: Bunyaviridae
• Type: Nairovirus
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Mortality 5-30%
• Transmission: Tick bite (Hyalomma), contaminated blood exposure
![Page 12: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• The virus is primarily transmitted to people from ticks and livestock animals.
• Human-to-human transmission can occur resulting from close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons.
![Page 13: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
![Page 15: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hyalomma
![Page 16: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Incubation: 1- 13 days (9 days after tick bite)
• Fever, myalgia, fatique, head ache, bleeding
• Thrombocytopenia, leucopenia,
• Increased AST, ALT, CK, LDH
![Page 17: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Petechia, echimosis
Gum bleeding
Hemoptysis
Hematemesis
Melena, Hematuria, nose bleeding, vaginal bleeding
Bleeding around/in visseral organs
17
![Page 18: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
THERAPY
General suppotive care
Blood, erytrocyte, platelets, FFP
Ribavirin?
![Page 19: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Prevention and control
• Reducing the risk of tick-to-human transmission: – wear protective clothing (long sleeves, long trousers); – wear light coloured clothing to allow easy detection of
ticks on the clothes; – use approved acaricides (chemicals intended to kill ticks)
on clothing; – use approved repellent on the skin and clothing; – regularly examine clothing and skin for ticks; if found,
remove them safely; – seek to eliminate or control tick infestations on animals
or in stables and barns; and – avoid areas where ticks are abundant and seasons when
they are most active. WHO 2013
![Page 20: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Reducing the risk of animal-to-human transmission: – wear gloves and other protective clothing while handling
animals or their tissues in endemic areas, notably during slaughtering, butchering and culling procedures in slaughterhouses or at home;
– quarantine animals before they enter slaughterhouses or routinely treat animals with pesticides two weeks prior to slaughter.
• Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission in the community: – avoid close physical contact with CCHF-infected people; – wear gloves and protective equipment when taking care
of ill people; – wash hands regularly after caring for or visiting ill people.
WHO 2013
![Page 21: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21 21
![Page 22: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
![Page 23: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
West nile virus
• Family Flaviviridae
• Genus Flavivirus
• Mosquitoes are the principal vector of WNV.
• The virus has been isolated from more than 40 mosquito species, but the predominant genus is Culex.
• Wild birds are the principal host
• Humans and horses are accidental dead-end hosts.
23
![Page 24: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Şekil 1. Batı Nil Virüsü’nün yaşam döngüsü
![Page 25: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
(Pfeffer M, Dobler G. Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. Parasit Vectors. 2010 Apr 8;3(1):35.)
![Page 26: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Şekil 3. Batı Nil Virüs enfeksiyonunun klinik seyri
![Page 30: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• About 1 in 5 people who are infected will develop a fever with other symptoms such as
– headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or rash.
• Most people with this type of West Nile virus disease recover completely, but fatigue and weakness can last for weeks or months.
• The symptoms of neurologic illness can include headache, high fever, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, tremors, seizures, or paralysis.
• People with certain medical conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension and kidney disease are also at greater risk for serious illness.
• Recovery from severe disease may take several weeks or months. Some of the neurologic effects may be permanent.
• About 10 percent of people who develop neurologic infection due to West Nile virus will die.
30
![Page 31: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• No vaccine or specific antiviral treatments for West Nile virus infection are available.
• Pain relievers can be used to reduce fever and relieve some symptoms
31
![Page 32: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
LYME
Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks (Ixodes)
![Page 33: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ticks can attach to any part of the human body but are often found in hard-to-see areas such as the groin, armpits, and scalp. In most cases, the tick must be attached for 36-48 hours or more before the Lyme disease bacterium can be transmitted.
![Page 34: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Early localized stage (3-30 days post-tick bite) Red, expanding rash --- erythema migrans (EM) Fatigue, chills, fever, headache, muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph nodes
![Page 35: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Erythema migrans (EM)
or "bull's-eye" rash
•Rash occurs in approximately 70-80% of
infected persons and begins at the site of a
tick bite after a delay of 3-30 days (average is
about 7 days).
•Rash gradually expands over a period of
several days, and can reach up to 12 inches
(30 cm) across. Parts of the rash may clear
as it enlarges, resulting in a “bull's-eye”
appearance.
•EM lesions may appear on any area of the
body.
![Page 36: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Early disseminated stage (days to weeks post-tick bite) Additional EM lesions in other areas of the body Facial or Bell's palsy (loss of muscle tone on one or both sides of the face) Severe headaches and neck stiffness due to meningitis Pain and swelling in the large joints (such as knees)
![Page 37: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Bell's (facial) palsy
Loss of muscle tone on
one or both sides of the
face is called facial or
“Bell's” palsy.
![Page 38: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Late disseminated stage (months to years post-tick bite) Approximately 60% of patients with untreated infection may begin to have intermittent bouts of arthritis, with severe joint pain and swelling. Up to 5% of untreated patients may develop chronic neurological complaints months to years after infection. These include shooting pains, numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, and problems with short-term memory.
![Page 39: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Arthritis
Pain and swelling in the
large joints (such as
knees) can occur.
![Page 40: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Dengue is a disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses (DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3, or DENV 4).
The viruses are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.
![Page 42: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• In the Western Hemisphere, the Aedes aegypti mosquito is the most important vector of dengue viruses.
• It is estimated that there are over 100 million cases of dengue worldwide each year.
![Page 43: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Fever, nausea, vomiting, rash
• Aches and pains
• Leukopenia
• Severe plasma leakage
• Impaired consciousness
• Failure of heart and other organs
• ……..
• Early recognition and prompt supportive treatment
![Page 44: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Yellow fever
• Yellow fever virus is found in tropical and subtropical areas in South America and Africa.
• Acute viral haemorrhagic disease
• The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito Aedes Aegypti
• Vaccine is available
![Page 47: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Map is from the following publication: Jentes ES. Poumerol G, Gershman MD, et al. The revised global yellow fever risk map and recommendations for vaccination, 2010: consensus of the Informal WHO Working Group on Geographic Risk for Yellow Fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:622-32.
![Page 48: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients. Up to 50% of severely affected persons without treatment will die from yellow fever. There are an estimated 200 000 cases of yellow fever, causing 30 000 deaths, worldwide each year, with 90% occurring in Africa.
WHO
![Page 50: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
There is no specific treatment for yellow fever. Treatment is symptomatic, aimed at reducing the symptoms for the comfort of the patient. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure against yellow fever. The vaccine is safe, affordable and highly effective, and a single dose of yellow fever vaccine is sufficient to confer sustained immunity and life-long protection against yellow fever disease and a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine is not needed. The vaccine provides effective immunity within 30 days for 99% of persons vaccinated.
![Page 51: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Vector borne diseases - aybu.edu.tr · Petechia, echimosis](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081606/5d17f25188c9938c2b8c15cb/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)