Ve Dima Ha

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    LANGUAGE LAB

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    EX.NO:

    ClozeTest

    Passage : 1 Today most businessmen are very worried. To begin with, they are not used to competition. In the past they soldwhatever ...(1)... produced at whatever prices they chose. But ...(2)... increasing competition, customers began to...(3)... and choose. Imports suddenly became ...()... available and that too at cheaper ...(!)...

    1. ". it B.he #.they $ .we2. ". with B. by #.a%ter $ .%rom3. ".  buy B.ta&e #. pic& $ .want. ". hardly B.easily #.%re'uently $. conveniently!. ".  costs B.returns #.dividend $. prices

    Passage : 2 

    "s a rule o% thumb, a manned mission costs %rom %i%ty to a hundred times more than a comparable unmanned

    mission. Thus, %or scienti%ic eploration alone, ...(1)... missions, employing machine intelligence, are ...(2)...owever, there may well be ...(3)... other than scienti%ic %or eploring ...()... social, economic, political, culturalor ...(!)...

    1. ". manned B. unmanned #. space $. lunar 2. ". li&ed B. wanted #. used $.  pre%erred3. ". reasons B. causes $. ob*ects. " . moon B. sun #. space $. mission!. ". casual B.  historic #. historical $.  histrionic

    Passage : 3 

    The principal advantage in having a clear cut ob*ective o% business is that it does not derail+ the enterprise does

    not stray ...(1)... the direct route that it has set %or ...(2)... nterprises with well de%ined ob*ectives canconveniently underta&e ...(3)... and %ollow long range development policies. -ecognition o% ob*ectives ...()...the temptation to compromise long range ...(!)... %or short term gains and improves coordination in wor& and

    consistency in policy.1. ". %rom B.on #.along $.towards2. ". others B.industry #. itsel% $.government3. ".  production B.research #.audit $.appraisal. ".  invites B.de%ers #. shi%ts $.r emoves!. ". ob*ectives B.loses #.interests $. pro%its

    Passage : 4 et children learn to *udge their own wor&. " child ...(1)... to tal& does not learn ...(2)... being corrected all thetime ...(3)... corrected too much, he will ...()... tal&ing. e notices a thousand times a day the di%%erence

     between the ...(!)... he uses and the language those around him use.1.

    ". endeavouring B. earning#. eperimenting $. periencing

    2 ".   in B. /n  #.   by   $. To3. ".   unless B. Being  #.   until $. I% . ".   stop B. alt

      #.   avoid $. 0hun!. ".   speech B. anguage  #.   tal&  $. 0&ill

    Passage : 5 

    atermelons ...(1)... to India by the th century "$. 0ushruta, the great Indian physician ...(2)... wrote 0ushruta

    0amhita mentions that watermelons were grown ...(3)... the ban&s o% the river Indus ...()... are also mentionedin ancient boo&s. 0ushruta calls it as alinda or alinga (hence alingad in arathi). It was ...(!)... to #hina inthe 14th or 11th century and ...(5)... it is grown throughput the tropics. ild watermelons are ...(6)... compared to

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    cultivated ones+ some o% which weigh up to 2! &g. The heaviest %ruit weighing 117 &g was produced at ope,"r&ansas, 80" the state to which 9resident #linton ...(7)...

    1.

    ".came B. :o

    #.arrived$.

     :rew

    . grow

    2. ". did B. hen  #. certainly $. ho

      . whom3. ". above B. /utside  #. %rom $. "head  . along. ". It B. They  #. 0ome $. That

      . Those!. ". too&  B. :ave  #. ta&en $. Ta&e  . ta&ing5. ". also B. Though

      #. now $. Tomorrow  . soon6. ". heavier  B.   Taller   #. thinner  $.   0maller   . shorter 7. ".   rules B. Belongs  #.   grew $. lects

      .   elected

    Comprehension

    Passage : 1 I felt the wall o% the tunnel shiver. The master alarm s'uealed through my earphones. "lmost simultaneously,;ac& yelled down to me that there was a warning light on. entry were particular bone>chilling. $uring this period, I had togo up in to command module. ven a%ter the %iery re>entry splashing down in 71o water in south paci%ic, wecould still see our %rosty breath inside the command module.

    1. The word ?#ommand odule? used twice in the given passage indicates perhaps that it deals with

    ".

    an alarming *ourney B.a commanding situation

    #.a *ourney into outer space$

    .a %right%ul battle.

    2. hich one o% the %ollowing reasons would one consider as more as possible %or the warning lights to be on@".

    There was a shower o% debris.

    B.;ac& was yelling.#." catastrophe was imminent.

    $.

    The moon was looming close and big.

    3. The statement that the da==ling sunshine was A%or once un%iltered by layers o% airA means".

    that the sun was very hot B.that there was no strong wind

    #.that the air was unpolluted $.none o% above

    Passage : 2 

    But I did not want to shoot the elephant. I watched him beating his bunch o% grass against his &nees, with the

     preoccupied grandmotherly air that elephants have. It seemed to me that it would be murder to shoot him. I had

    never shot an elephant and never wanted to. (0omehow it always seems worse to &ill large animal.) Besides,

    there was the beast?s owner to be considered. But I had got to act 'uic&ly. I turned to some eperienced>loo&ing

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    Burmans who had been there when we arrived, and as&ed them how the elephants had been behaving. They all

    said the same thing+ he too& no notice o% you i% you le%t him alone, but he might charge i% you went too close to

    him.

    1.

    The phrase ?9reoccupied grandmotherly air? signi%ies

    ".

     being totally unconcerned

    B. pretending to be very busy

    #.a very superior attitude$.

    calm, digni%ied and a%%ectionate disposition

    2. li&e animals with slimy tentacles lived on people?s bodies. The people

    tolerated the loathsome creatures because a%ter many years they grew into elephants which then became the

    nation?s system o% transport, carrying everyone wherever he wanted to go. arold suddenly realised that hehimsel% was covered with these things, and he wo&e up screaming. In a vivid se'uence o% pictures this dream

    dramatised %or arold what he had never been able to put in to words+ he saw himsel% as letting society %eed on

    his body in his early years so that it would carry him when he retired. e later threw o%% the Asecurity bugA and

    too& up %reelance wor&.

    1.

    In his dream arold %ound the loathsome creatures

    ".

    in his village B.in his own house

    #.in a di%%erent land$.

    in his o%%ice

    2. hich one o% the %ollowing phrases best helps to bring out the precise meaning o% ?loathsome creatures?@".

    0ecurity bug and slimy tentacles

    B.li&e animals

    #.0limy tentacles and slug>li&e animals$.

    slug>li&e animals and security bug

    3. The statement that ?he later threw o%% the security bug? means that"

    . arold succeeded in overcoming the need %or securityB.arold stopped giving much importance to dreams#.arold started tolerating social victimi=ation$.

    arold &illed all the bugs troubled him

    . arold?s dream was %ear%ul because". it brought him %ace to %ace with reality

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    B. it was %ull o% vivid pictures o% sna&es#. he saw huge elephant in it

    $. in it he saw slimy creatures %eeding on people?s bodies

    Passage : 4 

    Laws of nature are not commands but statements o% acts. The use o% the word AlawA in this contet is rather

    un%ortunate. It would be better to spea& o% uni%ormities in nature. This would do away with the elementary

    %allacy that a law implies a law giver. I% a piece o% matter does not obey a law o% nature it is punished. /n the

    contrary, we say that the law has been incorrectly started.

    1.

    I% a piece o% matter violates nature?s law, it is not punished because

    ".

    it is not binding to obey it

    B.there is no superior being to en%orce the law o% nature

    #.it cannot be punished$.

    it simply means that the %acts have not been correctly stated by law

    2. aws o% nature di%%er %rom man>made laws because".

    the %ormer state %acts o% ature

    B.they must be obeyed

    #.they are natural$.

    unli&e human laws, they are systematic

    3. The laws o% nature based on observation are".

    conclusion about the nature o% the universe.

    B.true and un%alsi%iable.#.%igments o% the observer imagination.$.

    sub*ect to change in the light o% new %acts.

    . The author is not happy with word ?law? because". it connotes rigidity and harshness

    B. it implies an agency which has made them#. it does not convey the sense o% nature?s uni%ormity$. it gives rise to %alse belie%s

    Passage-5:

    olddetective named ancy $rew. The cover o% each volume o% The ardy Boys states that the author o% the seriesis

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    would revise the boo& according to 0tratemeyerDs instructions and then return it to him. /nce 0tratemeyer approved the boo&, it was ready %or publication.

    Because each series ran %or so many years, ancy $rew and The ardy Boys both had a number o% di%%erentghostwriters producing boo&s+ however, the %irst ghostwriter %or each series proved to be the most in%luential.The initial ghostwriter %or The ardy Boys was a #anadian *ournalist named eslie c%etched, since most teenagers did not eperience

    the adventures

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    6) Based on in%ormation in the passage, it can be in%erred that eslie ceisting long term memories.!ncoding in%ormationsemantically also ma&es it more retrievable. -etrieving in%ormation can be done by recognition or recall.umans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used o%ten+ however, i% a

    memory seems to be %orgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more #ues a person is given(such as pictures), the more li&ely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are o%ten used%or sub*ects that re'uire a lot o% memori=ation.

    1$ "ccording to the passage, how do memories get trans%erred to the 0T@") They revert %rom the long term memory.B) They are %iltered %rom the sensory storage area.

    #) They get chun&ed when they enter the brain.$) They enter via the nervous system.2$ The word elapses in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toG

    ") passes B) adds up #) appears $) continues3$ "ll o% the %ollowing are mentioned as places in which memories are stored H#9T theG") 0T B) long term memory #) sensory storage area $) maintenance area

    4$ hy does the author mention a dog?s bar&@") To give an eample o% a type o% memoryB) To provide a type o% interruption

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    #) To prove that dogs have better memories than humans$) To compare another sound that is loud li&e a doorbell

    5. ow do theorists believe a person can remember more in%ormation in a short time@") By organi=ing it B) By repeating it #) By giving it a name $) By drawing it

    $ The author believes that rote rotation isG") the best way to remember something B) more e%%icient than chun&ing#) ine%%ective in the long run $) an unnecessary interruption

    %$ The word it in the last paragraph re%ers toG") encoding B) 0T #) semantics $) in%ormation&$ The word ela"orate in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toG") comple B) e%%icient #) pretty $) regular 

    '$ The word #ues in the passage is closest in meaning to") 'uestions B) clues #) images $) tests

    1($ hich o% the %ollowing is /T supported by the passage@") The wor&ing memory is the same as the short term memory.B) " memory is &ept alive through constant repetition.#) #ues help people to recogni=e in%ormation.$) ultiple choice eams are the most di%%icult.

    )enten#e Corre#tionhich o% phrases given below each sentence should replace the phrase printed in "old  type to ma&e the

    grammatically correct@ I% the sentence is correct as it is, mar& ?? as the answer.

    1. The small child does whatever his %ather was done.

    "

    .has done B.$id

    #.$oes$.

    had done

    . o correction re'uired

    2. *ou need not #ome unless +ou want to .

    ".

    Fou don?t need to come unless you want to

    B.Fou come only when you want to

    #.Fou come unless you don?t want to$.

    Fou needn?t come until you don?t want to

    . o correction re'uired3. There are not many men who are so %amous that they are %re'uently re%erred to by their short names only

    "

    .Initials B.0ignatures

    #.9ictures$.

    middle names

    . o correction re'uired

    . The man to who I sold my house was a cheat."

    .to whom I sell B.to who I sell

    #.who was sold to$.

    to whom I sold

    . o correction re'uired!. They were all sho#,ed at his %ailure in the competition.

    ".

    were shoc&ed at all B.had all shoc&ed at

    #.had all shoc&ed by$.

    had been all shoc&ed on

    . o correction re'uired5. I need not o%%er any eplanation regarding this incident > my behaviour is spea,ing itself .

    ".

    will spea& to itsel%  B.spea&s %or itsel% 

    #.has been spea&ing$.

    spea&s about itsel% 

    . o correction re'uired6. e is too important for tolerating any delay.

    " to tolerate B.to tolerating

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    .

    #.at tolerating$

    .with tolerating

    . o correction re'uired

    7. The population o% To&yo is greater than that of an+ other town in the world.".

    greatest among any other 

    B.greater than all other #.greater than those o% any other $.

    greater than any other 

    . o correction re'uiredC. The per%ormance o% our players was rather worst than I had epe#ted.

    ".

     bad as I had epected B.worse than I had epected

    #.worse than epectation$.

    worst than was epected

    . o correction re'uired14. hy did +ou not threw the bag away@

    "

    .did you not throw B.had you not threw

    #.did you not thrown$.

    you did not thrown

    . o correction re'uired

    .rdering of )enten#es

    In 'uestions below, each passage consist o% si sentences. The %irst and sith sentence are given in the begining.

    The middle %our sentences in each have been removed and *umbled up. These are labelled as 9, , - and 0.

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    - G They run down the centre o% the road0 G To ease in the city decided to build an underground railway line.

    05G The %oundation stone was laid in 1C62.The 9roper se'uence should beG

    ".

    9-0 B.90- 

    #.0-9

    $

    . -90

    . 01G

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    C/00 L/B

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      Writing an Efective Resume

    The %ollowing tips could be used to write an e%%ective resume that meets the employer?s needs and gets one an

    interview.

    Heading

    • Type your name at the top in caps with large, bold type. Include your address, phone number, and email

    address. I% you plan to move while your resume is in use, include your school address and your permanentaddress.

    ."e#tie

    • :et %ocused on your *ob ob*ective be%ore writing the rest o% the resume and tailor the resume to the *ob

    and the %ield.• #learly state theposition you are see&ing and whether it is a %ull>time or part>time *ob or an internship.

    Fou can also include the industry and any s&ills you want to emphasi=e. "void vague phrases that %ocus on whatyou will gain %rom the eperience. verything that %ollows on the resume should support the ob*ective.

    du#ation

    • Identi%y your degree, ma*or, graduation date, and school.

    • Include education abroad and any relevant vocational schools, certi%icates, and *ob training.

    • Fou may include your :9" i% it is 3.4 or higher. mployer epectations may vary.

    Course Listings

    • Fou may include a short list o% courses to show eperience, training, or &nowledge in the %ield as long

    as they are relevant to the *ob ob*ective.

    ),ills

    • a&e your s&ills the selling point o% your resume. Include speci%ic s&ills that pertain to your ob*ective

    such as computer languages, technical s&ills, and lab techni'ues. Fou may also include interpersonal andadaptive s&ills such as communication, leadership, writing research, teamwor&, etc.

    • Be sure to bac& up each s&ill on your resume with speci%ic and convincing evidence.

    perien#e

    • I% you have etensive eperience, some o% it unrelated to your ob*ective, use two subsectionsG related

    and additional.

    • 8se your most important and relevant eperience to convince the employer that you have the s&ills

    necessary to do the *ob. In this section articulate your accomplishments clearly and concisely using active voiceto present evidence o% your s&ills. 0ee "ction ord ist  .

    .ptional information

    • Fou can include pro%essional and etracurricular a%%iliations and activities, honors and awards, and

    sports.

    Items to aoid

    • eep re%erences on a separate sheet and give to the employer when as&ed.

    • /mit your age, religious or political a%%iliations, marital status, or other personal data, which could be

    used to screen you out.

    http://career.ucsd.edu/_files/awordlst.pdfhttp://career.ucsd.edu/_files/awordlst.pdfhttp://career.ucsd.edu/_files/awordlst.pdf

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    ormatting

    • eep your resume to one page unless you have etensive related eperience.

    • /rgani=e headings so that the most important points are %irst.

    • Invite the readers? attention by using open space, wide margins, and bullets to set o%% tet.

    • 8se good 'uality white or o%%>white paper.

    • 8se clear and dar& 14>12 point type.

    • 0pell and punctuate per%ectly. 9roo%read several times.

      )ample 0esume

    $ev 0harma mail I$> JJJJKgmail.com

     

    Career ."e#tie> To wor& %or an organi=ation which provides me the opportunity to improve my s&ills and

    &nowledge to growth along with the organi=ation ob*ective.

    Profile )ummar+>

    > "n enthusiastic %resher with highly motivated and leadership s&ills having bachelors o% engineering degree

    in echanical ngineering.

    > pert in implementation o% each step o% pro*ect.

    > ager to learn new technologies and methodologies.

    > "lways willing to innovate the new things which can improve the eisting technology.

    Personalit+ raits-

    > ighly motivated and eager to learn new things.

    > 0trong motivational and leadership s&ills.

    > "bility to produce best result in pressure situation.

    > cellent communication s&ills in written and verbal both.

    > "bility to wor& as individual as well as in group.

    /#ademia- 

    > Bachelor o% engineering %rom "0$ institute o% Technology with 6!L

    > $iploma in echanical ngineering %rom " Institute with 63L

    e#hni#al 6ualifi#ation-> 2$ $ra%ting 9ac&age G "uto#"$.

    > 3$ $ra%ting 9ac&age G 0olid dge

    > "nalysis 9ac&age G

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    Proe#t- 

    ea% spring by using atural %ibres

    $uration >3 month

    $escription> In this pro*ect we use natural %ibres as lea% spring and it is cost e%%ective production.

    /#hieements-

    > N0" I$I" B-O and attended one day wor&shop conducted by 0"I$I"

    > 9articipated in International #on%erence on merging Trends in nergy and nvironment.

    > #ompleted training on Basic i%e 0upport and B;0B;0B

     Letter of /ppli#ation-ormat

    Four 0treet "ddress

    #ity, 0tate Qip #ode

    Telephone umber 

    mail "ddress

    onth, $ay, Fear 

    r.Ps.P$r.

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    detail relevant items in your resume. -e%er to the %act that your resume is enclosed. ention other enclosures i%

    such are re'uired to apply %or a position.

    3rd paragraph: Indicate that you would li&e the opportunity to interview %or a position or to tal& with the

    employer to learn more about their opportunities or hiring plans. -estate brie%ly why you?re so passionate about

    the opportunity you?re applying %or. 0tate that you would be glad to provide the employer with any additional

    in%ormation needed. Than& the employer %or herPhis consideration.

    0incerely,

    (Four handwritten signature)

      )ample letter of appli#ation

    -oom 3!, Bloc& 5

    odel Millage orth 9ointong ong

    9honeG 27527C3obileG C!261!

    >mailG wwm5!Kh&internet.com7 0eptember 241!

    r illiam #han9ersonnel anager ong "nd im #onsulting

    9/ Bo !73wai #hungowloon

    $ear r #han

    /ppli#ation for the Post of 8anagement rainee

    I am writing to apply %or the post o% anagement Trainee, which was advertised on the 0tudent "%%airs /%%icenotice board o% the ong ong 9olytechnic 8niversity on 7 0eptember 241!.

    y wor&ing eperience at uc&y 0tar :arment anu%actory imited improved my leadership s&ills,communication s&ills and ability to wor& in a team environment. I have %luent spo&en and written nglish. I also

    have %luent spo&en and written andarin, and can there%ore wor& in mainland #hina.

    #urrently I am studying a B.". in anagement at the ong ong 9olytechnic 8niversity, graduating in 2415.0ub*ects which I am studying that are relevant to the post o% anagement Trainee include /perationsanagement, uman -esources anagement, "ccounting, ar&eting and 0trategic anagement.

    y %inal year pro*ect is entitled nowledge anagement 9ractices in . #arrying out this pro*ect has

    improved my communication s&ills, my leadership s&ills and my ability to lead and supervise subordinatese%%ectively. I have also learned how to run a pro*ect %rom the planning stage to its completion.

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    $uring my studies I have held the post o% ecutive in the anagement 0ociety. hile leading and organisinganagement 0ociety activities I have improved my ability to lead and supervise subordinates e%%ectively, ability

    to wor& under pressure and ability to wor& in a team environment.

    or&ing %or ong "nd im #onsulting appeals to me because it has a good reputation and it provides ecellenttraining. Four organisation produces a high>'uality service, and I can contribute to this with my leadership s&illsand my ability to wor& under pressure.

    I am available %or interview at any time. I can be contacted most easily on the mobile phone number givenabove. I loo& %orward to meeting you.

    Fours sincerely

    9.B /PPLIC/I.

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    Coer letter

    .":"", ":"99"TTI(vill),"-8->535C4322.43.2415

    - anager,#T0 oco ltd.,#hinnipalayam,#oimbatore>!6.

    0ubG "pplication %or the post o% ;unior #omputer ngineer R reg.,

    $ear 0irPadam,

     ith re%erence to your advertisement in NThe induO dated 24P7P1, I am applying %or the post o% ;unior #omputer ngineer in your reputed %irm. Four *ob description %or the post per%ectly matches my 'uali%ications,

    and I am very interested in the opportunity.

     

    I have *ust completed engineering %rom "nna 8niversity and have a good academic career with ecellentattentive and grasping power. I am pro%icient in the use o% various automated programming language in the areao% .net and *ava.

     

    I have completed 5 months o% internship %rom "B# "ssociates, where I learned many things such as analy=ingdi%%erent products, designing process, applying the principal o% engineering, operating and maintaining technical

     products and learn the installation process. This internship proved to be very much bene%icial %or me, and I amcon%ident that this eperience will surely help in the %urther development o% the organi=ation.

    "long with this internship, I have also done some o% the mini pro*ects in college. I have a good &nowledge o% the domain. I have ecellent problem solving techni'ue, creativity and analytical s&ills. I also possess a goodwritten and communicational s&ill. The rest o% the details that encompass my academic 'uali%ication, personal

    details, contact details, achievements, pro*ect details and etra>curricular activities are eplained in detail in theresume attached to this cover letter.

    I am certain that I can ma&e signi%icant contributions to your organi=ation. I would welcome the opportunity tomeet you and discuss how my education and abilities might best be employed by your organi=ation.

    Than& you %or your consideration and I loo& %orward to your response.  Truly,

      0ignature

    ( )

      nclG 1) -esumeS

      2) #opy o% certi%icates

      3) #opy o% the recommendation letter %rom the ead o% the $epartment

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    ips on ;0.

    ssentially be subtle), and listen to their views. Be receptive toothers? opinions and do not be abrasive or aggressive.

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    • I% you have a group o% li&e>minded %riends, you can have a moc& group discussion where you can learn

    %rom each other through giving and receiving %eedbac&.

    ;roup dis#ussions are an important part o% the selection process. Fou have to pass the intelligence test, with:$, your oratory and communication s&ills along with your problem solving s&ills which will be tested. eepthese points in mindG

    1=/de>uate matter? )u"e#t matter is essential G Fou should have sub*ect &nowledge and be well aware o% the

    latest happenings around you, not *ust in India but around the world as well. To be in a better position, ma&esure that you have in>depth &nowledge on the sub*ect. 0ub*ect &nowledge is a pre>re'uisite while you are

     preparing %or a group discussion because you will then have the power to steer the conversation to whicheverdirection you want to. I% you can memori=e some relevant data, it will be an added advantage.2= 8a,e )ure +ou 0ead @idel+G Being an avid reader will help you in group discussions. ast minute preparations you are strictly a no no, while you are preparing %or group discussions. Fou should read over a period o% time. -eading not only adds to your &nowledge database, but enhances your vocabulary s&ills as well.9lus reading over a period o% time, helps in your understanding o% a particular sub*ectP topic better.

    3= Choose 8agaAines that are 0i#h in ContentG "lways opt %or maga=ines that are content rich and not *ust%ull o% advertisements. /%ten maga=ines have columns which are promoting a particular institute etc. "void suchmaga=ines, do some research and buy the best that will be bene%icial %or you in the long run.4= Be /ware of opi#s that are 0epeatedG /%ten, there are topics which re>appear with minute changes andminor variations. Be aware o% such topics well in advance so that you have ample time to prepare %or the same.

    contact with you remember to ac&nowledge him bysaying Nyes, you agreeO or *ust by nodding your head, so that the spea&er is aware that his listeners are listeningto him and paying %ull attention. This will also show that you are vigilant and are an active participant in thediscussion.

    '= Bod+ ;estures are er+ ImportantG The panelists observe the way you sit and react in the course o% the

    discussion. . Body gestures are very important, because your body language says a lot about you. In a :$, sitstraight, avoid leaning bac& on to the chair or &noc&ing the table with pen or your %ingers. "lso, do not getdistracted easily.

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      ;7 hree Important ips

    IP 1: Initiation e#hni>ues

    Initiating a ;7 is a high profit-high loss strateg+$ hen you initiate a :$, you not only grab the opportunityto spea&, you also grab the attention o% the eaminer and your %ellow candidates.

    I% you can ma&e a %avorable %irst impression with your content and communication s&ills a%ter you initiate a :$,it will help you sail through the discussion. But i% you initiate a :$ and stammerP stutterP 'uote wrong %acts and%igures, the damage might be irreparable.

    I% you initiate a :$ impeccably but don?t spea& much a%ter that, it gives the impression that you started the :$%or the sa&e o% starting it or getting those initial &itty o% points earmar&ed %or an initiatorVhen you start a :$, you are responsible %or putting it into the right perspective or %ramewor&. 0o initiate oneonly i% you have in>depth &nowledge about the topic at hand.

    IP 2: Bod+ of the ;roup 7is#ussion

    7ifferent te#hni>ues to initiate a ;7 and ma,e a good first impressions are:

    1 . Quotes > are an e%%ective way o% initiating a :$.

    ample: I% the topic o% a :$ is > 0hould the #ensor Board be abolished@ you could start with a 'uote li&e,?idden apples are always sweet?. /r i% a topic is li&e, #ustomer is ing, you could 'uote 0am (all>mart)

    alton?s %amous saying, NThere is only one bossG the customer.O "nd he can %ire everybody in the company >>%rom the chairman on down, simply by spending his money somewhere else.?

    2$  Definition > 0tart a :$ by de%ining the topic or an important term in the topic.ample: I% the topic o% the :$ is "dvertising is a $iplomatic ay o% Telling a ie, why not start the :$ byde%ining advertising as, ?"ny paid %orm o% non>personal presentation and promotion o% ideas, goods or services

    through mass media li&e newspapers, maga=ines, television or radio by an identi%ied sponsor?@

    3 . Question > "s&ing a 'uestion is an impact way o% starting a :$.It does not signi%y as&ing a 'uestion to any o% the candidates in a :$ so as to hamper the %low. It implies as&inga 'uestion, and answering it yoursel%. "ny 'uestion that might hamper the %low o% a :$ or insult a participant or 

     play devil?s advocate must be discouraged.uestions that promote a %low o% ideas are always appreciated.

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    ost :$Ds donDt really have conclusions. " conclusion is where the whole group decides in %avor or against thetopic, but every :$ is summari=ed. Fou can ta&e the opportunity to summaries what the group has discussed in

    the :$ in a nutshell.

    Deep the following points in mind while summariAing a dis#ussion:

     

    • "void raising new points.

    • "void stating only your viewpoint.

    • "void dwelling only on one aspect o% the :$.

    • eep it brie% and concise.

    • It must incorporate all the important points that came out during the :$.

    • I% the eaminer as&s you to summaries a :$, it means the :$ has come to an end.

    • $o not add anything once the :$ has been summari=ed.

    )oled ;7s

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    Introdu#tion

    " good discussion will try to arrive at a solution that shows balance. Fou need to demonstrate your 

    understanding o% the issue %rom more than one perspective alone. The conclusion at the end should indicate a%iltration o% the more relevant issues and recommendations %or policies P changes that can be made in the currentsystem. :iven below are a %ew sample topics along with pointers towards what &ind o% conclusions can bedrawn %rom the discussion.

    1$ )hould we allow in#ura"l+ diseased persons to lie or notE

      Points In aour:

    o I% we %eel sad to &ill even an animal or a bird, how can our conscience allow us to &ill a %ellow human

     being *ust because he is incurably ill@ oreover he has done no harm to society and his illness is not because o% his %ault. There%ore, we must provide him proper treatment and allow him to live as long asnature has willed it

    o :od has gi%ted us li%e. 0o, he alone has the right to ta&e it bac&. o human being has a right to inter%ere

    in is scheme o% things./nce on this earth, every man has a right to live as long as :od does not want

    him to die.There%ore,the reasoning that *ust because a man is su%%ering %rom an incurable disease, he

    should be put to death is untenable and beyond reason

    o It is not always the case that incurably diseased persons spread contagious diseases as some might

    argue. ven in those rare cases where it may be true, these persons are not real health ha=ards because itis medically established now that all incurable diseases are not contagious. owever, as a precautionary

    measure, we should open separate hospitals or isolation wards %or persons su%%ering %rom incurablecontagious diseases and thus 'uarantine them.

    o illing an incurably diseased person will put an end to research wor& in medical science. ven

    otherwise, su%%ering people have been the sub*ect o% research wor& 'uite less. ow new vistas o%  progress have been opened in medical sciences and alternative medicine li&e "cupuncture,

    "cupressure, -ei&i 9rani& healing, Touch therapy, erbal therapy, $iet therapy, etc. hold a ray o% hope%or the so called incurably diseased persons. 0o, why snatch li%e %rom them@

    • Points against:

    o This world is governed by $arwin?s survival o% the %ittest principle. "n incurably diseased person is

    wea& and has no value whatsoever to the society. oreover, he has no means to live. There%ore, itwould be in the %itness o% things to &ill him even against his wish.

    o "n incurably diseased person is the cause o% constant worry to his %amily, his demands are unending

    and notwithstanding the best possible attention, care and treatment given to him, he always remainsdissatis%ied and disgruntled. This adversely a%%ects peace o% mind and com%ort o% the %amily members.There%ore, the best way out o% such a situation is to put an end to his li%e.

    o These days we are saddled with the responsibility o% reducing our burgeoning population. The many

    diseased persons constitute a good part o% it. ven otherwise their contribution to society being nil and

     burden great, it would be *usti%ied and reasonable not to allow them to drag on their agoni=ing li%e.

    • Con#lusionG

    $e%ining gray areas is something which any amount o% legislation can never achieve. /ur policies need toensure that the group o% people ta&ing a decision to terminate the li%e is doing so in the best interest o% the

     patient and society.

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    2$ )hould Capital punishment "e a"olishedE

    • In aour .f /"olition:

    o an is supposed to be a rational animal. But can a rational being &ill a man %or a man@ o. Because it

    would be savage and barbarous. Besides, by &illing a murderer the dead cannot be brought bac& to li%e,nor would he or his %amily be compensated. 0o, instead, we should re%orm the &iller, ma&e him reali=ehis sin and %ollow a virtuous li%e.

    o I% we &ill the murderer, his troubles are over. But his %amily is made to su%%er %or no %ault o% theirs. e

    should instead give him some other punishment, say, %or eample, li%e imprisonment so that he has to%ace his own conscience and repent %or what he has done. "longside, he should be given psychologicaltreatment and an opportunity to lead a normal citi=en?s li%e.

    o Instances are many where instead o% being given capital punishment to even hardened criminals, they

    were *ust imprisoned or put in a re%ormatory with the result that they reali=ed and regretted their wrongdoings, their terms o% sentences were reduced as a reward. 0uch acts enabled them to serve their innocent %amilies and they even turned towards social wor&. This shows their capital punishment is notthe only remedy to ta&e care o% criminals.

    o e observe today that in spite o% capital punishment being very much there on the statute, heinous

    crimes are not decreasing. It goes to show that capital punishment is no deterrent %or criminals.

    There%ore, we must thin& o% changing the method o% punishment./ver 34 countries in the world haveabolished capital punishment but none has reported any increase in crime. There%ore, death punishmentis not *usti%ied %rom any angle.

    o The reason capital punishment should be abolished is based on the %act that sometimes *udgments go

    wrong,and,conse'uently, innocent people are hanged. This is because o% the legalistic *uggling o% clever 

    lawyers. ven otherwise instances are not rare when corrupt police o%%icials are brought over throughmoney and political power to %ile patently coo&ed up charge sheets in the court and magistrates in turn pass doubt%ul *udgments. The only way to preclude the possibility o% error is to abolish capital punishment itsel%. NBene%it o% $oubtO is an important point o% law and rightly so because law holds thatCC guilty can go unpunished but even one innocent should not be punished. In the same spirit our 0upreme #ourt has held that death penalty should be awarded only in Nrarest o% the rare casesO.

    o e have no right to destroy what we cannot create. It is %or :od to give or ta&e one?s li%e. ercy is

    higher in his eyes than punishment. It is barbarous to hold the doctrine o% Ntooth %or toothO and Nlimb%or limbO. :reat soul li&e ;esus #hrist even say NI% a man slaps you on one chee&, show him the other chee& alsoO. /ur own ahatma :andhi %orgave the person who stabbed him and would surely have

     pardoned athuram :odse who &illed him.ehru ignored the plea o% several true :andhians %or 

    :odse?s li%e by saying, NThe law will have its course.O But isn?t it true, as #harles $ic&ens said, thatNthe law is an idiot@O

    • /gainst /"olition:

    o The time is not yet ripe to abolish capital punishment. There is no letup in crimes. #apital punishment

    is an e%%ective deterrent %or would be o%%enders and murderers. Those who argue that despite capital punishment being there on the statute boo& crime in on the increase %ail to understand that it is becauseo% our %aulty *ustice delivery system where *ustice delayed is *ustice denied, and not the other way

    round.

    o There are certain &inds o% hardened criminals who are beyond re%orm. It is %utile to teach them sanity.

    illing others has become their second nature and they have do=ens o% murder cases pending againstthem. It would only be %or the good o% society that they are sent to the gallows and thus their career incrime is stopped.

    o I% a murderer is not put to death but instead allowed to live on, he is tempted to repeat the crime in

    %uture. It o%ten happens that murderers set at large through police connivance or legal tric&ery o% lawyers indulge in more heinous crimes %or %un or contract &illings until they are caught and &illed.

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    o In some uslim countries li&e 9a&istan, Iran, $ubai, etc. where laws are rigid and even petty criminals

    are awarded harsh punishments, crime is rare. 0imilarly in

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    o Today cheap, easy and mechanical transport, scooters, cars, buses, trains and aeroplanes, has reduced

    distances %or us but the pollution it causes cannot be overloo&ed. Besides, our dependence on them has

    made us lame. ot only this, other luuries and com%orts o% modern science have made us so so%t that wedo not want to do physical wor& and thus su%%er %rom several ailments and posture diseases.

    o 0cience has taught us to con'uer the moon and stars but %ailed to ennoble man himsel%. hile machines

    have been humani=ed, man has been mechani=ed and dehumani=ed. 0tar%ord ing%ield has rightly said inhis monumental boo& ?istory o% British #ivili=ation?, the trouble with science is that it has improved the

    circumstances o% man but not the man himsel%. 0o what is the %un o% improving the outer surroundings o% man i% he himsel% is not bettered@

    • )#ien#e Is a Boon:

    o 0cience is always a boon %or man&ind. ver since man?s appearance on the planet arth he has endeavoured

    to con'uer the %orces o% nature to lead a happy li%e. 0cience and civili=ation are one and the same. "civili=ed nation is one which has achieved scienti%ic progress. e call the "%rican nations uncivili=ed+ theyare not versed in the ways o% science.

    o surgery have shown hope %or the hopeless. ow the human genome pro*ect has succeeded inmapping genes o% the human body which holds the hope o% identi%ying culprit genes %or man?s diseases andreplacing them.

    o engineered %ood, a variety o% modernentertainment and the li&e. Test tube babies have long become a dream come true %or the issueless couples.

    $eadly diseases li&e cancer and "I$0 are going to be completely controlled in the %uture. $i%%erentvaccines have already been developed %or eradication o% epatitis B, 0mall po, 9olio, etc.

    o "griculture and %arming have been revolutioni=ed by science. Big dams to channelise water and distribute

    it to the desert have turned arid areas into greenery. Isotopes have helped improve the 'uality o% seeds,

    which not only increased %ood production but also caused resistance to plant disease. #ross breeding o% animals and poultry too has increased yield. Biotechnology has made us sel% su%%icient, even surplus, in

    %ood production.

    o /ur education system has been revolutioni=ed with the help o% science and technology. :one are the days

    o% yore when man could rest contented with learning o% only humanities+ teaching o% science and

    technology has opened new vistas be%ore him. e has more *ob opportunities. ot only this, he is more andmore in command over the %orces o% nature and with the aid o% science and technology he is using hisresources %or man&ind. ith great strides in paper and printing technology and the &nowledge eplosion ingeneral, even an average person is able to get the needed in%ormation and can eercise his right o% choice inour democratic polity.

    o lectronics and computers have changed our thin&ing and living radically, computeri=ed machinery turns

    out products much %aster and o% better 'uality. #omputers have replaced manual labour with better  per%ormance and electronics has made it possible %or the handicapped to lead a normal li%e.

    o It might sound ironic but it is a %act that because o% thermonuclear weapons with colossal destructive power 

    in their armoury, the two superpowers, the 80 and the erstwhile 800-, could not go to war %earing "$

    (utual "ssured $estruction) and lived with entente during the cold war era. ven today, post $ecember 13 attac& on our 9arliament and not withstanding warning o% using nuclear power, both India and 9a&istanare desisting %rom carrying out their threat because o% the nuclear pressure.

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    • Con#lusionG

    0ustainable development will allow us to bene%it %rom science, yet help pass the planet to the net generation inthe same shape that we inherited it in.

    >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

    4$ )eniorit+ ot 8erit 8ust Be he Criterion or Promotions

    • In aour .f )eniorit+:

    o ntry in a *ob can be on merit, %or that is an ob*ective criterion %or a start, but once a person *oins an

    o%%ice, his actual eperience alone must count in allowing his promotions. This eperience enables him

    to gain true &nowledge o% the practical wor&ing o% his o%%ice. e cannot deny the %act that seniorityma&es a man proportionately eperienced while mere merit ta&es into consideration only boo&ish&nowledge.

    o By merit we generally mean securing high mar&s in written eaminations and intelligently convincing

    the eaminer or the interviewer. But the %act is that even du%%ers can secure high mar&s by cramming a

    %ew important answers and get through the interview by chance or recommendation. /n the contrary,only practical eperience can give us the true &nowledge o% theory and practice o% a particular line.

    o

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    o :ranted that people with seniority are sometimes more &nowledgeable than new recruits who come on

    the basis o% eaminations and competitions but they are eceptions. a*ority o% them do not ma&e any

    serious attempt to &now or learn more and do better. owever, the %ew who improve themselves do getan opportunity %or promotions,on the basis o% both merit and seniority.

    o The re'uirements o% the present day ma&e old people outdated, because o% rapid technological

    advancement in %actories and new wor& culture. There%ore, i% merit alone is ta&en into considerationwhile promoting, the &nowledge o% the latest devices and design can be meaning%ully tested in a

    candidate who &eeps himsel% abreast o% them.

    o e now witness worldwide s&ill upgrading, computeri=ation, government downsi=ing, more

    mechani=ation and automation. hat does it indicate@ /nly that we are moving towards meritocracy> a&ind o% government where all *obs is available on the basis o% merit and academic 'uali%ications alone.In such a situation, seniority is bound to be le%t irrelevant and only merit as proved through technical

    and practical &nowledge will count.

    • Con#lusionG

    oyalty and :enius both need to be rewarded. 9olicy needs to ensure that there are eceptions %or the career  paths o% eceptional people, without ma&ing so many eceptions that it gets converted into a NruleO.

    >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

    5$/re 0eserations In 9o"s 9ustifiedE

    o o he+ /renFt:

    The very idea o% providing reservations to any segment o% the population is based on negatives. It

    allows %or pre%erential treatment without a thought being given to the caliber or eligibility aspect.;ust about any individual %rom the reserved castes scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and bac&ward castes can get a :overnment *ob or admission in an educational institution on a muchlower eligibility criterion %or percentage o% mar&s and a higher age. This lowering o% standard breeds ine%%iciency, discourages the really meritorious and negates the very concept o% 'uality o% 

    opportunity. C.! percent reservation means that hal% the administrative machinery has inbuiltine%%iciency, while "rticle 33! o% our #onstitution lays down that reservation should be consistentwith the maintenance o% e%%iciency o% administration.

    By re*ecting people o% higher competence %rom general category and accepting the reserved

    category with lower competence, the reservation policy acts as a disincentive to the meritoriousand more capable. Thus inhibits healthy growth or development o% an individual. 0uch brilliantstudents, victims o% un%air %avouritism o% our reservation policy, get %rustrated and leave %or 

    %oreign countries which %avour merit alone. This brain>drain adversely a%%ects the intellectualcapability o% our country. ot only this, the system o% reservation, says ;ustice #hinnappa -eddy,has in many cases paradoically generated Na spirit o% sel%>denigrationO > each community o% castecompeting to be more bac&ward than others.

    9rivate enterprises, being interested in e%%iciency alone, do not %ollow the retrograde policy o% 

    reservation. Their sole criterion o% selecting people is merit and ability to deliver the goods. This is

    why they are doing etremely well.But, o% late, demands %or introducing reservations in privatesector has been raised in some in%luential 'uarters.0hould this come about, :od save whatever e%%iciency we still have in at least a %ew segments o% our administration and economy.

    It is a shame that in this computer and space age we, by institutionali=ing our reservation policy,

    admit that we are a decadent society based on caste. hat image does it convey in theinternational %ield@ #an casteism be done away with by having caste based reservations@ 0houldwe not %ollow economic criterion instead so that only a %ew %amilies do not bene%it perpetually by

    this un%air policy@ The criterion o% creamy layer is patently humbug, %or it is so applied that eventhose with su%%icient means and standing in society succeed in getting the bene%it o% reservation.

    "ll this breeds discontent and occasions social unrest. There%ore, the sooner we do away withreservations the better %or the nation.

    -eservations were supposed to be an interim arrangement %or 14 years as per our constitution so

    that the low caste people could come up socially. But encouraged by our shortsighted politicians

    with their sights %ied on this si=eable vote>ban&, its bene%iciaries have %ormed it into a habit to

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    claim reservation as a matter o% right. Instead o% striving hard to ecel, they see& the shortcut o% reservations and the vested political interests perpetuate it. This vicious circle can be bro&en by the

    :overnment by having a %irm cuto%% year %or reservations and spreading education among thedepressed classes on a priority basis. But can we do so by assigning low priority to education witha mere percent budget allocation %or it@

    Instead o% %acilitating spatial growth o% education and development among the depressed classes,

    reservations have spawned a new elitist group a mere ! percent among them, which has cornered

    all the bene%its meant %or 22.! per cent. The same is going to be the %ate o% the most bac&wardsamong bac&ward classes.

    " %urther reservation o% 26 percent to the other bac&ward classes has aggravated the employment

     problem and has %ormed caste animosities and hatred. This retrograde step is not going to do anygood to the nation. In the name o% social *ustice, an in*ustice o% the worst type is being perpetrated because o% the accident o% birth in a higher caste.oreover, the argument that since the newreserved categories have su%%ered in*ustice through centuries at the hands o% upper caste people,the latter should atone %or that, is beyond comprehension. ow could a young boy or girl be held

    responsible and guilty %or an alleged crime supposed to have been committed by his or her %ore%athers@ Two wrongs do not ma&e one right@

    The only hope o% the children o% ordinary %amilies %or a better %uture is through education andopen>to>all competitive eamination. This has been shattered by the additional 26 per cent *ob'uota %or other Bac&ward #lass (B#) candidates %ollowing acceptance o% the andal #ommission-eport. That is why they resorted to agitation and even sel%>immolation, but to no avail. It has

    %urther %ractured our caste>ridden society. The author o% the andal #ommission -eport himsel% admits that the system %ollowed by the #ommission in compiling the list is unscienti%ic.

    It is really damaging to the nation as a whole that instead o% tac&ling our population problem

    largely due to the illiterate, bac&ward and superstitious people o% bac&ward classes, we give themthe lollipop o% reservationsV In spite o% their wretchedness and poverty they produce more childrenand ma&e the li%e o% these innocents more miserable than theirs. There%ore, i% at all reservations are

    to be given they must be lin&ed with adoption o% %amily>planning methods. This will prove to bean e%%ective deterrent against population eplosion and will also bene%it these classes themselves.

    o *es he+ /re:

    The obnoious caste system might have served some purpose when it originated centuries ago but

    now it is a hindrance to our social progress. The claim o% the apologists o% caste system that castewas changeable according to merit and competence o% the individual and was not strictly

    hereditary is disapproved by the story o% arna in the ahabharat who inspite o% being e'ual to or even more in valour, s&ill, war%are and charity than the shatriyas was made to su%%er humiliation%or being a 0ut 9utra (0on o% a 0hudra) till his death. "gain we have the story o% &lavya, a low> born. $ronacharya, the teacher o% "r*un, the great archer o% the epic ahabharat, demanded histhumb as :uruda&shina (

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    Being a el%are 0tate, we owe it to the wea&er sections to ensure their well>being through

    governmental action.Their economic bac&wardness, poor state o% education and social deprivationare all due to our society which even at this late hour should not prevent their upli%tment. It is

     because o% this oppressive, humiliating and torturous caste system and resultant deprivation thathas led thousands o% scheduled castes people (

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    replaced him without any commutation ta&ing place. But a 9resident cannot be thus removed be%ore the epiry o% his tenure ecept by an etremely di%%icult process o% Impeachment. Thus this

    system being rigid does not mould itsel% easily to abusing circumstances. There%ore, there is no point in having a 9residential democracy where even a persona non grata has to be tolerated %or the remaining tenure o% his o%%ice.

    Bryce maintains that the 9arliamentary %orm o% :overnment secures swi%tness in decision and

    vigor in action because cabinet can easily get the measures it deems essential passed through the

    egislature. In the 9residential %orm, inordinate delay is caused in arriving at decisions, %or theegislature is to be convinced o% ma*or policy decisions.

    N9ower corrupts, "bsolute power corrupts absolutelyO says ord "cton. This applies to the

     position o% a 9resident vested with the entire administration and absolute power who might on hisown ta&e drastic action at home and in %oreign policy and bring about great su%%ering to the people.e should there%ore, maintain the status 'uo o% 9arliamentary :overnment, notwithstanding itsshortcomings and %aults, which has several heads to solve national problems in the %orm o% thecabinet.

    9arliamentary democracy suits us because here persons %it to be members o% the ecutive ma&e

    &nown their sagacity, political acumen, grasp and common sense, and the 9rime minister will

    always be one who has undergone a long and strenuous period o% political apprenticeship. Thisstate o% a%%airs does not obtain in a 9residential democracy in the 8nited 0tates any person withoutade'uate political eperience can hope to become the 9resident. e very o%ten comes %romobscurity and goes into obscurity again a%ter his term o% o%%ice is over and he is ?a leap in the dar&.?

    I% the ruling party %ails to deliver and carry the ma*ority with it in a 9arliamentary democracy, the

    opposition more than merely eposing its drawbac&s, loopholes and blunders, tries to step into hisshoes without necessarily having to %orce the ritual o% a %resh election. " %ied tenure o% o%%ice %or a 9resident does not ma&e this possible in a 9residential democracy.

    India has been the most stable nation o% "%ro "sia. The main %actor contributing to our stability has

     been the holding o% periodic general elections. :overnment see&s to correspond to the desires o% the electorate. embers o% the egislature who represent prevailing tendencies and opinion o% the

    nation apprise the cabinet o% them.#abinet or the ruling party can ignore or brush aside them onlyat its own peril. 9residential democracy, on the other hand, has nothing much to care %or a shi%t in public opinion because the %ied term o% o%%ice o% the 9resident ma&es him secure in o%%ice %or thestipulated number o% years. This may ma&e him unresponsive to the wishes o% the people and ruleas a dictator.

    o Presidential:

    The time has come %or us to switch over to the government o% eperts, as the 9residential

    government is called instead o% the government o% amateurs or the 9arliamentary democracy. The9resident is authori=ed to appoint the members o% his cabinet irrespective o% party a%%iliation. ecan even obtain the services o% nonparty eperts. " 9rime inister, on the other hand, is bound to

    appoint only members o% his party or o% parties supporting him. "nd he has to ta&e intoconsideration their caste, region, religion and their %ollowing, notwithstanding their otherwiseunsuitability %or the post. In India, we have had, in the past and have even today, several persons asministers not because o% their intrinsic 'uality but due to parochial considerations.

    9residential system ensures that the 9resident has a national image. e does not belong to this or 

    that group or %action in the egislature. 0ince he is elected %or a %ied term o% o%%ice, stability isinbuilt in this %orm o% government because he is not dependant on the vagaries o% the egislature.

    In 9arliamentary :overnment, on the other hand, the 9rime inister has to please both his partymen and the opposition to continue in o%%ice. The instability o% this %orm o% government becomesmore obvious when a single party does not hold a ma*ority in the egislature and a coalitiongovernment is %ormed, as was the case in 74), ational C1 and in1CC5>C7. The B;9 led coalition government had to resign in *ust 13 days and 13 months

    respectively and the $" :overnment had to put up with the tantrums o% this or that coalition partner.

    In a 9residential democracy, the egislature is less li&ely to be dominated by party spirit and the

    individual members can vote independently on the issues presented to them, as the %ate o% the

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    government does not depend on them. This phenomenon is so much in evidence in the classic caseo% 8nited 0tates that the two main parties the -epublican and the $emocratic are called ?same

    wine in di%%erent bottles?. #ontrary to this the 9arliamentary system Nintensi%ies the spirit o% partyand &eeps it always on the boilO says ord Bryce. ven i% there are no important issues o% policy be%ore the nation, there are always the o%%ices to be %ought, %or one party holds them, the other desires them and the con%lict is unending %or immediately a%ter de%eat, the beaten party begins itscampaign to dislodge the victors. hile the opposition critici=es :overnment policy regardless o% its merits, the ruling party avoids putting unpopular measure, however important they may be, and

    resorts to populism ignoring the need o% the nation. $on?t we witness this happening here in India@0hould, then, we still continue with this irresponsible state o% a%%airs@

    The %usion o% eecutive and legislative %unctions in a parliamentary democracy li&e ours has made

    the cabinet usurp the %unctions o% parliament, %or the 8nion egislature is now in session %or about3 months in one year while during 9t. ;awaharlal ehru?s time it used to be in session %or morethan months. oreover, rule by ordinance tends to bypass the authority o% 9arliament. In the

    9residential system, on the other hand, there is separation o% the ecutive and the egislature.ence, no wing can usurp the powers o% the other. This ensures that no legislation is enacted inhaste or without, in>depth deliberation.

    In a presidential democracy, a continuous and consistent home and %oreign policy can be %ollowed

     because the chie% eecutive en*oys security o% tenure and cannot be easily removed. This %act isestablished by the -ooseveltian era in 80". #ontrary to this, in a parliamentary democracy, thereis no continuity or consistency o% policies because o% instability o% :overnment. " new cabinet

    may even reverse the policy %ollowed by its predecessor.

    In a presidential system, bureaucratic appointments are made by the president, and in some cases,

    with the approval o% the legislature. They are responsible %or their acts o% omission andcommission. In the 9arliamentary :overnment, on the other hand, there is a %ied tenure %or  bureaucrats who thrive under the cloa& o% ministerial responsibility. In India, we witness an over  bureaucrati=ation o% the entire administration, which causes red>tape and avoidable delay.

    Bureaucracy even hi*ac&s the well meant policies o% the government.

    ith a multiplicity o% political parties spawned due to personality clash o% egoistic leaders and

    helplessness o% even anti de%ection law, %loor>crossing and horse>trading have become the norm inour parliamentary practices. The politician>bureaucrat>businessman>criminal neus has debasedthe parliamentary institution, inter%ered with the *udiciary, created law and order problems andencouraged terrorism and separation on a wider scale. ven violence inside the legislature has

     bought them into disrepute. Instead o% being a government by discussion, parliamentarydemocracy has descended to the low level o% pandemonium and bedlam in the houses o% thelegislature.

    ow calibre, casteist and communal elements, able to eploit the illiterate and poor masses a

    considerable vote ban&, get elected to the legislatures. Thus with their immense bargaining power they are able to get ministerial berths@ The result@ ;umbo cabinets unmanageable in 0tates li&e 8.9and Bihar where ministers have practically no wor& to do in some cases but are a burden on the

    che'uer. Thus we are caught in a vicious circle o% all>round deterioration. It is, there%ore, hightime that we abandon the 9arliamentary system and adopt the 9residential democracy whereministerial posts need not be given to elected representatives, the candidate is more important thanthe party and, hence, corruption, ine%%iciency, vested interests and paraly=ing inter%erence %rom politicians can be easily removed.

    o Con#lusionG

    The %orm o% government is speci%ic to a cultural and social contet. "spects that aid e%%icient governmentneed to be rein%orced, irrespective o% the %orm o% government.

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    Interiew )trateg+ G ips

    " 9ersonal Interview is a great opportunity to mar&et onesel% to a recruiter %or a *ob, admission or a scholarshipor some other privilege. " personal interview is always designed to discoverG how the candidate is , why hedesires a particular privilege and what meritsP demerits he has visa via competitors. ost candidates appearing%or a personal interview are ill>in%ormed regarding its intended purposes and there%ore, are not well>prepared tohandle it success%ully. Interview tips aims to help the candidate with some important, proven tips on how to acea personal interview by discussing some standard, popular 'uestions.

    Interview Tips

    ere are a %ew more do?s and don?ts %or being at your best during an interview

    7os:

    • 9lan to arrive on time or a %ew minutes early. ate arrival %or a *ob interview is never ecusable.

    • :reet the interviewer by their %irst name.

    • ait until you are o%%ered a chair be%ore sitting. 0it upright and always loo& alert and interested. Be a

    good listener as well as a good tal&er. 0mileV

    • aintain eye contact.

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    • ?/ver>answer? 'uestions. The interviewer may steer the conversation into politics or economics. It is

     best to answer the 'uestions honestly, saying no more than is necessary.

    • et your discouragement show. I% you get the impression the interview is not going well and you have

    already been re*ected, don?t show discouragement or alarm. /ccasionally an interviewer who is genuinely

    interested in you may seem to discourage you in order to test your reaction.

    "s& about salary, bonuses or holidays at the %irst interview > unless you are positive the employer isinterested in hiring you and raises the issue %irst. owever, &now your mar&et value and be prepared to speci%yyour re'uired salary or range.

    )oled 8o#, Interiew 6uestions

    Interiewer: ell us something a"out +ourself$

    #andidateG curriculum activities. "long

    side college course, I have done crash course on various upcoming technologies li&e .T, sharepoint, cloud

    computing etc.

    Interiewer: ., wh+ should we hire +ouE

    #andidateG I have read *ob pro%ile deeply. I believe, barring a %ew, most o% the s&ills you re'uire match my area

    o% interest and &nowledge. I need to wor& on a %ew areas to meet up your epectations, which I can do pretty

    'uic&ly. "lthough I do not have the wor& eperience but I have the s&ills re'uired to be associated with the

     pro*ect.

    Interiewer: @hat are +our strengths and wea,nessesE

    #andidateG 0trengths > "long with strong technical s&ills, I am a team player and initiative driven. I have proved

    my mettle as a team player both on the ground o% sports and in other etra>curricular activities.

    ea&nessG 0traight %orwardness which many a times proves to be detrimental.

    Interiewer: Can +ou wor, under pressureE

    #andidateG I %all in love with my wor& even be%ore it begins and thus etra pressure doesn?t bog me down. ith

    my inclination towards spirituality, I can strengthen my passion towards wor& at my will. y belie% system

    &eeps suggesting me that etra pressure is adding more dimensions to my s&ills.

    Interiewer: /re +ou willing to relo#ate or traelE

    #andidateG I am very much open to re>location. In this bris& pace global environment, I would li&e and am

    willing to eplore more geographic locations.

    Interiewer: @hat are +our goalsE

    #andidateG I believe in short>term goals which eventually trans%orm into long>term bene%its.

    "t the moment my utmost, desirous goal is to get associated with an organi=ation and etend my epertise that Ihave amassed during my academic li%e. I want to learn new things to have strong %oothold in the mar&et. I want

    to ta&e up the industrial challenges that are changing and touching new height every day.

    Interiewer: @hat motiates +ou to do a good o"E

    #andidateG 0el% satis%action and the urge to ac'uire new s&ills motivate me. hen my e%%ort bear result, I get the

    taste o% %ul%ilment and that drives me to &eep etending best o% my service consistently and e%%ectively.

    Interiewer: /re +ou #omforta"le wor,ing in a teamE

    #andidateG $edication, determination, deadline and discipline are the hallmar& to be a team player. I have them

    in abundance but since I?m %resher, I have no precedent to prove my point. I have been associated with teams on

    many occasions > both at school and college and have earned accolades as a team member.

    Interiewer: How do +ou rate +our #ommuni#ation s,illsE 

    #andidateG I would rate mysel% average here. I have been consistently addressing it and improvement isevidently showing up.

    Interiewer: *ou do not hae all the s,ills we need for this positionE 

    #andidateG Fes, I agree but at the same time you would see that I have most o% the re'uired s&ills. Being a 'uic&

    learner, I won?t ta&e much time to learn the other things.

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    Interiewer: How would +ou #ompensate for the la#, of eperien#e +ou hae for this positionE 

    #andidateG I agree that lac& o% eperience is an area o% concern, but I am 'uite abreast with most o% the re'uired

    s&ills and have wor&ed on similar pro*ects in the college. "lthough college pro*ects canDt be compared with the

    live pro*ects+ but they has earned me con%idence.

    Interiewer: /re +ou spea,ing to some other #ompaniesE .r how is +our o" sear#h going onE

    #andidateG Fes, I am in the %inal round o% discussion with two other companies. y *ob search is going %ine and

    I hope it ends here.

    Interiewer: @hat is +our st+le of managementE  #andidateG I do not con%orm to a speci%ic management style. I try to ad*ust my style o% management as per the

    situation and I have observed that it wor&s best with current dynamics.

    $i%%erences should be seen as strengths, not wea&nesses. They add =est to li%e.

    Interiewer: @hat would +ou do if +ou and +our #olleague hae a different approa#h to deal with a thingE

    #andidateG I believe it is o% utmost importance to stay pro%essional, especially in the wor& environment. e can

    have di%%erence o% opinion, but nothing as adults which we canDt discuss and come to an amicable agreement.

    Interiewer: @hat motiates +ou at wor,E

    #andidateG Trust, recognition, empowerment and wor&ing together with colleagues with everyone sharing ideas

    and thus reaching the desired goal.I am sel%>motivated but wor& well with others to get the needs o% the *ob

    done, done well, and done on>time.Interiewer: How mu#h salar+ do +ou epe#tE

    #andidateG 0ir, salary is important+ wor& is much more. "s a %resher, my primary concern is to learn %rom you

    and enhance my &nowledge. I want to build a career with wor& eperience. I will be happy with the pac&age you

    will o%%er me as per the companyDs norms.

    Interiewer: Has +our #areer deeloped as +ou had li,edE

    #andidateG ItDs shaping yet. IDm trying my best to shape it as I want it be. Being satis%ied with my *ob will be the

    most I can as& %or.

    Interiewer: @hat would +ou do if +our team #eased to performE

    #andidateG I would try and %ind the reason behind it. I will ensure that they are well motivated to per%orm. Team

    may always not per%orm because they are not s&illed. $igging into the root cause should be the approach.

    Interiewer: @ould +ou li,e to wor, in a team or on +our ownE

    #andidateG I would de%initely li&e to wor& in a team. It helps to learn new things, understand new people,

    echange ideas etc.

    Interiewer: How do +ou feel a"out doing repetitie wor,E

    #andidateG -epetitive wor& can get boring at times. owever, the more you practice, the better you get. I% my

    wor& demands me to do repetitive wor&, IDll do it. owever, I do epect some creativity.

    Interiewer: 7o +ou want to as, us something a"out the #ompan+E

    #andidateG ow did the company handle recession@

      $oes the company have some provisions %or the employees wanting to study %urther@

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    tempore )pea,ing

    tempore is a stage per%ormance which is carried out without preparation o% any &ind. This term is mostly used

    while re%erring to speech and poetry discussions. The other commonly used names %or etempore speeches areimpromptu spea,ing, improised spea,ing and etemporaneous spea,ing$

    The word AtemporeA has actual meaning lying in the contet o% stage or theatre per%ormances that are carried

    out without preparation or impromptu per%ormances.

    "n etempore speech is an impromptu speech which the candidate is re'uired to ma&e on a topic given there

    and then. In some instances, the panel provides the candidate with about a minute or so to organi=e hisPher 

    thoughts be%ore spea&ing. In other cases, you will be epected to start spea&ing about the topic as soon the topic

    is announced.

    "n etempore presentation tests the candidates on the %ollowingG>

    • "bility to thin& o%% the %eet

    • "nalysis o% the topic and identi%ication o% the issue to be addressed

    • Idea generation

    • 9rioriti=ation and se'uencing to display logical thin&ing

    • "bility to connect with the panel

    • #ommunication s&ills

    • /verall presentation s&ills>body language, con%idence, poise, composure etc.

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     private aviation sector.