Variation From Normal Sex

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Evidence of sex

Evidence of sex is divided into three categories.In Normal cases;

Most certain evidence

It depends on the possession of ovaries in the female and testes in male.

Highly probable evidenceIt include the possession of sexual structures, e.g, development of breasts,female distribution of hair, appropriate physical development and distribution of subcutaneous fat, and vagina in female

Presumptive evidenceIt include outward appearance of the individual, the features and general

contours of the face, the length of head hair, the clothes, the figure, the habits, the

inclinations, the voice, etc



In doubtful casesex of the person can determined

1. Through external examination

2. Internal examination

3. Gonadal biopsy

4. Nuclear sexing

5. Sex chromosomes



External Examination:

To see the external features; i.e

Hair colour

Eye colour

Teeth

Moles

Operation Scars (in male)

Tattoos

Weight

Striae of pregnancy (in female)

Old injuries

Internal Examination:

To see the three major cavities

Thoracic

Abdominal

Skull



Nuclear Sexing

It is method of sexing cells, and help in determining sex in doubtful cases,

that is in decomposed bodies, mutilated bodies

Principle:

Method of sexing cells is based on the differences in the nuclear chromatin

pattern between two sexes

Methods of nuclear sexing:

Barr body

In non dividable cells the females show close to nuclear membrane a small

plano- convex mass of chromatin known as Barr body

Chromatin positive (the cell showing % of Barr bodies varies from 20 – 80

in females)

Chromatin negative (from 0 to 4 in males)



Davidson’s body: This refers to a thin, stalked, drum-stick like projection

of polymorph nucleus of feminine trait of WBCs



Sex Chromosome:

In cells that are dividing, a chromosome count is needed to identify the sex

chromosome (XX or XY).

Tissues suitable to demonstrate sex chromosomes:

Blood stain, cartilage, bone marrow, hair (also demonstrate the Barr bodies) teeth

and pulp . In root sheath cells of hair which resist putrefaction, Barr body

and Y chromosome can be demonstrated



It is due to defective development of single mass of cells from which the

sex organs of both sexes are derived

1. Intersex state2. Imperfect differentiation of external genitalia



Intersex states

These refer to conditions in which male and femalecharacters, e.g gonads, physical form and sexualbehavior coexist in varying proportion in the sameindividual

Cause:

Due to defective development of single mass of cells inearly fetal life

Types of intersex states:

Gonadal agenesis

Gonadal dysgenesis True Hermaphrodites

Pseudohermaphrodites



Gonadal Agenesis:

Sexual organs (testes orovaries) have never

developed.Nuclear sexing is

chromatin negative

Gonadal dysgenesis:

External sexualstructures are present

but testes or ovariesfail to develop atpuberty eg. Klinefeltersyndrome in boys and

Turner syndrome ingirls.



Klinefelter syndrome: The boy grows and develops

normally till puberty but then,one or more of followingfeatures appears

Testes remain small andusually to firm consistency Gynecomastia.

Sign of eunuchoidism (eg.Long arms and legs, scantypubic hairs, poor or no beard

growth) Chromatin positive

Chromosome pattern is XXY He is naturally sterile

Turner syndrome: This girl is characterized by

three principle features

Sexual infantilism (lack of breast

development, scanty pubic hair, imperfect external

genitali, uterus, Fallopian tubes) Short stature

Congenital anomalies (webbing of

neck, corctation of aorta, color blindness, & renal

abnormalities)

Chromatin negative

Chromosome pattern is OX She is naturally sterile



True Hermaphroditism: The external genitalia may be of

both the sexes and internalgenitals may consist of bothovaries and testis

Power of self replication is not

found and surgical interference isoften needed for their socialrehabilitation with a particular sex

The nuclear sex is usually, butnot always female

Cryptochidism, and inguinalhernia are finding

Pseudohermaphroditism: There is lack of clear cut

differentiation of external genitaliawhile the internal genitalia areisosexual

They are classified as male or

female according to presence oftestes or ovaries They are of two types Male pseudo (male intersex) or

andro-gynoid or (womanly man) Testis are more developed with

rudimentary uterus and ovaries They are chromatin negative Scanty axillary and pubic hairs,

slit like blind vaginal opening,beard, mustache and penis maybe found



Concealed Sex:Criminals sometimes attempt to conceal their sex by a change

of dress or other methods to avoid detection. This can be detected byphysical examination

Medicolegal complications:Created by Hermaphroditism pertain chiefly to

marriage, inheritance, and civil rights

Variation From Normal Sex

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