Variable and Hypothesis

7/27/2019 Variable and Hypothesis

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Variable

Variable is used as synonymous forconstruct or property being studied.

Variable is a symbol of an event, act,

characteristic, trait or attribute that canbe measured and to which we assignvalues.

For data entry purpose, we assignnumerical value to a variable based onthe variables property.

A concept that can take on differentquantitative values is called variable.


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Variable

Continuous variables: Any variable that has aninfinite number of possible values. Variablewhich has the value not necessarily in thecomplete number is called continuous variable.income, age, education. eg. 0-100, 23.5..

Discrete variable: variables also take on valuesrepresenting to added categories: such asdemographic values of race and religion. Suchvariable which produces data that fit intocategories is called discrete variables. e.gnumber of children. Also called categoricalvariable

Dichotomous variable: having two values, 1 or0.. Employed or un-employed. Also calleddummy variable


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Variable

Dependent variable (Criterion variable)

A variable that is to be predicted orexplained. Also called criterion variable.

Independent variable (predictor variable,explanatory variables)

A variable that is expected to influencethe dependent variable. This variable is

manipulated by the researcher and themanipulation causes effect on thedependent variables.


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Hypothesis

Once the research question has been stated, the nextstep is to define testable hypotheses. Usually a researchquestion is a broad statement that is not directlymeasurable by a research study. The research questionneeds to be broken down into smaller units, calledhypotheses that can be studied.

2 Greeks words: Hypo means under and Thesismeans refers to place

Thus hypothesis means anything under consideration

Working hypothesis or empirical hypothesis: when ahypothesis is formulated, it is merely an assumption.

When it is put for empirical testing, it becomes aworking hypothesis. A working hypothesis is one whichis provisionally adopted to explain certain facts andwhich guides the researcher for investigation.


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Hypothesis

Proposition is defined as a statement about theobservable phenomena (concepts) that may bejudged as true or false. When a proposition isformulated for empirical testing, we call it a

hypothesis. Hypothesis merely means assumption or some

supposition to be proved or disproved but forresearcher hypothesis is a formal question that he

intends to resolve A hypothesis is a statement that expresses the

probable relationship between variables.


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Types of hypothesis

On the basis of function Null hypothesis: null hypothesis means that there is no

difference between the relationship of two variables, ormeans of two groups in the population. Actually it showsthat the correlation of two variables is equal to zero or the

difference between means of two groups in a population isequal to zero. It is denoted by H0. Null hypothesis is always formulated for possible rejection.

By rejecting the null hypothesis, this means that all thealternative hypothesis relating to a particular relationshipscan be supported. Null hypothesis does not show anysignificant relationship between variables or means ofgroups.

Alternative hypothesis: shows a relationship of the variablesor indicating differences between various groups. It isdenoted by H1


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Types of hypothesis

For Directional Hypothesis

Men are hard working than women

Null Hypothesis

H0: M = WH0: M W = 0 Where H0: Null hypothesis

M = Mean Hard working level of men

W = Mean Hard working level of women The alternative hypothesis would be:

H1: M > W


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Types of hypothesis

For non-directional hypothesis:

There is a difference between levels ofhard working between men and women

H0: M = W

H0: M W = 0

Alternative hypothesis

H1: M W

Variable and Hypothesis

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