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Regasification units:

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Regasification units:

Traditionally, base load regasification terminals have used twotypes of vaporizers:

70% uses the Open rack Vaporizer (ORV),

25% uses the Submerged Combustion Vaporizer (SCV)5% uses the Intermediate Fluid vaporizer (IFV).

In addition to these vaporizers, other types of vaporizers

such as The direct air vaporizers, the Ambient Air Vaporizers (AAV),

have been used in smaller regasification plants and peakshaving facilities.

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Selection of vaporizers:

Depends on ambient temperatures of that region:

The following countries fall under the equatorial region definition:

Asian Countries (Southern India, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia,Singapore, Philippines)

North American Countries (Mexico)

South American Countries (Brazil)

Whereas following countries may fall under the subequatorialdefinition:

Asian Countries (China, Vietnam, Mid-West and Mid-East of India)

South American Countries (Chile, Argentina)

European Countries (Spain, UK, France )

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LNG vaporizer selection process are:

o Site conditions and plant location

o Availability and reliability of the heat source

o Customer demand fluctuation

o Emission permit limits

o Regulatory restrictions with respect to the use ofseawater

o Vaporizer capacity and operating parameters

o Safety in design

o Operating flexibility and reliability

o Capital and the operating cost

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Open rack vaporizer

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Widely used in Japan,Korea,Europe.

Uses sea water to heat

Chlorination of sea water with sodium hypo

chlorite

Sea water temperature is above 5c

Units made of:

o Aluminum alloy

o Zinc alloy

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Submerged Combustion Vaporizers

(SCV)

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Fuel heating:

LNG vaporization using fuel gas for heatingtypically consumes approximately 1.5 % of thevaporized LNG as fuel, which reduces the plant

output and the revenue of the terminal. SCVs are used during winter months to

supplement ORV, when seawater temperaturecannot meet the regasification requirement.

The SCV burners can be designed to burn lowpressure boil-off gas as well as letdown sendoutgas

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Intermediate fluid vaporizer:

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Shell and tube vaporizer

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IFV with Rankine cycle

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Ambient Air Technologies

Indirect contact:

The indirect contact approach utilizes a closed

loop intermediate fluid

that is heated with ambient air and transfers

the heat from this intermediate fluid to

regasify

LNG in specially designed shell and tube heat

exchangers.

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Air-Fin Exchangers

This method utilizes traditional air-fin

exchangers with forced draft fans to push the

ambient air through the air fin tubes to heat

the intermediate fluid which is used to re-

gasify LNG.

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Air Tower or reverse acting cooling

tower:

where induced draft ambient air heats waterin direct contact with circulated water which

can then be directly or indirectly transferred

to re-gasify LNG

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Direct contact AAV

Two types:

One uses a Natural Draft Ambient Air Vaporizer(NDAAV).

The design of this exchanger utilizes the naturaldraft from the difference in density for warm andcold ambient air.

Ambient air enters the top of the exchanger,

exchanges heat directly to the cold LNG fluidflowing in the exchangers specialized finnedtubes and the air cools producing a down draft.

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The second method

Uses a Forced Draft Ambient Air Vaporizer

(FDAAV)

Here fans are installed on the ambient air

vaporizers to force a higher mass of ambient

air across the fins of the exchanger for direct

heat exchange with cold LNG.

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Performance of FDAAV

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Advantages

Direct contact ambient air vaporizers over the Indirectcontact ambient air vaporizers (Air Tower or Air-FinExchanger technology) is

ability to continue to transfer significant amount of

sensible heat from the ambient air to cryogenic fluidseven when the ambient conditions fall below 32F orbelow freezingtemperatures

Obviously, the regeneration of the FDAAV requires

some means to heat the air to bring temperaturesabove 32F during these low ambient conditions.

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LNG mobile regasification

Used to provide an un interrupted supply of

natural gas power generator sets used on oil

and gas drill rigs.

The system integrated with 15000 gallons of

LNG tanker and integrated with vaporization,

flow control and offloading pumps

Deploy the system anywhere you need

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