Vapor and Combined Power...
Transcript of Vapor and Combined Power...
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Vapor and Combined
Power Cycles
The steam cycle and more…
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Carnot Cycle
� The standard all others are measured against
� Not realistic model for vapor cycles
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Rankine Cycle, Ideal
� 1-2 isentropic compression (pump)
� 2-3 constant pressure heat addition (boiler)
� 3-4 isentropic expansion (turbine)
� 4-1 constant pressure heat rejection
(condenser)
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Rankine Cycle, Ideal
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Rankine Cycle Energy Analysis
� Energy balance, each process
� For pump
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Rankine Cycle Energy Analysis
� For boiler
� For turbine
� For condenser
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Rankine Cycle Energy Analysis
� Thermal efficiency
� Heat rate: amount of heat (Btu) to
generate 1 kWh of electricity
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Real vs. Ideal Cycle
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Real vs. Ideal Cycle
� Major difference is irreversibilities in pump and turbine
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Increase Efficiency?
� Lower condenser pressure
� Increase superheattemperature
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Increase Efficiency?
� Increase boiler pressure
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Reheat
� Materials limit temperature of steam, but can we take advantage of higher steam pressures and not have quality of steam issues?
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Reheat
� Equations become:
� Purposes of reheat: keep turbine inlet
temps within limits, increase quality of steam in last stages of turbine
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Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
� Regeneration: effective use of
energy
� Open (direct contact)
feedwater heaters
(mixing chambers)
� Closed feedwater heaters (heat
exchangers)
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Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
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Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
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Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
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2nd Law Analysis
� Ideal Rankine cycle is internally reversible
� Analysis indicates where irreversibilities are
� Again for steady-flow system:
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2nd Law Analysis
� For a cycle:
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Cogeneration
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Combined Gas-Vapor Power Cycle
� Use of two cycles to maximize efficiency
� Gas power cycle topping a vapor power cycle
� Combined cycles have higher efficiency than either independently
� Works because:� Gas turbine needs high combustion temp to be efficient, vapor cycle can effectively use rejected energy
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