Dr. M S RAGHU PRASADA MBBS,MDASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGYSSIMS & RC.

REFERENCE WRITING

What is referencing?

Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that we

have used in our assignments and which allows the sources to be identified.

Obligation Avoid plagiarism To verify quotations To enable readers to follow up Understand what we have written and the

cited author’s work.

Understanding similar terms

CITATION-using another persons work in our work and acknowledging them

SECONDARY REFERENCING- when an author refers to another authors work and the primary source is not available

BIBLIOGRAPHY-there may be many articles which we have referred but not cited, these can be listed at the end of our assignment in a bibliography. These articles should be listed in alphabetical order

In which case we need to cite a reference ?

1. When we copy word or a paragraph from a journal article/book

2. When we copy word or a paragraph from a web site3. When we write in our own words or ideas from a

journal article/book4. When we write in our own words or ideas from a

web site

If you do not make reference to someone else’s ideas/work you may be accused of passing it off as your own (plagiarism).

Plagiarism – What is it & How to avoid it

“The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. Recorded from the early 17th century, the word comes from Latin plagiarius ‘kidnapping’.”

Plagiarism – What is it & How to avoid it

Referencing systems

Vancouver system

Harvard system

APA system- American Psychological Association (APA) style

Combined Alphabet-Number system

Vancouver style of referencing:Overview

Numbered referencing style commonly used in medicine and science

• When we cite someone’s work in our essay, we use a number to refer the reference

• Our reference list at the end of our document, will provide full details of the reference and correspond in sequence to the numbers in the text using consecutive numbers

Vancouver style -Citing in the body of our essay

If the same reference is cited elsewhere again, the same number is used for that reference.

Numbers in-text can be in superscript 1 or can be displayed in brackets (1)Numbers must appear after a full stop or comma, but before colons and semi-colons.

Vancouver style of referencing:

• When citing more than one reference, join consecutive references with a hyphen (1-5)

• When citing multiple references that are non-inclusive, separate the references with commas. (2,5, 8, 10)

Reference of a journal article Name of authors (six et al- if more than six authors)

Title of article

Title of journal (abbreviated)

Year (month/day not necessary) of publication

Volume number (and issue/part)

Page number (no use of unnecessary digits)

EXAMPLE 2-JOURNAL ARTICLE

2. Jain A, Jain S, Rawat S. Emerging fungal infections among children: A review on its clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention. J Pharm Bio allied Sci. 2010;2:314–20

Abbreviate title according to the style used in Medline. A list of abbreviations can be found at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals

No punctuation marks are used in the abbreviated journal name – just spaces.

Rosenthal Ann K. Osteoarthritis: The need for therapeutic interventions. Current rheumatology reviews. 2012;11(3):24-27

Title of article

Date of publication

Author of article

Title of journal

Volume & issue number

Page numbers

How to cite a journal

article

EXAMPLE 4 -BOOK REFERENCE Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical pharmacology.

6thed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical publishers (p) Ltd; 2008. p.757-765.

EDITION (FULL STOP ONE SPACE) PLACE OF PUBLICATION (COLON ONE SPACE) PUBLISHER(SEMI-COLON ONE SPACE) YEAR OF PUBLICATION(FULL-STOP ONE SPACE )

How to identify a book

Zimmer C. A planet of viruses. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2011. p 109.

Author of Book

Title of Book

Date of publication

Place of publication & publisher

How to cite a book

“Vancouver”: Publication Info for books

Required: City, Abbreviated State, and Publisher If multiple cities, name of first city listed only Place COMMA between city & state Separate state & publisher with colon ( : ); place semicolon after name of publisher. Add year published + PERIOD. e.g. Boston, Mass:Ebony;2001. Add page numbers to report only one article in a book

(These rules for punctuation vary widely) e.g., Boston, Mass:Ebony;2001. p. 345-378.

EXAMPLE – multiple authors

CHAPTER OR PART OF A BOOK TO WHICH A NUMBER OF AUTHORS HAVE CONTRIBUTED

Hay RJ, Ashbee HR. Mycology. In: Rook’s textbook of dermatology. Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C editors.8thed. Edinburgh: Wiley Blackwell;2010;Vol 2 p.36.1-36.93

Vancouver Style- Title Format

Capitalize initial letter of only proper nouns (Santhosh, Omaha) and the first word in the title (but not first word of sub-title)

Articles in journals or in edited books: Entry requires two titles:

In book: the book’s title preceded by In: + Editor name(s) + , editor. or , editors.

How to identify a Chapter in a

book

Wadsworth P. Microinjection of mitotic cells. In: Rieder CL, editor. Mitosis and meiosis. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999. p 219-31.

Author of Chapter

Title of Chapter Editor of

Book

Title of book Place of publication & publisher

Date of publication

Page numbers of Chapter

IN

EXAMPLE – author ?

SPONSORED BY INSTITUTION, CORPORATION OR OTHER ORGANISATION

1. World Health Organization. Laboratory manual for diagnosis of fungal opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients. Geneva: World Health Organization;2009. p.4-10 .

Vancouver- Publication Info, Internet sources

Indicate type of source in square brackets after title (But this practice varies widely according to journal/instructor)e.g., [monograph on the Internet] or [serial online]

Internet sources require a final sentence beginning Ex: Available from: http://nursingworld.org/member2.htm

Place period only after an ending slash (/) Rules to cite Internet sources vary widely in practice

Specific to Vancouver

Indexing friendly Librarian friendly Editor/Reviewer friendly It reflects a librarian’s world view. An author or writing is just a number A journal, its vol are other items helpful for

categorising. To help indexing for NLM Detecting plagiarism Helpful for editor/reviewer

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