WHY THE HEALTH OF THE VENICE LAGOON HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CITY’S HERITAGE

AN INTERNATIONAL DISCUSSION MEETING

CAMBRIDGE COASTAL RESEARCH UNITDepartment of Geography

UNESCO Venice Office Palazzo ZorziCastello 493030122 Venice

Friday 21 May 2010

This meeting has been made possible thanks to the generous support of

The Headley Trust and Mr Paul Ruddock

With thanks also to

Engelbert Ruoss, Director UNESCO Venice OfficeCarla Toffolo – Association of Private Committees for the Safeguarding of Venice, UNESCO

Rosanna Santesso – Information Officer, UNESCO Venice OfficeJohn Millerchip – Venice in Peril, Venice

Isabel Carmichael and Nicky Bayly – Venice in Peril, London

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Susannah Sayler and The Canary Project

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MEETING PROGRAMMELead speakers for the thematic sessions have been asked to provide key information and introduce the questions to be addressed in the ensuing discussion, which involves all participants.

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INTRODUCTION

Project background, aims and objectives

Tom Spencer & Jane Da Mosto

This project is put forward in response to an observed widespread ignorance concerning the delicate state of the lagoon and the implications for the city of the lagoon’s deteriorating physical and ecological integrity. This is in spite of a wealth of relevant scientific research and extensive historical archives, with maps and measurements, against which to compare modern-day changes and trends. Moreover, new techniques such as real-time and long term environmental monitoring, remote sensing, Geographical Information Systems and mathematical modelling of physical and ecological processes have been brought to bear on the ‘Venice problem’; these advances, and what they tell us, need to be more widely known.

The project encompasses 3 elements:

1) a Review of published research on water level data for the Upper Adriatic Sea, Venice Lagoon and historic city; lagoon characteristics (morphology, bathymetry and habitats) which define the original, anthropomorphised and artificial states; mathematical modelling of the lagoon; and forms of degradation of the urban fabric associated with higher water levels and increased wave energy;

2) an International Discussion Meeting to debate the critical aspects of research and key inferences and stimulate an inter-disciplinary review of scientific research and policy options. The meeting aims to:

3) a “Position Paper” which interrelates the various threads of the literature review as well as the findings of the International Meeting and ad hoc consultation with key researchers in the various fields of inquiry; and

4) a Public Presentation of the final Position Paper (Autumn 2010) to policy makers, opinion leaders and a broad cross-section of stakeholders, including an international dimension. The Paper will clarify the scientific basis for considering the centrality of safeguarding the lagoon to protecting the future of Venice and its cultural heritage in the broadest sense.

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ABSTRACTS

1 A brief history of the Venice lagoon and the lagoon today

The Venice Lagoon from the diversion of the rivers to today’s lagoon

Luigi D’AlpaosDip IMAGE, Università di Padova

For a number of decades the Venice Lagoon has been experiencing the negative effects of intense erosive processes and a net loss of fine sediments in the lagoon-sea exchanges. Minimally attributable to the natural phenomenon of subsidence, a continual process in the Venice area, these processes are principally determined by large scale human interventions beginning with the diversion of the rivers, and especially those changes effected in the past two centuries: initially to ensure access to the lagoon by steamships with deeper hulls, then to enable ships to dock at the inner ports at the Stazione Marittima, Marghera and Chioggia.It is commonly accepted that the observed erosion processes are not connected to tidal currents, but of fundamental importance are the effects of wave energy (moto ondoso), however generated, which together with other human activities in the lagoon, such as clam harvesting, favour the re-suspension of sediments from the shallows. Once re-suspended, the sediments that do not re-settle on the lagoon bed are progressively taken by tidal currents towards the canals and from here transferred towards the inlets. The asymmetric hydrodynamic behaviour of the inlets, with respect to incoming and ebb tide, due to the presence of the jetties, determines a net loss of sediments with each tidal cycle. Expelled into the sea and projected far from the inlets by the outgoing current, these sediments are only minimally reintroduced to the lagoon during the incoming tide phase. Sediment is consequently taken from the budget of sea-lagoon exchanges, as demonstrated both by mathematical modelling of the phenomenon considering the current lagoon and the past configuration as well as via comparison of bathymetry of the various configurations of the lagoon basin shown by available surveys.Looking at lagoon morphology, the flood defence works currently under construction leave numerous questions open and have no impact whatsoever on the erosion processes, while it is worrying to think that the Malamocco-Marghera canal will be further enlarged. The inauspicious outcome for the lagoon due to the presence of the waterways is attributable to the wave energy and wash currents generated by navigation, which involves boats with a hull cross section that is too large for the geometry of the navigation channel and results in displacement of significant volumes of water. Erosion processes connected with these phenomena are documented fully by comparing available bathymetric surveys before and after the construction of the canal. In such a context, measures to safeguard the lagoon morphology cannot be delayed any further. Above all, these must be aimed at mitigation of wave energy and sediment re-suspension in the shallows, at hydrodynamic neutralization of the effects of navigation along channels in the lagoon and rigorous control of fishing activities. Of no less importance are measures to neutralize the negative effects on lagoon hydrodynamics caused by the existence of the Malamocco-Marghera navigation channel and the reintroduction into the lagoon of rivers, and associated inputs of riverine (fine) sediments.

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Safeguarding the Venice Lagoon between the sea and surrounding territory

Antonio RusconiFacoltà di Pianificazione del Territorio , Università IUAV Venezia

Important questions associated with safeguarding the Venice Lagoon extend beyond its physical and administrative boundary and are connected to aspects regarding both governance of water resources of the mainland catchments and protection of coastal and maritime environments along the Veneto-Friuli coastline.

Estuaries and lagoons of the North Adriatic belong to a single coastal system, hundreds of kilometres long, spread among the mouths of several rivers, from the Isonzo to the Po. The hinterland, for over 2000 km2, lies below average sea level, has been subjected to reclamation, subsidence and saline infiltration of groundwater processes. The hydraulic networks are mostly artificial, with respect to separation of the waters and flow regulation schemes.

Latter day lagoon safeguarding measures have largely ignored water related problems that lap at the edges of the lagoon itself, and their influence over sediment and pollutant inputs to the surrounding area, while these aspects were always very carefully considered in the past by hydraulic specialists of the Serenissima, when it was said that “the lagoon defends itself from the mountains”.

The decision regarding hydraulic regulation at the inlets to the sea has so far impeded consideration of the effects of possible reintroduction of the rivers into the lagoon, leaving unresolved the difficult questions connected with flood risk control for the adjacent Brenta river. Furthermore, recent deviations of part of the runoff from the Brenta watershed, in order to reduce the load into the lagoon, have further intensified flood risks in the area between Padua and the lagoon.

Regarding the coastline, major defence measures have been carried out in recent years, over tens of km, with the artificial introduction of considerable volumes of sand and the construction of complex beach defences. But recurrent sea storms dramatically eat away at and lower the beaches over many metres, gradually cancelling out the invested efforts. The worrying acceleration of these erosion processes leads to questions regarding the validity and cost-effectiveness of the measures carried out so far, especially in the light of expected sea level rise, intensifying storms and ongoing subsidence.

Recently, however, with implementation of the European Water Framework Directive this tendency at an Institutional level is being inverted inasmuch as safeguarding of the lagoon seems to be gradually becoming part of a more general approach to protection and defence, incorporating land defence and water protection in the North East Water District. The watershed management plan for the Eastern Alps, approved by the Government in February 2010, also considered the hydrographic sub-unit of the lagoon watershed, the Venice Lagoon and the surrounding sea. This is a positive beginning for a coherent approach, albeit partial, aimed at more complete safeguarding actions for the Venice Lagoon.

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2 Changing water levels in Venice and the Venice lagoonHistoric data series of tide measurements in Venice: 1872 – 2009

Paolo CanestrelliIstituzione Centro Previsioni e Segnalazioni Maree, Comune di Venezia

A complete study of the time series of tide levels measured in Venice will be presented (Bacino di San Marco, Punta della Dogana) from 1872 to 31.12.2009.

Analyses will be compared mainly from a statistical viewpoint, examining frequencies, trends and tendencies during the period under consideration.

Certain considerations will be illustrated that the author has found in these 137 years of history and, above all, the most probable hypotheses will be described for Venice through to 2100.

Changing Water Levels in the Venice lagoonDebora Bellafiore and Georg Umgiesser

ISMAR –CNR

The work here presented is a further development of previous studies on the Punta Della Salute water level time series. The period 1940-2009 is analyzed to identify trends in the water level mean, considering also the last five years, characterized by the beginning of structural works at the Venice lagoon inlets. Statistics on the high tide occurrence in different decades, with a focus on the last thirty years, are provided. The frequency of events, higher than values that cause flooding in the city, and differences in statistical distributions along the century are provided. Eliminating the trend corresponding to the mean level rise, no differences in the occurrence of high tides, comparing different decades, is seen. This procedure shows how the de-trend would produce a significant lowering of high tide occurrence.

Moreover, analysis have been performed to define the influence in the high tide occurrence due to global changes, like sea level rise or planetary meteorological influences, or to local phenomena, like winds highly spatially varying in the study area, or anthropogenic morphological changes. What can be pointed out is that the positive water level trend seems to be dependent more on global variations, like the sea level rise, than on local changes.

Additionally the astronomical and the residual water signals have been studied through a harmonic analysis. Variations in semi diurnal tidal amplitudes have been connected with morphological changes occurred in the Venice Lagoon: the comparison between the Venice and the Trieste time series showed two abrupt changes in the tidal signal, in the early 70ies and in the last years. The first is an amplification of the semi-diurnal signal in correspondence with the Petroli Channel excavation and an equal attenuation is seen during the first works connected with MoSE. This evidence is not an indication on the total signal, because, the mean sea level rise tends to increase the high tide phenomena in the last decade. Moreover, an increase in the occurrence of high tides is seen in the last years and should be connected also with a change in the meteorological conditions. In fact, from studies on the atmospheric pressure fields, the general decrease in the annual mean values in the last years can be read as a factor that tends to increase the occurrence of high tides. On the other hand not an increase in the severity of extreme events in the study area is seen.

Finally, the study on annual maximum value stressed some open questions: it is hard to define specific variations in water level maxima because the differences, between locations inside and outside the lagoon, in total and residual signals, can be due to a number of causes: different wind conditions, or different responses to the same wind forcing in areas characterized by different morphology. Therefore the authors state that a complete analysis to define the influence on water level variations needs cross-correlating these dataset with other variables like wind and velocity fields.

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Mean sea level and tide propagation variations in the Lagoon of Venice

Maurizio Ferla and Marco CordellaIstituto Superiore per la Protezione e Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA)

The Tide Gauge Monitoring System in the Lagoon of Venice and in the North Adriatic Sea (TGMSLV) is managed by ISPRA. Fifty-two meteorological and tide gauge stations are scattered within the lagoons and harbour along the coastline from Trieste to the Po Delta area. Most of the tide gauge information of the TGMSLV dates from the beginning of the last century. Since the early Eighties the real time operability of such a network has been implemented. Nowadays the TGMSLV is aimed at several outcomes, such as the release of Daily Tide Bulletins, storm surge forecasting, Civil Defence warnings, and navigation information.

The TGMSLV information is also important to assess the modification of tidal patterns within the lagoon. Studying the variations of tide propagation and amplitude by assessing the recordings could give an idea of the degree of evolution of ongoing processes compared with induced transformations. The studies carried out by Polli in the 1950s are an important point of reference. By collecting the assessment of the astronomical tide components for some tide gauges which had operated in the lagoon of Venice since the early 1900s, Polli drafted maps on propagation times and range reductions which the tidal wave undergoes moving from the open sea to the innermost parts of the lagoon. Recently, by means of a longer and wider set of tide recordings gathered between 2002 and 2008, an update of the tide astronomical components has been made by the Authors of this paper. So, the evolutionary features of today’s lagoon, increasingly like a bay, could be highlighted by comparing these results with the situation depicted by Polli for the first decades of 1900. The mean time taken by the tide to reach the outermost parts of the lagoon has significantly dropped compared to the data of the first decades of the 1990s. Moreover tide amplitudes are now significantly different from those studied by Polli and in the central part of the lagoon tidal wave features are nowadays similar those of the open sea in the North Adriatic.

Relative sea level rise in the lagoon could be one of the main causes that have induced such an evolutionary trend. The 2009 update of the average annual MSL time series in Venice confirms that a new rising phase started in 1993-94 with an annual mean rate almost twice as high as that evaluated over the whole period starting in 1872.

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3 Water levels and the urban fabric of Venice: types and causes of degradation

Giorgio Gianighian,Università IUAV di Venezia

Alberto Lionello,Soprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici e Paesaggistici di Venezia e Laguna

In buildings located along canals and embankments, and also some distance away from open water, walls come into contact with water. With increasing frequency and a broader tidal excursion, brackish waters penetrate the building fabric and humidity moves further upwards within the walls, compromising not only greater sections of walls but also the architectural elements anchored to them.

Higher water level now reaches above the barriers to humidity, both historic measures like the regolon, which is the water-side vestment of houses and palaces made from Istrian stone, as well as measures taken last century starting with robust, economical, popular housing of the late 19th to mid 20th century, with a layer of asphalt at what was then considered a safe height. Also new barriers made in lead or fibreglass or impregnated chemicals tend to be superceded by water levels, not necessary only the exceptional tide events.

The physical problem for the walls occurs in the “wet-dry” zone. Where the walls are permanently moist, the salts do not crystallize and the phenomenon of fracturing brickwork and cement/mortar does not occur, unlike the strip where there is periodic drying out.

Increasing frequency of higher tides does not only affect the walls but also other elements of Venetian buildings: window and door frames, metals, as well as reaching the ends of the ceiling beams on the ground floor, especially in the lower lying areas of the city. It is a phenomenon that needs to be scientifically studied throughout the city.

For low lying buildings, tidal excursion also causes modification of the ground (different equilibrium between solid and liquid parts), due to compaction of particulate matter and dispersion into the canals – and consequent lowering of the ground level, which causes structural weakness.

It must also be considered that building foundations and embankment walls are not impermeable, therefore particles pass through the mortar joinings between bricks which are then dispersed into the canal. Furthermore the ground underlying paving, both external (masegni or herringbone brickwork) as well as internal, is subject to variations in water level according to the tidal cycle and consequently lowering of the ground level.

These phenomena of ground loss through migration need to be examined with new laboratory testing to verify, for example, the permeability of different materials and foundation structures, carrying out verifications of water levels via the installation of piezometers.

In conclusion, with the increase in average water level, there is evident worsening of the conservation state of materials and structures of Venetian buildings, albeit still to be explored in terms of total extension.

The quantification of all the phenomena needs to be tested, analysed etc. in order to plan a protection system that could reduce tidal excursion, limiting both the peak and trough water levels. Scientists must now establish the correctness of our analyses and the applicability of our proposal.

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4 Ecological significance of the Venice lagoon

Lorenzo Bonometto, President, Società Veneziana per le Scienze Naturali

Faced with the complexity of the forms and processes that characterise the lagoon, attention to the fundamental aspects, which are frequently overlooked, offer basic stimuli for understanding certain events and evaluating human actions. Some banale issues (e.g. the position of the Rialto Bridge) open the way for reflection on the meanings of the lagoon forms which constitute the origins and development of the identity of Venice; meanings that provide the key to interpreting human actions and interventions that have orientated, over the centuries, and conditioned today more than ever, the lagoon and the city. Historically, these actions have induced a sequence of scenarios in which the identity and natural processes have been respected to differing degrees, and orientated, with resulting evolutionary processes (often degenerative) that delivered the lagoon of today.

Several factors have played and continue to play a role in these scenarios, while a few natural principles remain central. The lagoon must be understood, occupied and managed according to its plastic characteristics, in which there is an intimate correlation between morphogenic and ecosystemic dynamisms, and the forms – connected to evolutionary processes – are in dynamic equilibrium with these. Venice itself originated on the plastic forms of the islets, and took on their profiles and reflects this broadly in the shape and existence of canals, “campi” and constructions that follow the ancient lines and spatial organization; likewise other historically anthropicized situations (e.g. lagoon vegetable growing areas) highlight the geographical lines in their original layout, in which the human interventions are superimposed.

Consequently, and more generally speaking, affinity to the plasticity, natural dynamisms and meanings of the forms remains a priority for interventions in lagoon morphology (e.g. in the construction of “artificial saltmarshes”, only the areas at levels that are regularly covered by water, and areas not edged by rigid elements, correspond to “restoration” inasmuch as they constitute a revitalisation of the functionality and evolutionary forms).

During successive periods of history, the relation to plasticity and natural forms has varied, following the introduction of different priorities and the recent availability of energy in unprecedented amounts. Children of a culture based on the integration of natural dynamisms were the ancient interventions (notably the “scomenzere”, artifical navigation canals formed by the orientation of the tidal current along newly formed natural channels). In terms of attention to induced processes, the great works to divert the rivers of the 16th-18th century were different, and the heavy morphological and ecosystem consequences continue even today, in terms of the dynamics and characteristics of the system. Very clearly conflicting, and the cause of serious hydraulic, morphological and ecosystem imbalances were the large 20th century interventions, notably the reclamation of vast expanses of the lagoon and the opening up of navigation channels that are strikingly different to natural lagoon characteristics in terms of shape, depth and induced energy. Following the Special Laws that call for the elimination of degrading factors, the barbaric harvesting of (artificially seeded) clams has been legalised which stirs up the lagoon bed, albeit that the cost-benefit relationship is simply absurd.

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The Lagoon of Venice and wintering waterbirdsFrancesco Scarton

SELC Environmental Consultancy

Since 1993 waterbirds in the lagoon of Venice have been counted in mid-January, in the framework of a larger, international project called International Waterbird Census, one of the longest running and most extensive biodiversity monitoring programmes in the world. The information obtained from these surveys has considerable scientific and conservation value. Waterbirds are one of the most important features of the biodiversity of wetlands, and waterbird counts are one of several elements used to characterise important wetlands, as an indicator of biological importance.

In the Venice lagoon, censuses have been funded by the Provincia di Venezia and organized by a local wildlife society called Associazione Faunisti Veneti. The number of waterbirds wintering in the lagoon increased from 74,462 birds (1993) to 201,717 (2007). The peak value was attained in 2005 (214,640 birds), and the 2003-2007 mean was 195,672 birds, which makes the lagoon of Venice the most important wintering areas in Italy and one of the most important in the whole Mediterranean. Ducks are the majority, recently 53% of the total waterbirds; gulls (17%), waders (14%) and coots (13%) are the other most important groups. Over the last five years, about 80% of the birds were counted in fish farms (valli da pesca), which span over 9,500 ha, and 20% in the open lagoon, with negligible percentages along the littoral strip. Inside fish farms, where hunting occurs, density as high as 48 birds/ha was reached during daytime, mostly ducks and coots. At least part of these birds move during the night to search for food in tidal flats and saltmarshes beyond the fish farms, but quantitative data are extremely scanty.

Considering another group of birds such as the waders (dunlins Calidris alpina, Eurasian curlews Numenius arquata, Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta etc.), which occupy both the fish farms and the open lagoon, it has been estimated a density of 4.5 birds/ha of tidal flats, a value which compares well with other European wetlands. Studies on the role of waders in the tidal flat ecology of the Venice lagoon are needed.

From 1993 to 2007, most of the 64 species of regularly wintering birds showed stable or increasing trends, with only eight species decreasing. Ducks showed a spectacular increase, with more than 100,000 birds gained in 15 years; most of these were Teals Anas crecca and Mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Similar trends, even if less pronounced, were observed for three other northern Adriatic wetlands, i.e. Friuli-Venezia Giulia wetland complex, Caorle lagoon and the Po Delta. Trends known for the rest of the Mediterranean for several species were not comparable to those observed in the Venice lagoon, suggesting the importance of some site specific factor.

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5 Currents and water circulation in the lagoon and inlets, sediment transport and erosion: insights from modelling

Currents and water circulation in the lagoon and inlets,sediment transport and erosion

C.L. Amos (University of Southampton) and G. Umgiesser (ISMAR-CNR)

Venice lagoon has become deeper by 0.5 m in the last 80 years (with a corresponding loss of 118 km2 of intertidal habitat (Sarretta et al., 2010). This corresponds to a present rate of loss of 800,000 m3/yr of sediment; a rate that has more than doubled in the 20th Century. Habitat gains (sedimentation) in the northern and southern lagoon are thus more than balanced by extreme losses (erosion) in the central lagoon. In Lido and Chioggia inlets, turbid plumes of fine sediments from the adjacent rivers of the Adige and Piave are now feeding material into the lagoon because of the progradation of the shorelines which have begun to overstep the inlet breakwaters (constructed in the late 19th Century) (Villatoro et al., 2010). The longshore transport of up to 300,000 m3/yr of sand in the breaker zone of the Venetian barrier islands is a recent and active source of material which is also by-passing the breakwaters and entering the inlets. The flood-tidal deltas so formed are seed beds for seagrasses such as Cymadocea nodosa, Zostera marina and Zostera noltii, whilst there is evidence that salt marshes in the northern and southern lagoon are expanding due to the influx of fines. Yet, despite recent increases in supply, overall losses continue to increase in time.

The morphology of tidal estuaries such as Venice lagoon is principally governed by the tidal prism (tidal water volume) entering the lagoon each tide, the bed stability, and the supply of material at the open boundary (the inlets) (Di Silvio et al., 2010; Townend, 2010). There is evidence to suggest that the tidal prism has increased in the 20th Century (Tomasin, 1974). This has largely been due to the construction of the Canale dei Petroli in the late l960’s. Such increases in tides usually favour an import of fine material from the open sea, yet losses continue to grow. Natural waves, generated by Bora and Scirocco storm winds, cannot account for the levels of erosion and turbidity seen in the lagoon. Boat-generated waves, however, along with clam fishing appear to explain the anomalously high levels of turbidity seen in satellite imagery, particularly around Venice. These high levels of turbidity force the outflow of material down the sediment gradient and through the inlets by tidal dispersion (Di Silvio et al., 2010).

Bed stability is normally high in Venice lagoon (Amos et al., 2010) but this is easily destroyed by boat passage, dredging, fishing, and anchoring. Reduction in bed stability is a major contributing factor to erosion in Venice lagoon (Townend, 2010). Thus, it appears that anthropogenic effects are more than counteracting the natural tendency of the lagoon to infill.

Human activity, as a geological process, is presently as great (if not greater) than natural processes in Venice lagoon. The impact of such activity is greatest in scale and most immediately manifest in the coastal zone (where humans are most crowded). Air and seawater temperature (SST) trends in Venice lagoon now show summertime increases approximately double global trends presented by IPCC (2008). Indeed, SST in the month of May is increasing 5 times the IPCC rate (Crowsley, 2010). This trend is not unique and is being found in most urban coastal settings and illustrates the rapidity and intensity of human impact in coastal settings. Thus global trends of human impact mask the true rate and scale of local effects such as takes place in Venice. Yet this is where people live, visit, and experience these effects.

It is our opinion that mitigations to human activity on both sediment re-suspension (and supply) and water quality are essential pre-requisites to a healthy lagoon. This normally means less human influence, not more.

Regarding changing hydrodynamics, the MOSE (wave breakers) has modified the outgoing jets from the lagoon deviating them to the north. It is still not clear what consequences this may have in the long term. The vortices responsible for the deposits of the ebb tidal delta seem to be stable, but a return flow is enhanced towards the coast that might lead to higher pollution close to the Venetian beaches. Inside the lagoon the residence times change especially close to the watersheds and in

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during periods of calm. During storms, the tidal current pattern is dominated by wind-driven currents that do not appear to change residence times significantly.

The analysis of the tidal amplitude reveals that there has been a recent reduction of 2 cm in the semi-diurnal tide. This signal is an opposite trend to that of the previous 70 years (or so). Finally, regarding modelling, there is a need to refine further the horizontal and vertical resolution as 3D modelling is needed to accurately describe the discharges through the inlets. Moreover, tidal marshes have to be modelled adequately in order to describe the tidal wave in the remote parts of the lagoon.

ReferencesAmos, C.L. et al., 2010. The erosion rates of cohesive sediments in Venice lagoon. Continental Shelf Research 30, 859-870.Crowsley, F. 2010. Seawater temperature trends in Venice lagoon (Italy) over the last 30 years. BSc. Thesis, University of Southampton, 45p.Di Silvio, G. et al., 2010. Long-term model of planimetric and bathymetric evolution of a tidal lagoon. Continental Shelf Research 30, 894-903.International Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Fourth Assessment Report. Synthesis Report. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf.Sarretta, A. et al., 2010. Sediment budget in the lagoon of Venice, Italy. Continental Shelf Research 30, 934-949.Tomasin, A. 1974. Recent changes in tidal regime in Venice. Rivista Italiana Geofisica 23, 275-278.Townend, I.H. 2010. An exploration of equilibrium in Venice lagoon using an idealised form model. Continental Shelf Research 30, 984-999.Villatoro, M.M. et al., Sand transport measurements in Chioggia inlet, Venice lagoon: theory versus observations. Continental Shelf Research 30, 1000-1018.

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6 Data Issues

The Future of Venice and its Lagoon in a Context of UncertaintiesThe development of a Web-based Knowledge System

A. Mancuso and P. Pypaert UNESCO Venice Office

BackgroundUNESCO’s involvement in activities related to the safeguarding of Venice and its lagoon has been continuous since 1966, with a first phase primarily focused on the safeguarding and restoration of cultural heritage, which is still under course, and a second one mainly focused on a scientific contribution to a better understanding of the lagoon ecosystem functioning, thus providing de basis for sound management of changes in Venice and its lagoon.

The projectThe aim of the project “The Future of Venice and its Lagoon in a Context of Uncertainties” is to assist the City of Venice and the Veneto Region Authorities to develop a shared vision for the protection and sustainable future of Venice and its Lagoon’s assets in a context of uncertainties determined by changes due to climate change, social transformation and globalised economy. This will be achieved mainly through the facilitation of a multi-stakeholders participatory approach, scientific support and the implementation of a web-based knowledge system on Venice and its Lagoon.

In the course of 2009, the web-based GIS system for the sharing of knowledge/data/maps related to Venice and its Lagoon has been re-launched, as a fundamental basis for further consultations and debates with Venetian stakeholders, but also as a tool that should facilitate the building of a consensus for further development and protection of this World Heritage site. Taking advantage of recent IT developments, the whole users interface has been re-designed, incorporating also new functionalities for its management and its consultation. It remains basically a platform for the inter-operation of diffused databases and information systems on Venice and its lagoon, principally thanks to the use of web map services (WMS) e web feature service (WFS) protocols that allow the publishing and sharing of data/maps among an open network of data owners and data users.

In a very user friendly perspective, the system allows its users to explore available maps and databases that better illustrate the present-time situation of Venice and its Lagoon, as well as the more recent transformation processes that affect this unique WH site.

Workspaces will be created by the managing team so to allow the user to better explore Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the site, so to identify the main issues on which the WH Management Plan should elaborate concrete proposals for action.

While exploring the available data and maps - literally by “playing” with them - the users are offered the possibility to interact with the system itself by:

sharing their own knowledge and expertise on specific issues; indicating suggesting further analysis and investigations that could be conducted on specific issues.

A the end of the project, the Web-based Knowledge System on Venice and its Lagoon should be released to a Venetian Institution in position to maintain it, to further develop monitoring and analytical activities maintained and used by the most relevant stakeholders responsible for monitoring the system.

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PARTICIPANTSCarl AmosDirector, Tuscan Consultancy Ltd., National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Dock 4, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UKSediment Dynamics Research Group: http://www.soes.soton.ac.uk/research/groups/sed_dynamics/T: 023-80596068, E: carllamos@gmail.com, W: http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/Carl L. Amos holds a Chair in Coastal Morphodynamics within the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton and is also Director of Tuscan Consultancy Ltd. He has been an active researcher for over 35 years in the field of coastal sediment dynamics and habitat stability; the last 12 years of this research have been focused on Venice lagoon. He has published 180 science papers and reports; his most recent contribution, relevant to this meeting, is a Special Issue on Venice lagoon published this month. He has directed over 30 PhD projects, two of the most recent have dealt with the stability of the inlets of Venice lagoon and numerous MSc students (the most recent on temperature trends of the waters of the lagoon). He is on the editorial boards of several International Journals and is active in consultancy relevant to coastal issues around the world.

Katia BasiliComune di Venezia, Direzione Sviluppo del Territorio ed Edilizia, Progettazione Urbanistica Attuativa C.S. e isole, Palazzo Contarini Mocenigo, San Marco 3980, 30124 VENEZIAT: 041- 274 71835, E: katia.basili@comune.venezia.itArchitect working for the Urban Planning Department in the urban regeneration and management of historic urban areas. Interested in the integration of the value and role of cultural heritage as a tool for more sustainable development. Currently working for the preparation of the Management Plan for the World Heritage Site “Venice and its lagoon”.

Debora BellafioreOceanography, ISMAR-CNR, Castello 1364/A, 30122 Venezia, ItaliaT: +390412404711, E: debora.bellafiore@ve.ismar.cnr.it, W: http://www.ismar.cnr.it/Debora Bellafiore is a young researcher that works at the ISMAR-CNR Institute of Marine Science in Venice, since 2006. She got a degree in Physics (2005) at Padua University and PhD in Geophysics at the Bologna University (2009). Her main interests are hydrodynamic modeling, process studies, with a specific focus in coastal processes. Her work deals also with investigation of climate change impacts in coastal areas.

AlbertoGiulio BernsteinHead of Environmental Engineering, Consorzio Venezia Nuova, San Marco 2803, 30124 VeneziaE: AlbertoGiulio.Bernstein@consorziovenezianuova.com

Leonardo BoatoIstituzione Centro Previsioni e Segnalazioni Maree, Comune di Venezia, Palazzo Cavalli, S. Marco 4090, 30124 VeneziaE: leonardo.boato@comune.venezia.it

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Lorenzo BonomettoSocietà Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Fontego dei Turchi - Santa Croce 1730, 30135 VeneziaE: lorenzob@iuav.it, W: www.svsn.itBorn in Venice (1945), specialised in the life sciences with special emphasis on coastal and lagoon environments. President of the Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, he was founder and director of the Centro di Educazione Naturalistica Ambientale at the Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia, member of the Expert Committee for Preservation of the Municipality, Expert for the Ministry of the Environment, Lecturer in Applied Ecology at IUAV. Author of numerous technical reports, scientific and educational publications, collaborates with organisations and associations on environmental restoration projects in lagoon and coastal areas.

Margaretha BreilSenior Researcher, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Isola di San Giorgio Maggiore30124 VeniceE: margaretha.breil@feem.itDr. Margaretha Breil is an urban and regional planner specialized in the valuation of urban and environmental policies. Currently she is working at FEEM and Euro-Mediterranean Centre for Climate Change on valuation models for environmental transformations, and on policy frameworks for management of the coastal environment, applied, inter alia onto the Venice Lagoon (ICZM) where she deals principally with the socio-economic challenges of coastal planning and with impacts from tourism. She holds a PhD in Urban Planning (RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1992) and a Master in valuation of Urban and Environmental Policies (IUAV Venice, Italy, 2003)..

Monica CamuffoCentro Interdipartimentale per l'Analisi Interazioni Dinamiche tra Economia, Ambiente e Società, Università Ca' Foscari, Cannaregio 873 - 30121 (VE) T: 041 234 9111, E: camonic@unive.it

Paolo CanestrelliIstituzione Centro Previsioni e Segnalazioni Maree, Comune di Venezia, Palazzo Cavalli, S. Marco 4090, 30124 VeneziaE: paolo.canestrelli@comune.venezia.it T: 0412748787Born in Venice 1952, degree in civil engineering from Università di Padova, Head of Centro Previsioni e Segnalazioni Maree (Venice Town Council Tide Forecasting Centre) since 1980, which became Istituzione CPSM in 2004. Author of numerous publications in engineering, sea level measurements, meteorology and, above all, tide modelling in the Upper Adriatic and Venice Lagoon. Appointed by the Mayor of Venice to the Working Group evaluating the works for safeguarding Venice (Mose project). Recently received a “special mention” by the Minister for Public Administration and Innovation Renato Brunetta, for the entry in the competition “Let’s Reward the Results” for improvement and innovation in the area of statistical modelling for flood forecasting in Venice.

Luca CarnielloDipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica, Marittima, Ambientale e Geotecnica, Universtà di PadovaE: carniello@idra.unipd.itResearcher in Prof D’Alpaos research group, active in the area of evolution of tidal environments in general, and specifically the Venice Lagoon.

Giovanni CecconiConsorzio Venezia Nuova, San Marco 2803, 30124 VeneziaE: Giovanni.Cecconi@consorziovenezianuova.com

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Frances Clarke CBEHonorary President, The Venice in Peril FundT: 0415206530, E: info@veniceinperil.orgHonorary citizen of Venice, Lady Clarke has been in Venice since soon after the catastrophic flood of 1966 when, together with her husband Sir Ashley Clarke (former British Ambassador to Rome), they created Venice in Peril.

Marco CordellaISPRA (Institute for research and environmental protection), Department for Protection of Inner and Marine Waters, Venice Lagoon Service, San Polo 50, 30125 VeniceT: (+39) 041 5220555/041 5235895, E: marco.cordella@isprambiente.it W: www.ispravenezia.itEducation: Statistics - Padua University (Italy)Research interests: Tide spread in the Venice lagoon; tide heights and delays variations in the last century; mean sea level variations in the Northern Adriatic Sea; seasonality and forecast of flooding events. Responsible for data quality processing assessment. Drafting technical and scientific papers, attending congress events on related matters. Statistical analysis of sea level and meteorological data.

Franco CrosatoISPRA (Institute for research and environmental protection), Department for Protection of Inner and Marine Waters, Venice Lagoon Service, San Polo 50, 30125 VeniceT: (+39) 0415220555/0415235895, E: franco.crosato@isprambiente.it W: www.ispravenezia.it Education: Natural Sciences – Padua University (Italy)Research interests: Tide spread in the Venice lagoon. Managing environmental databases; monitoring a real-time tide gauge network. Collecting, elaboration, validation and dissemination of meteorological and marine parameters, especially analyses regarding observations from extreme events. Drafting technical and scientific papers concerning acqua alta events (storm surges).

Luigi D’AlpaosDip IMAGE, Università di Padova, Via Loredan 20, 35131 PADUA, ItalyE: dalpaos@idra.unipd.itLuigi D’Alpaos, engineer, is Professor of Hydrodynamics at the Università di Padova. Expert in mathematical modelling of propagation phenomena, his research activities have been devoted to studying the hydraulic behaviour of large hydrographic systems, in general, and, tidal basins in particular. In this realm, his contributions to certain fundamental aspects of hydrodynamics and lagoon morphodynamics should be noted, with particular reference to problems specific to the Venice Lagoon.

Jane da MostoScientific projects - The Venice in Peril Fund, Association of Private Committees, c/o UNESCO Office in Venice, 4930 Castello, 30122 Venice (Italy)E: jane.damosto@veniceinperil.orgEnvironmental scientist (MA, Oxford University, MSc Imperial College) and international consultant on sustainable development in the broadest sense. Collaboration with ViP and Camrbidge Univeristy began in 2001 to develop an objective, independent platform for communicating the relevant scientific information concerning the state of Venice and consideration of the future. Research, beyond Venice, has covered the valuation methodologies for non market goods and services, indicators for sustainable development and, broadly, the integration of different branches of knowledge with different degrees of uncertainty to overcome complexity and characterise urgent issues like climate change.

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Francesco De BiasioCNR- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, c/o Area della Ricerca di Padova, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 PadovaE: f.debiasio@isac.cnr.it

Vincenzo De NittoComune di Venezia, Direzione Sviluppo del Territorio ed Edilizia, Progettazione Urbanistica Attuativa C.S. e isole, Palazzo Contarini Mocenigo, San Marco 3980, 30124 VENEZIAT: +390412747187, E: vincenzo.denitto@comune.venezia.itArchitect, Head of the Urban Planning Department, he directs all the urban management and planning activities in Venice (historic centre) and islands.

Giorgio De VettorComune di Venezia, Direzione Sviluppo del Territorio ed Edilizia, Progettazione Urbanistica Attuativa C.S. e isole, Palazzo Contarini Mocenigo, San Marco 3980, 30124 VENEZIAT: 041- 274 71869, E: giorgio.devettor@comune.venezia.itUrban Planner with a specialisation in the urban regeneration and development of historic urban areas in Venice and its lagoon. Interested in the conservation and valorisation of cultural heritage and in the safeguarding of the ecological values of the lagoon. Officer responsible for the preparation of the Management Plan for the World Heritage Site “Venice and its lagoon”.

Michael G. Donovan Urban Development Unit, Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate, OECD/OCDE, Paris, FranceT: +33145241521, E: Michael.DONOVAN@oecd.org, W: www.oecd.org/gov/cities, www.oecd.org/gov/regionaldevelopment/publicationsMichael Donovan is an urban specialist at the OECD where he advises local governments in the fields of infrastructure, land policy, and metropolitan governance. Donovan is the coordinator for the forthcoming OECD Territorial Review of Venice, which examines the metropolitan economy linking the provinces of Padua, Treviso, and Venice. He has also co-authored OECD reviews of Cape Town, Copenhagen, Toronto, and Guangdong. He holds a Ph.D. from the Department of City and Regional Planning of the University of California, Berkeley and a Master of City Planning from M.I.T. A native of the Seattle/Tacoma area, Donovan is based in Paris.

Maurizio FerlaDirector of the Venice Lagoon Service, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ruga dei Oresi 50, 30125 VENEZIA. T: +390415220555, E: maurizio.ferla@isprambiente.it, W: www.ispravenezia.itDr. Maurizio Ferla, Hydraulic Engineer, focuses on managing real-time systems for detection/transmission of hydrological and marine parameters; extreme sea levels forecasting and flooding risk assessment; lagoon pollution and morphological deterioration. He has represented ISPRA on Water Authorities Technical Committees and collaborate with the Commission of Italian Ministry of the Environment for the Assessment of the Environmental Impacts (AEI) and for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). From 1992 to 2002 he was the Director of the Hydrographic Office of Venice dealing with water management and flood forecasting issues in the North-Eastern basins as well as the supervision of large dams. He has established numerous relationships with research bodies involved in the extreme event risk assessment issues, climate change and the saufegarding of the Venice Lagoon. He is the author of several technical reports and scientific papers on water management, sea level change, storm surge forecasting and river flood risk assessment.

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Giorgio GianighianArCo - Architecture&Conservation, Dorsoduro 3907/A, 30123 VENICE (ITALY)E: g.gianighian@arco1.netBorn in Italy in 1944, graduated in Architecture (Iuav) in 1970, registered architect since 1972, Chair of Architectural Restoration since 2007 (Iuav) and Visiting Professor in Canada, UK, Scotland, Japan, Israel, France, Colombia, Bulgaria, Germany, USA, Nepal, India, Argentina, China. Over 90 publications in Italian, English, French, Japanese and Chinese. Consultant to Aga Khan Trust for Culture; UNESCO WHC; European Commission; Council of Europe; Italian Foreign Affairs Ministry; People’s Republic of China, State Administration for Cultural Heritage (SACH). Recent restoration projects in Venice include reuse of Junghans Area, Gaggio Area, Herion compound (1990s); numerous design competitions; restoration of Torre dell’Orologio in Piazza San Marco as a Museum (1997-2006); Project “New life for old cisterns” (2003-2005); Restoration of Ekmekçizade Caravanserai, Edirne Turkey (2004-05); Restoration of the Red Castle, Tripoli Libya (2007-).

Stefano Guerzoni CNR-ISMAR , Castello 1364/A, 30122 Venezia (Italy) E: stefano.guerzoni@ismar.cnr.it, T: +39 041 240473Research scientist at the National Research Council since 1976, now senior scientist at the Institute of Marine Sciences in Venice. More than 20 years research work in geochemistry and sedimentology of coastal, riverine and lagoon environments. In Sardinia he studied problems related to saharan dust transport towards Mediterranean. He is now working in Venice, where he studied fluxes of pollutants from the atmosphere and –more recently- the application of environmental indicators and indices for the integrated coastal zone management. Current research interests: (a) morpho-bathymetric variations of transitional environments due to both historical and climatic reasons; (b) use of abiotic and biotic parameters in habitat definition; and (c) utilisation of environmental data through web publication for management and education purposes.

Peter GuthrieDepartment of Engineering, University of CambridgeE: pmg31@cam.ac.ukPeter Guthrie is the first Professor in Engineering for Sustainable Development in the UK (since 2000). His research is focused on the assessment of large scale projects for sustainability and work has included consideration of mixed developments, mining projects, housing, and educational buildings. He also pursues research in the sustainable development of infrastructure in developing countries and has advised on policy matters related to waste and environment in Russia, Mauritius, Seychelles, Romania and Portugal. He is also on the DECC Project Board for the Severn Tidal Power scheme. He was involved in the founding of RedR, a charity that provides engineers and other personnel to relief agencies in disasters. In recognition of this initiative he was awarded the prestigious Beacon Prize for charitable giving in 2005. He was awarded the OBE in 1994.

David LandauTrustee, The Venice in Peril FundE: info@veniceinperil.orgDr David Landau is a medical doctor and art historian. He co-founded Loot, a free–advertising periodical in 1985 and was its joint Managing Director and Chairman until the company was sold in 2000. He then founded Saffron Hill Ventures, a venture capital company specializing in early-stage and clean technologies. He is the founder and former editor of Print Quarterly, a scholarly journal devoted to the history of printmaking, and has published several books in art history. He served as a trustee of the National Gallery between 1996 and 2003 and is currently on the Board of the National Gallery Trust. Dr Landau is a founding member of the Board of Governors of the Courtauld Institute of Art and a former member of the Committee of the Art Fund. He was Chairman of the Finance and

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Investments Committees and Curator of Pictures for Worcester College, Oxford, of which he was also a fellow. In 2010 he became Chairman of the Fondazione dei Musei Civici di Venezia.

Alberto LionelloSoprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici e Paesaggistici di Venezia e LagunaE: lionello@iuav.itCivil Engineer (Università degli studi di Padova). Chief Engineer for the Culture Ministry at the Venice Monuments Commission. Lecturer (IUAV) in Technologies for Building Renovation, Restoration theory and techniques and Professor (Padua Engineering Faculty) for the Masters programme “structural restoration of monuments and historic buildings”. Scientific coordinator of research programmes on: structural behaviour of bell towers; earthquake protection of cultural heritage; conservation of foundation piles in the lagoon environment; study of scenarios and fire risks for the Palazzo Reale di Venezia. Author of numerous Italian and international publications in the field of restoration and consolidation of historic buildings, he has carried out many interventions including consolidation of the Frari and S. Stefano bell towers and restoration of Palazzo Reale and the Marciana National Library

Andrea Mancusoc/o UNESCO Office in Venice, 4930 Castello - 30122 Venice (Italy)E: mancusoandrea@gmail.comArchitect since 2003, he developed a specific expertise in the field of GIS (Geographical Information System) and computer technology, applied to planning and assessment processes. As a consultant for the Planning Department of the Veneto Region, he designed new urban planning tools incorporating innovative techniques for urban and territorial analysis. As a consultant for UNESCO and IPOGEA, he contributed to the design and development of a prototype web-based computerized system for the creation of the world Data Bank to classify sites and traditional knowledge to combat desertification. Since 2004, he is also involved as an assistant teacher at the IUAV University - Laboratory for Town Policies in the Territorial Planning Faculty in Venice. He is presently a consultant for the Management Plan of the World Heritage Site “Venice & its Lagoon".

Marco MaraniDipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica, Marittima, Ambientale e Geotecnica, Universtà di PadovaE: marani@idra.unipd.it

John Millerchipc/o UNESCO Office in Venice, 4930 Castello - 30122 Venice (Italy)T: +39-0438-978211, E: j.millerchip@gmail.comJohn Millerchip has been a Trustee of Venice in Peril since 1985 and since then has been actively involved in implementing the Fund's various projects in Venice. He is a former General Secretary of the Association of Private Committees for the Safeguarding of Venice and teaches at the University Institute of Architecture, Venice.

Luca MizzanMuseo di Storia Naturale di Venezia, Santa Croce 1730, 30135 Venezia T: 041/2750206, E: luca.mizzan@comune.venezia.it

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Emanuela MolinaroliUniversità Ca' Foscari Venezia, Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 VeneziaT: +39 041 2348583, E: molinaro@unive.itM.Sc. in Geology (1981), Ph.D. Geology in Mineralogy (1987). Researcher at the Department of Environmental Sciences, University Ca’ Foscari Venice, since 1993. She has done research work for more than 20 years. She spent several years as visiting research associate at the Indiana University (Bloomington) USA working on sedimentary provenance. The research activity is devoted mainly to sedimentology of lagoon and coastal environments, and processes and products of dust transports. She teaches sedimentology and coastal environmental science and management since 1996. She is currently working on projects to quantify physical variations of the Lagoon of Venice through an integrated approach.

Andrea PapaIstituzione Centro Previsioni e Segnalazioni Maree, Comune di Venezia, Palazzo Cavalli, S. Marco 4090, 30124 VeneziaE: alvise.papa@comune.venezia.it

Michele PellizzatoS. Croce, 1860/b, 30135 VeneziaT: +393389322923, E: m.pellizzato@libero.it, W: http://digilander.libero.it/acquicoltura/index.htmlVenetian, biologist, independent consultant, has carried out applied research for over 30 years in the north Adriatic coastal area. Export on mollusc cultivation, author of over 150 technical and scientific publications on acquaculture, fisheries biology and envrionmental management issues. Collaborator with principal national research institutes in the public sector (CNR, universitites), private as well as public administrations with responsibility for fishing activities. Recognised export of the Ministry for Education, Universities and Research and Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry.

Philippe PypaertUNESCO BRESCE, 4930 Castello - 30122 Venice (Italy)T: +39-0412601512, E: p.pypaert@unesco.orgGraduated as an agricultural engineer from the Faculty of Agronomy, Gembloux (Belgium), specializing in rural economy and sociology. Between 1987 and 1991, he pursued a doctorate (PhD) in environmental sciences on the subject of "environmental planning and methodology on a local and regional scale" at the Luxemburg University Foundation, Arlon (Belgium). His major specializations are on environmental studies, environmental information systems, territorial planning and rural sociology. He joined UNESCO, at its Venice Office, in November 1994, where he has been acting, since then, as a Programme Specialist in Environmental Sciences. He is also acting, since 1998, as the Regional Hydrologist for Europe. During these years, he co-ordinated regional activities related to some of the major environmental programmes of UNESCO, such as MAB, IHP and CSI. As Project Officer, he is also co-ordinating the implementation of research activities funded by the Italian Government (self-benefitting FIT) on Venice and its lagoon.

Denise J Reed Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans LA 70148 (USA) E: djreed@uno.eduResearch focuses on sediment dynamics in coastal wetlands, with emphasis on sediment mobilization and marsh hydrology, both natural and altered, as factors controlling sediment deposition. Has participated in numerous research projects concerning marsh and estuarine sediment dynamics on the Gulf and Pacific coasts of the US as well as in Europe and South America. Closely involved in the development of restoration plans in for coastal Louisiana for the last 5 years. Moved to the Department of Geology at the University of New Orleans in 1998 and current research

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includes sediment dynamics and restoration in Louisiana, the Columbia River estuary and the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta.

Andrea RismondoSELC Environmental Consultancy, Via dell'Elettricità 3/d, 30175 Marghera (VE)T: +390415384817, E: rismondo@selc.it

Antonio RusconiFacoltà di Pianificazione del Territorio , Università IUAV VENEZIA, Ca’ Tron, Santa Croce 1957, 30100 VENEZIAT: +393472201588, E: antonio.ruxo@gmail.comBorn in Venice, 1948. Civil engineer specialized in experimental hydraulics. Civil servant at Magistrato alle Acque di Venezia (Ministry of Public Works), working in the area of rivers and lagoons of north-eastern Italy. In Rome, from 1989, he was director of the National Hydrographic and Tide Gauge Service. In 1999 he was nominated Secretary General of the Upper Adriatic Catchment Authority. Since 1995 he is Professor of Hydrogeological Planning at Università IUAV di Venezia. He has written books, Acqua (VAS, 1994), Magistrato alle Acque (DEI, 2001), Piani di bacino e sicurezza idraulica (IVSLA, Venezia, 2003), and over 120 articles on water governance and safeguarding the Venice Lagoon.

Francesco ScartonSELC Environmental Consultancy, Via dell'Elettricità 3/d, 30175 Marghera (VE)T: +390415384817, E: scarton@selc.it, W: www.selc.itBorn in Venice, 1962. The main professional expertises are saltmarsh ecology and environmental monitoring. He worked as project leader in a private company from 1988 to 1992; since then, he has worked as private consultant and as manager of a private environmental consultancy firm, based in Venice (SELC soc. coop.). His main fields of activities in the last years were studies and monitoring of morphology, vegetation and birds of the lagoon of Venice, with particular attention to salt marshes, and cooperation in Environmental Impact and Proper Assessment studies.. He published over 170 scientific papers in local, national and international (Estuaries, Ecological Engineering, Journal of Coastal Research, Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Sciences, Wetlands, Waterbirds, Ornis Fennica, Bird Study) journals. He was coeditor of the Proceedings of the 10th Italian Congress of Ornithology and the 1st Italian Congress on Birds of Prey

Adriano SfrisoProfessor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Calle Larga, S. Marta 2137, 30123 - Venice, ItalyT: +39 0412348529, E: sfrisoad@unive.it

Anna Somers CocksVenice in Peril, Unit 4 Hurlingham Studios, Ranelagh Gardens, London SW6 3PA, UKE: a.allemandi@theartnewspaper.comAnna Somers Cocks has been Chairman of Venice in Peril since 2000. A former curator at the Victoria & Albert Museum, she is a journalist and founder editor of The Art Newspaper. In 2004 she was made Commendatore of the Ordine della Stella della Solidarietà Italiana for her services to Italy.

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Stefano SorianiDipartimento Scienze Ambientali, Università Ca' Foscari, Dorsoduro 2137 - 30121 (VE)T: 041 234 8511, E: soriani@unive.itStefano Soriani is Associate Professor of Geography at the Department of Environmental Sciences (Università Ca' Foscari). He graduated in Economics at Ca' Foscari University, Venice; he studied economic geograhy and regional economics at Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (Department of port, transport and regional economics). He is member of the Steering Committee of AGEI (Associazione dei Geografi Italiani) and Secretary of the Commission on Marine Geography of the International Geographical Union. His main fields of research include urban waterfront redevelopment and urban marketing, port development and maritime transportation, the societal and economic implications of Integrated Coastal Zone Management programmes.

Tom SpencerCambridge Coastal Research Unit, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UKE: ts111@cam.ac.ukDirector, Cambridge Coastal Research Unit and Senior Lecturer in Geography, University of Cambridge. Research interests in hydrodynamics, sedimentation and ecological processes in natural and re-created tidal wetlands; estuarine hydro- and morpho-dynamics; and coastal zone management with particular reference to global environmental change. He is author (with HA Viles) of 'Coastal problems: Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast', co-editor of 'Big Flood', a research collection commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the 1953 North Sea storm surge and, in 2005, edited (with CA Fletcher) 'Flooding and environmental challenges for Venice and its lagoon: State of knowledge'. In 2004 he was the recipient of the Royal Geographical Society's Murchison Award for contributions to coastal geomorphology.

Dr Stefania ToninDipartimento di Pianificazione, Università IUAV di Venezia, Santa Croce 1957, 30135 Venice - ItalyT: +390412572179, E: tonin@iuav.itStefania Tonin graduated in Business Economics at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice with a thesis on environmental economics. She holds a PhD in Analysis and Governance of Sustainable Development from Ca’ Foscari University, Venice. She has wide experience in environmental economic valuation. Her main research areas are: contaminated sites remediation and requalification, economic valuation of health risk reduction benefits, communication and perception of risks, and economic valuation of environmental damages. She has a research fellowship at the Faculty of Urban and Regional Planning in Venice, and collaborates with Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. Currently she is involved in a research project aiming to estimate the costs of urban sprawl in the central area of the Veneto Region.

Alessandro TosoniIstituzione Centro Previsioni e Segnalazioni Maree, Comune di Venezia, Palazzo Cavalli, S. Marco 4090, 30124 VeneziaE: alessandro.tosoni@comune.venezia.it

Ivano TurlonDirettore Tecnico, Insula spa - società per la manutenzione urbana di Venezia, Marittima-Fabbricato 248, I – 30135 VeneziaT: +39041 2724276, E: ivano.turlon@insula.it, W: www.insula.itDouble degrees in Civil Engineering (with architecture and land use planning specialisation) and Architecture (with preservation of historic heritage and monumbents specialisation). Civil servant since 1983, within the public works department of the Venice Municipality. Technical Director of INSULA spa since 1997, a company owned by the local administration. Actively involved in

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formulating technical and administrative documents relevant to the Special Law n° 139/92, from which the “Integrated Canals Project” is derived. Over the years he has run studies and research regarding humidity in building walls, construction systems, materials, and general issues relating to safeguarding the city, monitoring and information systems, GIS and defence of the urban system. Extensive planning, direction of works and site management experience as Project manager and Engineering manager.

Georg UmgiesserOceanography, ISMAR-CNR, Castello 1364/A, 30122 Venezia, ItaliaT: +390412404773, E: georg.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it, W: http://www.ismar.cnr.it/Laurea cum laude in Oceanography (1986), researcher from 1992, second laurea cum laude in Physics (1997) and senior scientist at ISMAR Venice since 2001. He held various courses on oceanography and numerical techniques at Venice and Padua University. He is heading a group of 5 scientists that mainly studies lagoons and the coastal zone through numerical modelling. Author of more than 100 papers between refereed journals (50 on ISI), refereed books (10), proceedings (60) and other journals.

Jan van der BorgDipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Sede San Giobbe, Università Ca’ Foscari , Cannaregio 873 - 30121 (VE)T: 041 234 9111, E: VDBORG@unive.itProfessor in Applied Economics, with specialisations in Cultural Economics, Tourism Economics and Regional Economics, at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Venice. Senior Lecturer at the Department of Regional and Transport Economics of the University of Rotterdam. President of the Tourism Economics and Management Course (BA) and of the Master Course in Multicultural Development of the Tourism Destination, both of the Faculty of Economics. Editor of the international journals Tourist Studies and International Journal of Place Management. Member of the Scientific Committee of the interuniversity PhD Programme on Climate Change, a Centre of Excellence that is recognised by the ‘School of Advanced Studies’ of the Universities of Venice. Furthermore, he is member of the Board of the EURopean Institute for Comparative Urban Research (EURICUR) of the University of Rotterdam.PhD (1991) and MSc (1986) in Regional Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL).More than 80 publications, mostly concerning the economic aspects of tourism, with special attention to cultural tourism development and to the impact of tourism projects at a local and regional scale

Marina VazzolerARPAV, E: mvazzoler@arpa.veneto.it

Ettore VioProto, Basilica di San Marco, Procuratoria di San Marco, San Marco 328, 30124 VeneziaT: 041/2708311, E: venlecap@inwind.itEttore Vio (Pola 1935), architect (IUAV 1961), study scholarships abroad: Alvar Aalto (1957), Berlin 1958, Classical Greece 1960, Professor IUAV 1963-1970. From 1972-1981 Territorial Expert, Regione del Veneto. Proto di San Marco from 1981: restoration of the crypt (1986-1994); basilica survey (1983-2009); lighting system with Enel (1990-1994); extension for the new Museo di San Marco (2000-2003); restoration of mosaics, marble and structure. President, Ordine architetti Venezia (1985-1991), Premio Torta 1991 for San Marco and in 1994 for restoration of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco. Member of the Ateneo Veneto and Accademia dei Concordi in Rovigo. Responsible for restoration of Palazzo della Ragione in Padua (1995-2006) and Teatro dei Rinnovati in Siena (2004-2010).

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