Valeological basics of

formation of health and life

safety

Karazin National University

Department of general practice - family medicine

Karazin National University

Department of general practice - family medicine

The main systems are the respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system and integument (skin), gastrointestinal tract, urogenital system and the endocrine system.

All these systems come together in complex relationships, forming a human body.

The main systems are the respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system and integument (skin), gastrointestinal tract, urogenital system and the endocrine system.

All these systems come together in complex relationships, forming a human body.

The human body: a systematic approachThe human body: a systematic approach

Respiratory System

Carries oxygen from the blood into the tissues of the body

  Blood carries oxygen and replaces it with carbon dioxide

  Carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs

Carries oxygen from the blood into the tissues of the body

  Blood carries oxygen and replaces it with carbon dioxide

  Carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs

Respiratory tract

The mouth and nasal cavity

 The pharynx (throat): nasopharynx and oropharynx, the general path for food and air: a typical place of airway obstruction

 Epiglottis: thing that prevents of food getting into the trachea during swallowing

 The larynx: before epiglottis there are vocal folds

  trachea   bronchi   lungs

The mouth and nasal cavity

 The pharynx (throat): nasopharynx and oropharynx, the general path for food and air: a typical place of airway obstruction

 Epiglottis: thing that prevents of food getting into the trachea during swallowing

 The larynx: before epiglottis there are vocal folds

  trachea   bronchi   lungs

Ventilation: the movement of air into the lungs and from lungs

  The diaphragm and intercostal muscles: mechanical

ventilation

  Breath: the diaphragm and intercostal muscles stretch

  Exhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

  Gas exchange: oxygen is replaced with carbon dioxide in the

alveolar sacs through the capillaries

 Oxygen enters the blood into cells that secrete into the

blood to deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs

Ventilation: the movement of air into the lungs and from lungs

  The diaphragm and intercostal muscles: mechanical

ventilation

  Breath: the diaphragm and intercostal muscles stretch

  Exhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

  Gas exchange: oxygen is replaced with carbon dioxide in the

alveolar sacs through the capillaries

 Oxygen enters the blood into cells that secrete into the

blood to deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs

Physiology Physiology

Respiratory system:children under one year and 1 to 8

years Smaller diameter of the airway

 Tongue is proportionally bigger

 The trachea is softer

 Breathing way obturate easier 

 The main cause of cardiac arrest is a cessation of breathing

Smaller diameter of the airway

 Tongue is proportionally bigger

 The trachea is softer

 Breathing way obturate easier 

 The main cause of cardiac arrest is a cessation of breathing

Heart is a unique tissue which provides nerve

conduction and automatism;

  Delivers blood  enriched by oxygen and

nutrients in the tissue  and has:

  - Two atria: receive blood from the body and

pump it into the ventricles

  - Two ventricles: the right pumps blood to the

lungs, the left - in other organs and body

systems

Heart is a unique tissue which provides nerve

conduction and automatism;

  Delivers blood  enriched by oxygen and

nutrients in the tissue  and has:

  - Two atria: receive blood from the body and

pump it into the ventricles

  - Two ventricles: the right pumps blood to the

lungs, the left - in other organs and body

systems

Circulatory system: heartCirculatory system: heart

Circulatory system: arteries

Artery: muscular tubular structures that carry blood from the

heart to the rest of bodies

  aorta

  carotid artery

  The femoral artery

  radial artery

  brachial artery

  The arteries divide into smaller vessels and capillaries that

end with thin walls that provides gas exchange of oxygen and

carbon dioxide

Artery: muscular tubular structures that carry blood from the

heart to the rest of bodies

  aorta

  carotid artery

  The femoral artery

  radial artery

  brachial artery

  The arteries divide into smaller vessels and capillaries that

end with thin walls that provides gas exchange of oxygen and

carbon dioxide

Circulatory system: veins

•Vessels with a thin muscle layer, carrying  blood enriched

with carbon dioxide from the various tissues to the lungs

for gas exchange.

•Mostly they are made to provide venous access for insertion

of fluids and medications.

•The biggest:

  The upper vein

  The lower vein

•Vessels with a thin muscle layer, carrying  blood enriched

with carbon dioxide from the various tissues to the lungs

for gas exchange.

•Mostly they are made to provide venous access for insertion

of fluids and medications.

•The biggest:

  The upper vein

  The lower vein

Physiology

•The left ventricle, contracting, pushes blood into the arteries, forming a pulse wave. Pulse is defined in the carotid, femoral, radial, brachial artery

•  In the absence of  pulse a cardiac arrest is probable    Brain damage begins 4-6 minutes after the cessation of blood flow  Irreversible brain damage occurs within 8-10 minutes  In order to deliver oxygenated blood to vital organs, a closed heart massage and artificial ventilation (AV) - cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is performed

•The left ventricle, contracting, pushes blood into the arteries, forming a pulse wave. Pulse is defined in the carotid, femoral, radial, brachial artery

•  In the absence of  pulse a cardiac arrest is probable    Brain damage begins 4-6 minutes after the cessation of blood flow  Irreversible brain damage occurs within 8-10 minutes  In order to deliver oxygenated blood to vital organs, a closed heart massage and artificial ventilation (AV) - cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is performed

Physiology (continued)

A man of medium build has 5-6 liters of blood that delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, has the blood coagulation factor and protective factor

  Perfusion: The process of getting oxygen-rich blood and nutrients into tissues and excretion of waste products

  Shock: State of reduced perfusion of body tissues

Physiology (continued)

A man of medium build has 5-6 liters of blood that delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, has the blood coagulation factor and protective factor

  Perfusion: The process of getting oxygen-rich blood and nutrients into tissues and excretion of waste products

  Shock: State of reduced perfusion of body tissues

Musculoskeletal system: skeleton

The bones give the body a shape and protect vital organs

  Muscles, tendons and ligaments are attached to bones in joints to provide movement

  Skull protects the brain

  The spinal column contains 33 bones that protect the spinal cord

  Chest: 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, and xiphoid process to protect the heart and lungs

  Basin: attachment of the lower extremities

  The bones of the upper and lower extremities

The bones give the body a shape and protect vital organs

  Muscles, tendons and ligaments are attached to bones in joints to provide movement

  Skull protects the brain

  The spinal column contains 33 bones that protect the spinal cord

  Chest: 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, and xiphoid process to protect the heart and lungs

  Basin: attachment of the lower extremities

  The bones of the upper and lower extremities

Musculoskeletal system: muscle system

•Three types: skeletal, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

  

Skeletal muscle: random twitch muscles, enabling the

movement

 Smooth muscle: involuntary twitch muscles that provide blood

circulation, respiration, digestion and urination

Cardiac muscle: involuntary muscle shortening, which

may fall on its own

•Three types: skeletal, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

  

Skeletal muscle: random twitch muscles, enabling the

movement

 Smooth muscle: involuntary twitch muscles that provide blood

circulation, respiration, digestion and urination

Cardiac muscle: involuntary muscle shortening, which

may fall on its own

Nervous system

Central nervous system (CNS): cognitive function, as well

as voluntary andinvoluntary body functions

  CNS: brain and spinal cord

  The peripheral nervous system: motor and

sensory nerves that carry information sharing between

the central nervous system and muscles andorgans of the

body

Central nervous system (CNS): cognitive function, as well

as voluntary andinvoluntary body functions

  CNS: brain and spinal cord

  The peripheral nervous system: motor and

sensory nerves that carry information sharing between

the central nervous system and muscles andorgans of the

body

Other systems of the body

The skin (integument): a protective barrier,

sensor body temperature regulation

  Digestive System: mouth, esophagus, stomach,

liver, pancreas, small and large intestines, rectum

  Endocrine system: hormones that regulate various body

functions

The skin (integument): a protective barrier,

sensor body temperature regulation

  Digestive System: mouth, esophagus, stomach,

liver, pancreas, small and large intestines, rectum

  Endocrine system: hormones that regulate various body

functions

The first emergency medical services

Emergency medical care - a complex of the

simplest activities to protect life and

prevent complications in case of accident, injury

or sudden illness 

Emergency medical care - a complex of the

simplest activities to protect life and

prevent complications in case of accident, injury

or sudden illness 

Problems in the provision of emergency

Personal security

 Patient’s safety

 Evaluation of the patient’s condition and help

 Transportation and transfer of patient

 Encouragement and comfort the patient and relatives if necessary

 Ensuring continuity of care by informing more specialized staff

Personal security

 Patient’s safety

 Evaluation of the patient’s condition and help

 Transportation and transfer of patient

 Encouragement and comfort the patient and relatives if necessary

 Ensuring continuity of care by informing more specialized staff

Security of the occurrence location

The priority is personal safety

On second place is protection of the patient

The third is the protection of other persons

If the ocurence location is unsafe, it must be secure.

The priority is personal safety

On second place is protection of the patient

The third is the protection of other persons

If the ocurence location is unsafe, it must be secure.

Preventing transmission of infectious diseases

Minimizing contact with body fluids, particles transmitted through the air, hazardous materials:

  Hand washing - the most important method  eye protection

  gloves

  masks

  robes

  immunization

Minimizing contact with body fluids, particles transmitted through the air, hazardous materials:

  Hand washing - the most important method  eye protection

  gloves

  masks

  robes

  immunization

General inspection

The purpose is to identify the signs and symptoms of

illness or injury (visible deformation, open injuries,

areas of pain, swelling).

Parts of the body, which should be examined: the

head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, extremities.

Survey and medical history of an event, about

possible diseases andmedication, allergies and

allergies to medications.

The purpose is to identify the signs and symptoms of

illness or injury (visible deformation, open injuries,

areas of pain, swelling).

Parts of the body, which should be examined: the

head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, extremities.

Survey and medical history of an event, about

possible diseases andmedication, allergies and

allergies to medications.

The initial assessment

• General impression

•  Examination of the situation on the spot

•  Assessment of threat to life of the victim

•  Establishment of illness or injury

• General impression

•  Examination of the situation on the spot

•  Assessment of threat to life of the victim

•  Establishment of illness or injury

• In conscience

•  Responds to verbal stimulus

•  Responds to painful stimulus

•  unconscious

• In conscience

•  Responds to verbal stimulus

•  Responds to painful stimulus

•  unconscious

Assessing the level of consciousness of the victim

Assessing the level of consciousness of the victim

History taking

allergies

  medicines

  life history

  The events preceding the injury / illness

allergies

  medicines

  life history

  The events preceding the injury / illness

Assessment of breathing

Is the victim breathing?

       - Look

       - Listen

       - Feel

  If not breathing: mechanical ventilation

  If breathing: examine breathing effort

Is the victim breathing?

       - Look

       - Listen

       - Feel

  If not breathing: mechanical ventilation

  If breathing: examine breathing effort

Airway Management

Airway Management is one of the most important

tasks to help

 Tongue is a common cause of airway obstruction

  Methods of tilting the head and moving out the jaw

  Moving out of the jaw, without tilting the head

Airway Management is one of the most important

tasks to help

 Tongue is a common cause of airway obstruction

  Methods of tilting the head and moving out the jaw

  Moving out of the jaw, without tilting the head

 Methods of tilting the head and moving

out the jaw

 Methods of tilting the head and moving

out the jaw

Moving out of the jaw,

without tilting the head

Moving out of the jaw,

without tilting the head

Releasing and maintaining airway

•Three ways by which you can clean and maintain

the airway:

      

The optimal position

Releasing manually

Aspiration

•Three ways by which you can clean and maintain

the airway:

      

The optimal position

Releasing manually

Aspiration

Protocol assistance in case of violation of breath (8 years or older)

•To call for ambulance

•  To make sure is the victim is unconscious orconcious

•  Provide the airway by tilting the head and moving out the jaw, or moving out the jaw without tilting of the head (in case of trauma)

•  Check breathing: watch, listen and feel

•  Carry two primary artificial breaths lasting 1.5 - 2 seconds each (12 artificial breaths / min.)

•  Apply reception of Heimlich in case of airway obstruction with a foreign body

•  If the victim is breathing or has restored normal breathing, place the victim in the optimal position

Protocol assistance in case of violation of breath (8 years or older)

•To call for ambulance

•  To make sure is the victim is unconscious orconcious

•  Provide the airway by tilting the head and moving out the jaw, or moving out the jaw without tilting of the head (in case of trauma)

•  Check breathing: watch, listen and feel

•  Carry two primary artificial breaths lasting 1.5 - 2 seconds each (12 artificial breaths / min.)

•  Apply reception of Heimlich in case of airway obstruction with a foreign body

•  If the victim is breathing or has restored normal breathing, place the victim in the optimal position

Heimlich’s methodHeimlich’s method

Attempting to remove the foreign body using fingers

Attempting to remove the foreign body using fingers

Safe position

Artificial ventilation of lungs

Mouth to mouth through a mask

Mouth to mouth through the barrier device

  Mouth to mouth

Adequate ventilation is determined by:

    - Excursion of the chest

    - Audible and feelable exhalation 

Mouth to mouth through a mask

Mouth to mouth through the barrier device

  Mouth to mouth

Adequate ventilation is determined by:

    - Excursion of the chest

    - Audible and feelable exhalation 

Artificial ventilation of lungs «Mouth to mouth»

Artificial ventilation of lungs «Mouth to nose»

Causes of cardiac arrest

•Sudden death caused by cardiac arrhythmias, heart disease

•  Respiratory failure (especially children)

•  Emergency Conditions (nontraumatic): stroke, epilepsy, diabetes, allergic reaction, electric shock, poisoning, etc.

•  Drowning, suffocation

•  Trauma and bleeding

•Sudden death caused by cardiac arrhythmias, heart disease

•  Respiratory failure (especially children)

•  Emergency Conditions (nontraumatic): stroke, epilepsy, diabetes, allergic reaction, electric shock, poisoning, etc.

•  Drowning, suffocation

•  Trauma and bleeding

Assessment of circulation

•Check the pulse of the arteries:

     - Ray

     - Sleepy

     - femur

  Check for external bleeding

•  Check the color and temperature of the skin: is there

any signs of shock

•Check the pulse of the arteries:

     - Ray

     - Sleepy

     - femur

  Check for external bleeding

•  Check the color and temperature of the skin: is there

any signs of shock

Lifting and moving victims

Lifting and moving the victims  is extremely important,

constantly occurring duty, which is often overlooked.

The main objective is the prevention of injury and aiding patient

safety.

Lifting and moving the victims  is extremely important,

constantly occurring duty, which is often overlooked.

The main objective is the prevention of injury and aiding patient

safety.

Primary prevention: risk factors

Risk factors are additional endogenous or exogenous

adverse effects on the body, which increases the likelihood of illness

or death.

Risk factors are additional endogenous or exogenous

adverse effects on the body, which increases the likelihood of illness

or death.

Risk Factors

Endogenous:

Managed: hypertension, dislipidozy, dysmenorrhea

Unmanaged: age, gender, heredity

exogenous:

Managed: environment, lifestyle, medical errors

Unmanaged: climate, natural conditions

Endogenous:

Managed: hypertension, dislipidozy, dysmenorrhea

Unmanaged: age, gender, heredity

exogenous:

Managed: environment, lifestyle, medical errors

Unmanaged: climate, natural conditions

RISK FACTORS OF DISEASE HVS

СС

Prevention of HVS

RISK FACTORS OF DISEASE HVS

Prevention of HVS

FFood Securityood Security FFood Securityood Security

Nutrition of patients has received considerable attention during all periods

of human development. Hippocrates believed that treatment

should consist in the fact that at different stages of the disease to be

able to choose the right foods in the quantitative and

qualitative respects. The Roman physician Asclepiades (128-56 BC),

which is considered the founder of the Diet, at odds with the views of the

time rejected the pharmacotherapy and thetreatment is considered on

the basis of the diet. Together with his students, he has

developed detailed guidance on the use of nutrients in the treatment

of various diseases.

Nutrition of patients has received considerable attention during all periods

of human development. Hippocrates believed that treatment

should consist in the fact that at different stages of the disease to be

able to choose the right foods in the quantitative and

qualitative respects. The Roman physician Asclepiades (128-56 BC),

which is considered the founder of the Diet, at odds with the views of the

time rejected the pharmacotherapy and thetreatment is considered on

the basis of the diet. Together with his students, he has

developed detailed guidance on the use of nutrients in the treatment

of various diseases.

Historical background Historical background

Dietetics (from diet and ... ology), dietetics, the science of nutrition of

patients, studies, and validating the principles of nutrition in various

diseases. (Power healthy people engaged in food hygiene.) In the

past, the whole science of dietetics called on health

care, modern hygiene, since the beginning of the 19th century. limited

to questions of dietetics and nutrition rationalization of the 20th

century. almost become synonymous with nutrition.

Dietetics (from diet and ... ology), dietetics, the science of nutrition of

patients, studies, and validating the principles of nutrition in various

diseases. (Power healthy people engaged in food hygiene.) In the

past, the whole science of dietetics called on health

care, modern hygiene, since the beginning of the 19th century. limited

to questions of dietetics and nutrition rationalization of the 20th

century. almost become synonymous with nutrition.

Terminology Terminology

Therapeutic nutrition is an important part of the treatment.

The purpose of clinical nutrition is to ensure the body's physiological

needs for nutrients and the normalization of the functional state of

various organs and metabolic processes, disrupted due to illness.

Exacerbation of many diseases are associated with

various excesses in the diet: chronic pancreatitis after eating a

fatty cream, pancakes, alcoholic beverages, fried foods, violations of

the diet in diabetes lead to a sharp rise in blood sugar, dry mouth,

increased thirst, progressive fatty infiltration liver and

pancreas, increased blood pressure in patients with essential

hypertension is observed in the use of salty

foods, appointed withtreatment of low efficiency.

Therapeutic nutrition is an important part of the treatment.

The purpose of clinical nutrition is to ensure the body's physiological

needs for nutrients and the normalization of the functional state of

various organs and metabolic processes, disrupted due to illness.

Exacerbation of many diseases are associated with

various excesses in the diet: chronic pancreatitis after eating a

fatty cream, pancakes, alcoholic beverages, fried foods, violations of

the diet in diabetes lead to a sharp rise in blood sugar, dry mouth,

increased thirst, progressive fatty infiltration liver and

pancreas, increased blood pressure in patients with essential

hypertension is observed in the use of salty

foods, appointed withtreatment of low efficiency.

Nutritional care Nutritional care

-Nutritional care should contribute to directional effects on metabolism, and it

should heal, and prevent the worsening of many diseases.

Observe correct diet: eat regularly, at the same time. In this case, produced a

conditioned reflex in the time allocated the most active gastric juice and the

most conducive conditions for the digestion of food. For health care facilities

recommended by the four meals: breakfast at 8-9 h and 13-14 h lunch, dinner

in 17-18 hours, eating at night at 21 pm The choice of this time due to a

physiological feature of the human body, activity its enzyme systems.

Calorie meals: breakfast - 30%, lunch - 40%, Dinner - 25%, eating at night -

5%. It is desirable that the last meal was for 4-5 hours before bedtime.

- It is necessary to diversify the diet. If the food is varied, includes food and

animal (meat, fish, eggs, milk, cottage cheese), and plant origin (vegetables,

fruit, cereal, bread), you can be sure that the body receives all the necessary

for life.

-Nutritional care should contribute to directional effects on metabolism, and it

should heal, and prevent the worsening of many diseases.

Observe correct diet: eat regularly, at the same time. In this case, produced a

conditioned reflex in the time allocated the most active gastric juice and the

most conducive conditions for the digestion of food. For health care facilities

recommended by the four meals: breakfast at 8-9 h and 13-14 h lunch, dinner

in 17-18 hours, eating at night at 21 pm The choice of this time due to a

physiological feature of the human body, activity its enzyme systems.

Calorie meals: breakfast - 30%, lunch - 40%, Dinner - 25%, eating at night -

5%. It is desirable that the last meal was for 4-5 hours before bedtime.

- It is necessary to diversify the diet. If the food is varied, includes food and

animal (meat, fish, eggs, milk, cottage cheese), and plant origin (vegetables,

fruit, cereal, bread), you can be sure that the body receives all the necessary

for life.

Basic principles of nutrition Basic principles of nutrition

The first group - milk and dairy products (milk, yogurt, buttermilk,

cottage cheese, etc.).

The second group - vegetables, fruits, berries (fresh

cabbage andsauerkraut, potatoes, carrots, beets, tomatoes,

cucumbers, lettuce, pumpkins, apples, currants, strawberries, etc.).

The third group - meat, poultry, fish, eggs (animal protein sources).

The fourth group - bread, pasta, cereals.

The fifth group - fats (butter and vegetable oil).

The sixth group - sweet (sugar, honey, confectionery).

In cases of various diseases it is limited to use certain food groups. For

example, in the diets  used in obesity, diabetes, eating sweets is

severely limited or prohibited.

The first group - milk and dairy products (milk, yogurt, buttermilk,

cottage cheese, etc.).

The second group - vegetables, fruits, berries (fresh

cabbage andsauerkraut, potatoes, carrots, beets, tomatoes,

cucumbers, lettuce, pumpkins, apples, currants, strawberries, etc.).

The third group - meat, poultry, fish, eggs (animal protein sources).

The fourth group - bread, pasta, cereals.

The fifth group - fats (butter and vegetable oil).

The sixth group - sweet (sugar, honey, confectionery).

In cases of various diseases it is limited to use certain food groups. For

example, in the diets  used in obesity, diabetes, eating sweets is

severely limited or prohibited.

The main food groups The main food groups

Unloading (contrast) diet used periodically to partial starvation and unloading of the affected organs and body systems.

They are used with obesity, hypertension, heart failure, liver disease and kidney failure, gout, colitis, etc.

Assign contrasting diets occasionally 2-4 times a month for 1-2 days

Unloading (contrast) diet used periodically to partial starvation and unloading of the affected organs and body systems.

They are used with obesity, hypertension, heart failure, liver disease and kidney failure, gout, colitis, etc.

Assign contrasting diets occasionally 2-4 times a month for 1-2 days

Fasting diet Fasting diet

It is very popular all over the world to go on so-called

"fashion diet" proposed by various authors (doctors, artists,

writers, etc.) to achieve any important task.

"Trendy diets" are designed to reduce body

weight, longevity, better health.

Most of these diets non-physiological, deficient in

many nutrients and can not be recognized by official medicine.

It is very popular all over the world to go on so-called

"fashion diet" proposed by various authors (doctors, artists,

writers, etc.) to achieve any important task.

"Trendy diets" are designed to reduce body

weight, longevity, better health.

Most of these diets non-physiological, deficient in

many nutrients and can not be recognized by official medicine.

Clinical dietetics Clinical dietetics

Incorrect nutrition Incorrect nutrition

Anorexia affects mainly young women (only 10% of patients are male).Most often it is the result of compliance with various diets.Gradually the diet is becoming increasingly strict, she eats less and less until, finally, to recover the fear of not becoming intrusive. Psychologically, at this stage, the woman is still considered the weight excess, although in factit has been a lack of weight gain and begin to show signs of malnutrition.

Anorexia affects mainly young women (only 10% of patients are male).Most often it is the result of compliance with various diets.Gradually the diet is becoming increasingly strict, she eats less and less until, finally, to recover the fear of not becoming intrusive. Psychologically, at this stage, the woman is still considered the weight excess, although in factit has been a lack of weight gain and begin to show signs of malnutrition.

Among healthy individuals:

poor nutritionovereatingQuick meal "on the fly" in a stressful environmentAbuse of butter and fatty foodsDrinking large amounts of sweets and foods containing caffeine (coffee, tea, chocolate)Abuse of acute and spicy foodAlcohol abuse, smoking, stressSleep or rest lying down after mealsLack of exercise. Obesity. constipationWearing tight clothingIndividual sensitivity to foods - citrus fruits, onions, garlic, tomato products(juice, pasta, sauces)The first half of pregnancy

Among healthy individuals:

poor nutritionovereatingQuick meal "on the fly" in a stressful environmentAbuse of butter and fatty foodsDrinking large amounts of sweets and foods containing caffeine (coffee, tea, chocolate)Abuse of acute and spicy foodAlcohol abuse, smoking, stressSleep or rest lying down after mealsLack of exercise. Obesity. constipationWearing tight clothingIndividual sensitivity to foods - citrus fruits, onions, garlic, tomato products(juice, pasta, sauces)The first half of pregnancy

The most common causes of heartburn The most common causes of heartburn

IBW= kg/m2IBW= kg/m2

CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MASS IN TERMS OF IBW

CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MASS IN TERMS OF IBW

Body weight IBW stage of obesity Defective < 18,5

normal 18,5-24,9

excessive 25,0-29,9

obesity 30,0-34,9 I

35,0-39,9 II

extreme obesity 40 and more III

An assessment of liquid needsAn assessment of liquid needs

Human requires more and more liquid because of:

- Diarrhea, vomiting,

- Sweating,

- Fever - each C0 increases the fluid requirements by 13%

- Dehydration.

An assessment of liquid needsAn assessment of liquid needs

- are several methods to assess the basic needs of the organism in the fluid:

Adults:

1. 1500 ml/m22. 1500 ml for the first 20 kg body weight 20 ml/kg over 20 kg3. 30-35 ml/kg (18-65), 25 ml/kg (over 65)

4. 1 ml/kcal

ChildrenBody weight (kg) 1-1011-20

>20

Basic needs of fluid a day100-150 ml / kg1000 ml 50 ml for each kg over 10 kg1500 ml 20 ml for each kg over 20 kg