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Transcript of vaibhav[dengue fever]
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ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION
OF
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION..
NAME OF THE PROJECT : DENGUE FEVER .
SUBJECT : BIOLOGY.
SCHOOL : D.A.V. Sr. Sec. PUBLIC
SCHOOL,BINA.
SUBMITTED BY : VAIBHAV GUPTA.
ROLL NO. :
DATE OF SUBMISSION :
GUIDE : Mrs. URMILA TRPATHI.
Mr. A.K. SINGH. Mrs. URMILA
TRIPATHI.
[PRINCIPAL] [HEAD OF BIOLOGY
DEPT.]
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1. ACKNOWLWDGEMENT.
2. PLANNING OF THE PROJECT.
3. WHY A PROJECT?
4. AIM OH THE PROJECT.
5. WHAT IS DENGUE FEVER?
6. INCIDENCE AND PREVELENCE.
7. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS.
8. COMPLICATION OF DENGUE FEVER.
9. DIAGNOSIS.
10. TREATMENT OF DENGUE.
11. PROGNOSIS OF DENGUE FEVER.
12. PREVENTION OF MOSQUITO BITES.
13. PREVENTION OF MOSQUITO BREEDING.
14. REFRENCES.
15. DECLARATIONS.
16. CERTIFICATE.
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ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT.Acknowledgement is due to the principal Mr. A.K.
Singh, DAV Sr. Sec. Public School, Bina for
granting the necessary permission to write this
project guidance to achieve the goal.
I am very grateful to our Head of Biology
Department Mrs. Urmila Tripathi for her kind co-operation and valuable suggestions provided to
me in order to achieve my goal successfully by
providing with certain information, which was of
great help to me. This is her supervision and
guidance that the project work has been taken
up and completed.
I must express extreme heartiest thanks towardsall the staff and attendants of Biology
Laboratory, without the help of whom this work
would have never been completed.
I express my sincere thanks to my classmates for
their valuable assistance and co-operation during
the course of the project work.
At last, I thank all those who directly or indirectly
helped me in making and completing my project
work on DENGUE FEVER.
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NAME: VAIBHAV GUPTA.
ROLL NO.:
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PLANNING OF THE
PROJECT.The very first discussion of carrying the project thrilled me
a lot. I was rather excited to carry out the project as early
as possible and circumstances allowed me. Now, the first
thing I had to do was to search the project that could
satisfy my expectations.
I took help from:-
ENCYCLOPEDIA- BRITANNICA.
NEWSPAPAER- THE TIMES OF INDIA &
HINDUSTAN TIMES. COMPUTER SOFTWARES.
VAIBHAV GUPTA.
CLASS- XII-B
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WHY A PROJECT..
The project method of learning is the best manner
through which a student specially a science student apply
the knowledge he gains from classroom lectures to daily
life. One not only learns how to solve the problems but
also starts taking interest in everything that he does in
the laboratories.
This method enables the student to understandsignificance and utilization of the subject n their daily life
and allow them to choose their activities.
A project is defined as, A whole hearted, purposeful
activity that proceeds in a social environment. Thus,
project is stated to be a piece of work in which a student
does their own research and presents the results.
By doing a project work a student displays their spirit
of enquiry, a creativity of improving the existing method
of solving a problem through understanding of the
existing situation, independent thinking and ability to
understand the basic facts. It also helps the student in the
art of organizing, designing, planning to achieve a
particular aim.
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AIM OF THE PROJECT..The aim of this project is to get more knowledge about
DENGUE FEVER and to understand its possible causes,
symptoms, treatment etc.
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WHAT IS DENGUEFEVER??Dengue is caused by four closely related but
antigenitically distinct virus serotypes and transmitted
from person to person by a bite from the mosquito,
AEDES AEGYPTI.
The
first clinical
report of
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dengue was done by BENJAMIN RUSH in 1789. However its
viral cause and its transmission via the mosquitoes were
only established in early 20th century.
Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever [DHF] isa mosquito borne disease virus caused by the virus that
belonged to the group of FLAVIVIRUS.
Dengue viruses are transmitted from person
to person by the bite from Aedes aegypti, a domestic
mosquito.
The disease is caused by any of the fourclosely related, but antigenitically distinct, virus serotypes
DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, AND DEN-4.
Due to serotype specificity,
infection caused by one serotype does not provide cross
protective immunity to other serotypes, so a person is
susceptible to have four dengue infections during their
lifetime.
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INCIDENCE AND
PREVELENCE..
The worldwide incidence is estimated to be 50 to 100
million cases of dengue fever. And over 5,00,000 cases of
dengue hemorrhagic fever per year..
The incidence of this fever is variable and depends on
the geographical region and the density of mosquito
borne diseases in a region. DENGUE Hemorrhagic Fever is
more serious and the fatality rate is about 5%.
Children younger than 15 years comprise 90% of
dengue hemorrhagic fever subjects in the world. Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever can affect both adults as well aschildrens.
Poor surveillance system in India makes it
difficult to know the exact incidence of the epidemic in
the country. There have been reports regularly in medical
literature from various hospitals. Between September
2001 and January 2002, during the epidemic of dengue in
Chennai, Tamil Nadu india nearly 800 cases were reported
to the health system.
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SYMPTOMS AND
SIGNS..Abrupt fever, assosciated with headaches and pain
that affects legs, joints, and the lumbar region of the
spine are the classical symptoms of Dengue.
Classic dengue is characterized by Fever :
Sudden and abrupt onset.
May go upto 39.5-41.4C.
Last for about 1-7 days, then fades away for 1-2
days.
It soon reoccurs with secondary rashes which is
usually not as severe as before.
HEADACHES.
Fever is usually accompanied by headache in front
portion of head or behind the eyes.
MUSCULAR ( MYALGIA) or BONE PAIN.
Occurs after onset of fever.
Affects legs, joints, and lumbar spine.
Usually the pain gets severe after its onset.
The pain may last for several weeks even after
the fever has subsided.
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Pain is usually absent in Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever/ Dengue Shock Syndrome.
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COMPLICATIONS OF
DENGUE FEVER..Complications, though rare may occur in dengue
hemorrhagic fever/ dengue shock syndrome are as follows
:
Damage to brain due to bleeding orprolonged shock.
Liver failure. Inflammation of the heart muscles
[MYOCARDITIS].
Encephalopathy (disorder of brain).
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DIAGNOSIS..DIAGNOSIS OF DENGUE FEVER : confirmed diagnosis
of dengue infection can be done by:
ISOLATION OF THE VIRUS : Isolation of
virus requires collection of serum sample
from patients within five days after
appearance symptoms.
DETECTING SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES :
Serologic requires collection of serum withinsix days after onset of symptoms. The serum
is tested for detecting specific ant-dengue
antibodies by Enzyme Linked Immuno
Sorbent Assay (ELISA) .
Antibody Titers of Igm and IgG antibody increases four-fold in serum sample.
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TREATMENT OF
DENGUE..
Although no specific anti viral tablets or injections that
can kill dengue virus are currently available, adequate
supportive care and treatment could control its morbidity.
There are no specific anti-viral tablets or injections that
can kill the virus. However, a lot of supportive care and
treatment can go a long way to save a patient suffering
from dengue fever.
Fever is treated by anti-pyretic like Paracetamol.
Pain in the bone should be treated by analgesics
or pain killing tablets.
Patients are prone to dehydration hence they
should drink plenty of fluids. If necessary a few
days of intra-venous fluids can be administered
in the form of normal saline or dextrose saline.
In some cases, oxygen is helpful. Steroids are not
known to help.
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PRONOSIS OF DENGUE
FEVER..
Survival is usually related to early hospitalization and
aggressive supportive treatment. Aggressive fluids and
electrolytes can help the most affected of patients
including children with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/
Dengue Shock Syndrome who can wake up and feel
normal. Morens, a physician states that the rapid clinical
response to intravenous fluids is among the most
dramatic events in clinical medicine.
The recovery period may be slow with associated
weakness and mental depression.
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PREVENTION OF MOSQUITOBITES..
Use mosquito nets during nights. Use mosquito repellant creams or coils containing
chemical DEET to avoid mosquito bites.
Wear bright and colored clothing, as mosquitoes areattracted towards dark clothing.
Wear long sleeved clothes and long pants. Wear boots and socks and also if necessary tuck the
pants into the socks.
Avoid outdoor activities during dawn or dusk whenthese mosquitoes are most active.
Avoid strong perfumes as mosquitoes are attractedtowards their smell.
Store water undercover. Use bleaching powder mixed in water if it is not tube
used for drinking.
Measures should be taken to prevent mosquitobreeding in stored water bodies like wells.
Destroy discarded objects like old tyres, coconutshells and bottles as they collect and store rain water.
Avoid stagnant water around houses to get rid ofmosquito breeding sites.
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PREVENTION OF
MOSQUITOBREEDING..
The onset of monsoons usually to a surge of breedingamong mosquitoes, which coexists with humans andshare the same milieu.
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are causativevectors of Dengue fever and Chikungunya carry thevirus and cause these diseases. The following shouldbe noted about Aedes mosquito :
A. It is the female mosquito that feeds onblood as it requires the blood protein toproduce its eggs.
B. The female Aedes mosquito searches forsuitable to lay their eggs and it is usually thestagnant water. In Delhi, 90% of thesemosquitoes were found rampantly breedingin water stagnant in coolers.
C. The malemosquitoesusually feedonly on plantnectar.
D. Aedesmosquitoescausing
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dengue and chikungunya usually bite duringthe day unlike those causing malaria.
E.Avoid stagnat water around or near houses
to get rid of mosquito breedings.
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REFERENCES. .
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/
factsheets/fs192/en/
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
articlerender.fcgi?artid=179846
http://www.emedicine.com/
EMERG/topic124.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/
dvbid/dengue/
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/http://www.emedicine.com/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/http://www.emedicine.com/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ -
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DECLARATION. .
I, Vaibhav Gupta hereby declare that I have
completed my project work with all the best of my
knowledge and efforts. It is now completed in all
respects. It took a reasonable time, energy and a
lot of efforts to successfully complete the project
entitled, DENGUE FEVER. I am glad to announce
that the project has completed in all respects well
before the scheduled time.
VAIBHAV GUPTA.
CLASS: XII-B.
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CERTIFICATE. .
This is to certify that VAIBHAV GUPTA has completed
his project. Titled as DENGUE FEVER with sincerity and
diligence. He has completed his project work well before
the completion of tenure. I assure that he has not used
any unfair means and he has done the project work
independently.
His project may be considered as fulfillment for
AISSCE, 2010-2011 conducted by CBSE.
I hereby declare that she is a well behaved and
obedient student to the best of my knowledge.
Mr. A.K. Singh. Mrs. Urmila
Tripathi.
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(PRINCIPAL.) (Head of Dept. of Biology,
PGT.)
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