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Models and the Structures of ArcGIS

Longley et al., ch. 5

Zeiler, chs. 1 and 6

Models for GIS

• representation of reality --> model• GIS itself is based on a model of

complexity• GIS is used to model complexity• full representation of reality?• data model = limited representation of

reality– a discretization or partitioning of space

– finite, discrete nature of computing devices

Data Model

• representation of information about the process

• grid or layer (field)• isoline (object)• Delauney triangulation (alternative)• geo-relational (field or object)

3 Data Models

• geo-relational coverage (field view; from classic ArcInfo polys)

• geo-relational shapefile (discrete object view; from ArcView)

• geodatabase (object-oriented; new in ArcGIS 8)

A

B

command line interfaceUnix, NT, Win2KArcView as interface

Georelational Data Model:“Classic” ArcInfo and ArcView

ArcInfo Coverage as a Data Structure

Image courtesy of Louisville/Jefferson County Information Consortium, Kentucky

Data Structure• not tied to process at all• concerned simply with what can be computed

and what can’t• the way in which the data model is

represented in the GIS– DEM for grid or layer model

– contour for isoline model

– TIN for Delauney triangulation model

– coverages, shapefiles for geo-relational

– geodatabase for OO geodatabase

Data Structures

• ArcInfo coverages• ArcView shapefiles• ArcInfo grids, USGS DEMs • Images (e.g., georeferenced tiffs)• TINs• Geodatabases

Geodatabase

• Features and attributes as objects

• Relationships among features

• Validation or editing rules, behaviors

• “Container” for– Vector, raster, tabular

data

– Relationships

– topology

Relationships for a feature

Personal and MultiUser Gdbs

Oracle 8i SQL Server Informix DB2 Others

ArcSDE Geodatabase

MS Access

Personal Geodatabase

Geographically Enhanced Databases in ArcInfo 8ArcCatalog

ArcMap

ArcGIS 8 Icons( Zeiler, pp. 65-71 )

yellow coverage

gray geodatabase

green shapefile

ArcGIS 8• ArcToolbox (old Arc) - analysis engine

– substantial geoprocessing tools

– analysis, mostly for coverages

• ArcCatalog (old Info) - data mgmt. engine– data preview

– managing data

– Metadata, Internet access

• ArcMap (old ArcPlot) - map engine– display and map production

– the next version of ArcView, i.e., ArcView 8.1

• ArcEditor (old ArcEdit) - map editing

ArcGIS 8

• “Classic ArcInfo” on the command line

– “ArcInfo Workstation”

Integration of Modules

• ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcTools– e.g., ArcCatalog to ArcMap, drag and drop

• “ArcGIS”– three main modules & AI Workstation, as well as

– ArcSDE

– ArcIMS

– Other extensions (spatial, geostatistical, “3D”, ArcPress, etc.)

• Individual (desktop) or multiuser (enterprise)

Integrated Web Access

• “transparent” integration with ArcIMS servers

• the Geography Network

– www.geographynetwork.com

Lambert

“Extensions”

• GRID module for raster analysis and modeling (e.g., “Spatial Analyst”)

• Surface module - TINs

• Networks

• Geostatistics

“Extensions” ( cont. )support.esri.com

• ArcSDE (1993)– large spatial database applications

– adding spatial functions to databases• “find all customers named Smith”• “find all customers named Smith within 1/4 mile of x”

– Oracle, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM Universal Database

• ArcIMS– spatial support for web servers

• Intergraph, MapInfo, Smallworld

“Horizontal” vs. “Vertical” Markets

• ArcInfo - one size fits all• ESRI does not lead in diversification

– ArcView, ArcExplorer

– ArcLogistics, Maplex, Business Analyst, ArcFM

– Smallworld, Intergraph, MapInfo, Erdas, etc.

• Vertical markets, application domains– see Zeiler pages 48-50

– Applications with their own core data elements

ArcGIS Data Modelssupport.esri.com/datamodels.cfm

ArcGIS Marine Modeldusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/arcgis