Vaccines
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Transcript of Vaccines
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Vaccines
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Vaccines• Our defense mechanism→ Production of white blood cells and
antibodies• What does it mean to have
immunity?• It is the capacity to resist a disease
that we have been exposed to by being able to fight off the infectious agent that causes the disease
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White Blood Cells• 2 ways of Defense
1. Destroy infectious agents through PHAGOCYTOSIS
2. Produce antibodies→ neutralize infectious agent and antigens they produce
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White Blood Cells• When exposed to infectious agent, our
bodies produce antibodies to defeat it.• Can take a few days or weeks to get
the right antibodies (trial + error)• If infectious agent is really dangerous,
could have enough time to do some damage to body
• If infectious agent is re-introduced, will be defeated!
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White Blood Cells
• Our immune system “REMEMBERS”• Copies of antibodies will forever
remain in our bodies
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Vaccination• Introduce “weakened” infectious
agent into the body• Cannot hurt us• Just strong enough to teach body
how to defeat it• Not strong enough to take over• Allows our bodies to defeat the
disease if exposed to it
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Vaccine Manufacturing• Cell culture of infectious agent
(growing cells)• The cells are harmless• Result is : LIVE VACCINE
INACTIVE VACCINE
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Live vaccine• Contains “live” infectious agent• Infectious agent is chemically treated
to make it impossible for it to cause the illness
• In order for the cells to live longer, they are mixed with other substances
• It is still alive!• Live vaccines usually cause a more
aggressive immune response
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Live Vaccine• Very rare: infectious agent can
become “virulent”, meaning it can become strong enough to cause the disease instead of immunizing it!
• Examples: polio vaccine, mumps, measles, chicken pox vaccine, H1N1, yellow fever, tuberculosis, seasonal flu…
• 2 methods of creating a live vaccine
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Live Vaccine• Traditional method:1. Culture of infectious agent(growing
the cells)2. Chemical treatment of infectious
agent to make it harmless3. Addition of chemicals (to allow cells
to live longer)
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Live Vaccine• Genetic Transformation Method1. Genetically changing the cells of
infectious agent2. Culture of modified infectious agent
(grow cells)3. Addition of chemicals (to allow cells
to live longer)
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Inactive Vaccine• Does not contain any live infectious
agent• Made by using only a part or parts of
the infectious agent• These parts can still be recognized
by the body’s antibodies• Parts are called = ANTIGENS• Find which antigens are causing the
disease
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Inactive Vaccine• Isolate them and then treat them so
that they become harmless• Examples: Meningitis, hepatitis A
& B, tetanus…• 2 ways of producing inactive
vaccines
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Inactive Vaccine• Traditional Method1. Culture infectious agent2. Isolate antigen3. Addition of antigen to other
pharmaceutical products for increased “shelf life”
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Inactive Vaccine• Genetic Transformation Method1. Introduction of a gene that
produces the antigen in a microorganism
2. Culture the microorganism3. Isolate antigen4. Addition of antigen to
pharmaceutical products to increase “shelf life”
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Mixtures
• 2 types
•Heterogeneous
•Homogeneous
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Heterogeneous Mixtures• Made up of at least 2 substances
that can be seen with the “naked eye”
• Examples: Vegetable soupRocksSalt+ pepper mixSaladBlizzard at DQ
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Homogeneous Mixtures• Made up of at least 2 substances
that cannot be seen by the “naked eye”
Colloid: is a homogeneous mixture in which substances can be seen under a microscopic instrument
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Solutions• Are homogenous mixtures that are
impossible to see its different parts even with a microscope
Ex: Sugar and water→ mix together, looks like you just have water
• The substance that seems to “disappear” into the other is called: the solute
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Solutions• The substance into which the
“solute” dissolves is called: the solvent
• Examples of solution in the body: Saliva, sweat, tears, urine etc..
They all share a common solvent→ water!!!
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Properties of Solutions• There are 2 properties of solutions:1. Concentration→ How much solute
is dissolved in a certain amount of solvent.
Ex: Making “Kool-Aid” depends on how much powder (solute) you mix with the water (solvent)
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Concentration• Formula for Concentration
C = M V
C = concentration (g/L)M = mass of solute (g)V = volume of the solution (L)
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Concentration• This can be shown in many different forms…®g/L : number of grams of solute in 1 litre of
solution®% V/V : number of milliliters of solute in
100ml of solutionEx: 1. Bottle of water contains 45g of calcium per
litre of water.Can be expressed like this: 0.045g/L
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Concentration• 45g of calcium: SOLUTE• Water: SOLVENT2. Bottle of vinegar with concentration
of 5% v/v• This means it contains 5ml of acetic
acid for 100ml of vinegar solution.
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Concentration• Let’s try these simple problems….
1. 2L of a salt water solution containing 5 g of salt. What is the concentration of the solution?
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ConcentrationAnswer: C=M
V C= 5g = 2.5g 2L 1L
Ans: The concentration of the solution is 2.5g/L
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Concentration2. What mass of sugar do you need to
make 300ml of a 5g/L sugar solution?
Ans: You need to convert the 300ml into Litres first!!!!
* You must divide the milliliters by 1000.
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Concentration300ml 1000 = 0.3L
C=M V
5g/L = mass of solute0.3L
Cross multiply: 5g/L x 0.3L = 1.50g
Ans: You will need 1.50g of sugar.
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Concentration3. What mass of solute do you need to
make 50ml of a 20g/L solution?Ans: Change 50ml to litres… 50ml 1000 =
0.05LC= M
V20g/L = mass of solute
0.05L
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Concentration
Cross multiply: 20g/L x 0.05L = 1g
Ans: 1g of solute is needed
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ConcentrationHow do you know if a solution is more
concentrated than the other?
®By how dark the solution is when comparing it to another…
®This is an observation made by the naked eye.
®When comparing, the darker the solution, the more concentrated…
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Concentration®Also, by calculating the concentration…
Concentration with a bigger number is alwaysThe stronger solution…
Ex: 0.1g/L, 10g/L, 100g/L
Least MostConcentrated concentrated
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Dilution®What is DILUTION?• This involves decreasing the
concentration of a solution by adding more SOLVENT!!!
®How does it change the concentration of a solution?
• Let’s look at a solution with a concentration of 1g/L
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Dilution®How will the concentration change if
we add 3L of water?• After the dilution, the quantity of
solute does not change.• There is still 1g of solute in the
solution !• But the quantity of solution has
changed, there is now 4L instead of 1L!!!
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Dilution• We can write this out like this…• The concentration is now 1g/4L!!!• This means there is 1g of solute for
every 4L of solution…ORDivide 1g into 4L = 0.25g/L• So, you diluted a 1g/L solution with
3L of water to make a 0.25g/L solution!!!!
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Dilution• Let’s us a formula for this!!!!We already know…. C=M concentration= mass of solute V volume of solution
The mass always stays the same in a dilution!!!So, we can take it out of the equation!
And use this….
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DilutionC₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂
C₁ V₁ = The initial solutionC₂ V₂ = The final solution
C₁ = Initial concentration (g/L)V₁ = initial volume (L)C₂ = Final concentration (g/L)V₂ = Final volume (L)
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Dilution• Let’s look at our example
mathematically… C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂ (plug in what you know)
C₁ = 1g/LV₁ = 1LC₂ = ?V₂ = 4L Do the calculations…
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DilutionC₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂(1)x(1) = (C₂)x(4)
1 = (C₂)44 4C₂ = 0.25g/L
There’s your answer!!!!