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Conservat ion

The Getty Conservation Institute

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6 Conservation at the Getty A Special Issue

The Getty ConservationInstituteNewsletter

Volume 21, Number 2, 2006

The J. Paul Getty Trust

Deborah Marrow InterimPresidentandChiefExecutiveOfficer


Timothy P. Whalen Director

Jeanne Marie Teutonico AssociateDirector,Programs

Kathleen Gaines AssistantDirector,Administration

Kristin Kelly AssistantDirector,DisseminationandResearchResources

Giacomo Chiari ChiefScientist

François LeBlanc HeadofFieldProjects

Conservation, The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter

Jeffrey Levin Editor

Angela Escobar AssistantEditor

Joe Molloy GraphicDesigner

Color West Lithography Inc. Lithography

TheGettyConservationInstitute(GCI)worksinternationallytoadvance

thefieldofconservationthroughscientificresearch,fieldprojects,

educationandtraining,andthedisseminationofinformationin

variousmedia.Initsprograms,theGCIfocusesonthecreationand

deliveryofknowledgethatwillbenefittheprofessionalsandorganiza-

tionsresponsiblefortheconservationofthevisualarts.

TheGCIisaprogramoftheJ.PaulGettyTrust,aninternationalcultural

andphilanthropicinstitutiondevotedtothevisualartsthatalso

includestheJ.PaulGettyMuseum,theGettyResearchInstitute,and

theGettyFoundation.

Conservation, The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter,

isdistributedfreeofchargethreetimesperyear,toprofessionals

inconservationandrelatedfieldsandtomembersofthepublic

concernedaboutconservation.Backissuesofthenewsletter,

aswellasadditionalinformationregardingtheactivitiesoftheGCI,

canbefoundintheConservationsectionoftheGetty’sWebsite.

www.getty.edu


1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 700Los Angeles, CA 90049-1684 USATel 310 440 7325Fax 310 440 7702

© 2006 J. Paul Getty Trust

Front cover: A photograph of a conservator at work, circa 1930, from the William Suhr archive of the Research Library at the Getty Research Institute (GRI). Suhr was a conservator at the Detroit Institute of the Arts from 1927 to 1933, before moving to New York to become conservator to the Frick Collection (he also maintained a private practice and after World War II worked closely with dealers and other clients active in the art market). The Suhr archive, which includes photographs and treatment notes from a nearly sixty-year period (1920–1979), is one of a number of collections relevant to conservation that are housed among the extensive holdings of the Research Library at the GRI. Photo: Courtesy the Research Library, Getty Research Institute. © circa 1930, The Detroit Institute of the Arts.

Con

tent

sIntroduction 4 A Note from the Director

By Timothy P. Whalen

Anintroductiontothisspecialissueof Conservation, whichexploresconservationwork

conductedthroughouttheprogramsof theJ.PaulGettyTrust.

Special Conservation at the Getty

Feature

5 The Getty Conservation Institute

By Jeanne Marie Teutonico and staff of the GCI

12 The J. Paul Getty Museum

By Michael Brand and staff of the Getty Museum

18 The Getty Research Institute

By Thomas Crow and staff of the GRI

22 The Getty Foundation

By Joan Weinstein and staff of the Getty Foundation

News in 26 Conservation Documentation in Digital Form

Conservation A Dialogue about the Issues

By Angelica Zander Rudenstine and Timothy P. Whalen

AreportonanApril2006meetinginNewYork,whererepresentativesfromoveradozen

majormuseumsintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomgatheredforanimportant

discussionregardingconservationdocumentation.

GCI News 29 Projects, Events, and Publications

UpdatesonGettyConservationInstituteprojects,events,publications,andstaV.

AA Note from the Director


At the core of the mission of the J. Paul Getty Trust is a profound belief in the enriching character of works

of art. The dimensions of that enrichment are broad. Art has aesthetic and cultural value, yet it is also a source

of knowledge, offering tangible evidence of past aspirations, achievements, and attitudes. Art can delight

the eye, but in addition, it can provide important information about how we once lived and how we might reflect

on our own times.

Value, in and of itself, does not ensure survival. Objects of art need care and protection. These

treasures are ours only temporarily, and we carry the responsibility to pass them on to future generations.

The Getty Trust has long understood the importance of conservation in fulfilling this responsibility.

Since the early 1980s, it has made a substantial contribution to the conservation of the visual arts, providing

both expertise and financial resources. This commitment to conservation is manifest not only in the care and

conservation of its own collections but also in work done around the world.

The Getty takes a strategic approach to conservation, seeking ways to strengthen conservation’s

infrastructure and to advance conservation practice. It conducts research—for example, the Getty Conserva-

tion Institute’s scientific investigation of new techniques for illuminating light-sensitive old master drawings,

and the Getty Museum’s technical studies of works of art. It also supports conservation initiatives such as the

Getty Foundation’s architectural conservation program. It offers expertise to the visual arts community

through efforts such as the Museum’s conservation partnerships that provide for the study and restoration of

major works of art from other institutions. It demonstrates best practices in the conservation of a wide variety

of materials, as exemplified by the work of the Getty Research Institute. It shares knowledge by providing

resources such as the GCI’s AATA Online—a free database of conservation literature abstracts—and through

the organizing of conferences and workshops by Getty programs, such as the recent symposium on modern

paint materials, coorganized in London by the GCI, Tate, and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

And it works in partnership with colleagues in the field—for instance, the GCI’s field projects in places such

as China and Tunisia. In all of these efforts, the Getty programs seek to adhere to a standard of excellence.

Our goal in this edition of Conservation is to reveal some of the ways that the Getty’s four programs

engage in conservation. We at the GCI have asked our colleagues in the Museum, the Research Institute, and

the Foundation to join us within these pages to offer a glimpse of the variety of conservation work in which the

Getty engages. The statements from the program leaders and the examples that follow illuminate the extent

of the Getty’s commitment to conservation and to the values that drive this important work. At the heart of this

work is an abiding respect for the intrinsic importance of art—its insights, its history, and its ability to

enhance our vision of the world.

� Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| Introduction

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n The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) works internationally to create and deliver knowledge that will

benefit the professionals and organizations responsible for the conservation of the visual arts in all their

dimensions—objects, collections, architecture, and sites. The ultimate goal of the GCI is to advance

conservation thinking and practice through research, education and training, model field projects, and the

dissemination of information in a variety of forms.

To achieve our objectives, we rely on a strong, multidisciplinary staff that includes over sixty

conservators, architects, archaeologists, scientists, educators, and other professionals. Over the years,

the GCI has developed expertise in a number of core areas that include preventive conservation, monitoring

and control of museum environments, conservation and management of archaeological sites, methodologies

for materials analysis, earthen architecture, and the conservation of architectural surfaces, such as wall

paintings and mosaics.

However, what perhaps distinguishes the GCI from many other conservation organizations is our capac-

ity to identify conservation needs outside conventional boundaries. Because we are not a political or govern-

mental institution, we have the opportunity to tackle questions of broad theoretical and practical significance

to the conservation profession, even those that have resisted solution for many years. We select our projects

based on their potential for impact or resonance beyond a particular artifact or initiative, and we always look

for a strong research and/or educational component. Of course, we continue to work in the thematic areas

where we have expertise and experience, but we are also free to explore new areas in light of identified needs.

In all its endeavors, the GCI is greatly enriched by working in collaboration with a broad variety of

partners, both at the Getty and beyond in the international community. Through cooperation with governments,

universities, and other conservation organizations, we both extend our mission and leverage our resources

to better serve the conservation profession at large. Through our collaborative relationships, we also attempt

to build capacity where it does not exist and to forge institutional alliances that complement our own expertise

and experience.

Organizationally, the GCI is divided into four departments that work together to advance particular

aspects of its mission. The Field Projects group collaborates with a variety of international partners to develop

and implement model projects that incorporate strong research, planning, and educational objectives. The

Science group carries out applied research across a broad spectrum of thematic areas to address unsolved

conservation problems, understand the deterioration of historic buildings and sites, develop analytical meth-

odologies, and advance the field’s research agenda. The Science group also works in close cooperation with

colleagues at the both the Getty Museum and the Getty Research Institute to better understand particular

objects and to provide information valuable for their conservation, interpretation, and use.

The Education group works across departmental boundaries to develop courses and other midcareer

educational opportunities, produce publications and didactic materials, convene educators, and advance

conservation pedagogy. Finally, the Dissemination and Research Resources group oversees the dissemination

of information in a variety of media, manages the GCI’s guest scholars and interns, and develops public initia-

tives at both the Getty Center and the Getty Villa.

The short articles that follow describe a few of the GCI’s projects, past and present, illustrating how we

have worked in a number of areas and with diverse partners to advance thinking and practice in the conserva-

tion field. Our cultural heritage, from museum collections to archaeological sites, is increasingly threatened

by competing economic interests, rapidly expanding cities, political instability, and mass tourism, to name just

a few factors. It is our hope that the work of the GCI will assist those entrusted with the care of our cultural

patrimony to have the knowledge and skills needed to ensure its survival for future generations.

Jeanne Marie Teutonico, Associate Director, Programs


Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyConservationInstitute �

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6 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyConservationInstitute


Becauseoldmasterdrawingsencompassthesethreeconditions,they

allowresearchersgreaterlatitudethanmostlight-sensitiveartifacts

forresearchintonewwaysof thinkingaboutlighting.

Theprojectisinvestigatingthepossibilityof alteringthevis-

ible spectrumof displaylightingwithoutsacrificingtheviewer’s

experience.Inexhibitionlighting,removingwavelengthstowhich

thehumaneyeisinsensitivehasbeenacceptablepracticeforforty

years.Butremovinglightenergywithinthevisibleportionof the

lightspectrumisfraughtwithpotentialaestheticproblems.Thegci

anditsprojectpartnersareundertakingthesubstantialresearch

requiredtodeterminehowtooptimizecolorrenderingwhilereduc-

ingoverallenergytoacceptablelevels.Thisincludesinvestigating

theuseof three-bandfilteredlightsources(e.g.,red-green-blue,the

approachusedincomputermonitors),primarilywiththincoatings

appliedtoglass.Theproject—whichhasdemonstratedthatsuch

complexcoatingsystems,involvingfiftyormorelayers,canactually

bemade—iscurrentlytestingtheaestheticresultsof thefirstthree

filtermodelsonagroupof conservators,curators,andother

museumprofessionals.

Inadditiontoalteringthespectrumof theilluminant,the

projectisalsoconductinglarge-scalesurveysof colorants(artistic

andbiological)underoxygen-freeatmospheres,tobetterunder-

standtheextenttowhichdiVerencesexistinreducingtherisksof

photo-oxidationandphoto-reductioncolorchange.

Thefindingsfromthisproject’sresearchcanpotentiallyaida

fullrangeof institutions—fromfineartmuseumstonaturalhistory

collections—inmeetingtheirmandatetodisplaytheobjectsintheir

carewhilepreservingthemforfuturestudyandenjoyment.

Museum Lighting Research

Damagetoobjectscausedbylightistheonlyenvironmentalhazard

thatmuseumscannotcompletelyeliminatewhilemaintainingtheir

mandatetoexhibittheircollections.Tofulfillthisobligationone

mustacceptsomelevelof inevitabledamage.Itisthereforeimpera-

tivetolimitthatdamagetotheabsoluteminimum.

Highlylight-sensitiveartifactshavealwaysbeentroublesome

todisplay.Minimizingexposurefortheseworkswhileproviding

displayenvironmentsthatrenderlight-sensitivecolorpalettesliter-

allyinthebestpossiblelightisfartrickierthanformorerobust,

light-stableobjects,suchaspaintingsandsculpture.Tomakelight-

sensitiveartifactslastforaslongaspossiblewithaslittlechangeas

possible,exhibitionsareshortened,artifactsareputonalow-travel

diet,andlightingisdistinctlywarmanddim—aconditionthatsac-

rificesthecolorrelationshipsinthesecompositions.Therearefew,

if any,otheroptions.

Thegci’scollaborativeMuseumLightingproject,begunin

2002,asksif otherpossibilitiescanbeoVeredforthedisplayof these

works.Thegciundertookthisprojectbecausesolutions,if theyare

tobefound,wouldnecessarilyinvolvemanycollaborators,sophisti-

catedengineeringandscientificsupport,andtheabilitytopersistin

thefaceof ahighriskof failure.

Oldmasterdrawingsarethefocusof theresearch.Somelight-

sensitiveartifactshaveanaturallylimitedcolorrange.Somehave

lesslight-sensitivity,andsomearesovaluedfortheirartisticandart-

historicalmeritthattheyarefrequentlyrequestedforexhibition.

Volunteers assisting in the evaluation of new light sources for the Museum Lighting Research Project are tested for color blindness prior to beginning their evaluation of the lighting. Photo: Jim Druzik.

A volunteer evaluates perceived color differences in illuminants along green-red, blue-yellow, and brightness scales in the specially constructed experimental lighting facility at the Getty Center. Photo: Jim Druzik.


The Gels Cleaning Research Project

Propercleaningof museumartifactsisamongthemostbasicand

importanttreatmentprocessesconductedbyconservators.Typical

cleaningproceduresinvolvetheuseof commonorganicsolventsto

selectivelyremoveagedvarnishesoroverpaints.Unfortunately,it

canbediYculttoremovetheselayerswithoutdamagingunderlying

originallayers,duetolimitedcontroloverthesolventcleaning

process.Toxicsolventvaporsalsoposehealthriskstoconservators.

Forthesereasons,thesearchforoptimalcleaningmethodshasbeen

asignificantpartof conservationresearch.

Intheearly1980s,RichardWolbersattheUniversityof

Delawareintroducedgelscleaningsystemstotheconservation

community.ThesesystemsoVeredconservatorsgreatercontrol

byallowingthepreparationof mixturestailoredtoremovespecific

layerswhileminimizingexposuretoharmfulsolventvapors.

However,widespreadadoptionof gelssystemswastemperedwith

concernsregardingpotentiallong-termeVectsof residuesthatmay

remainonsurfacesaftercleaning.

Acoreaspectof thegci’smissionisenhancingtheability

of conservationprofessionalstodotheirwork.Recognizingthat

researchongelssystemscouldfacilitatetheuseof thisuniquecon-

servationtool,thegciundertookamajorprojectin1998toaddress

questionsrelatedtothiscleaningapproach,inpartnershipwith

theGettyMuseum;theWinterthurMuseum,Garden,andLibrary;

theWinterthurUniversityof DelawarePrograminArtConserva-

tion;andtheDepartmentof ChemistryatCaliforniaStateUniver-

sity,Northridge.

Thefive-yearGelsCleaningResearchProjecttackleda

numberof significantissues,includingidentifyingandquantifying

gelresiduesremainingonsurfacesandassessingtheirpotentialfor

long-termdamagetoartworks.Theproject’sfindings,whichwere

periodicallydisseminatedtotheconservationcommunity,culmi-

natedinthebookSolvent Gels for the Cleaning of Works of Art:

The Residue Question (GettyConservationInstitute,2004).

Asaresultof theproject,theimpactof gelscleaningsystems

onworksof artisnowmuchmoreclearlyunderstood.Thesolvent

gelsbookhasbecomeanimportantreferenceforselectingthebest

methodsforcleaningartworkswhileminimizingrisk.Theproject

andthebookhaverenewedinterestingelssystems,andhavealso

stimulatedinterestintheirapplicabilitytomodernpaintings.

Animportantoutcomeof theprojectisthedevelopmentof ameth-

odologytoassistconservatorsinpreparingsolventgelsforuseon

varioussurfaces.Adecisiontreewasdesignedtosimplifytheproce-

durefordevelopinganappropriatecleaningstrategy;privatecon-

servatorChrisStavroudisfurthertestedandrevisedthedecision

treetocreatetheModularCleaningProgram(mcp),anonlinedata-

basetoolavailabletoconservators(palimpsest.stanford.edu/

byauth/stavroudis/mcp/).Todate,overfourhundredregistered

usersfromaroundtheworldhaveaccessedthedatabase.

TheGelsCleaningResearchProjectsatisfiedbasicgoals

of theInstitute—toadvanceconservationpracticebyaddingtothe

bodyof knowledgeavailabletoconservationprofessionalsandby

facilitatingtheuseof moreeVectiveconservationtools.

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyConservationInstitute 7

A series of newly mixed solvent gels. Photo: Herant Khanjian.

Former GCI scientist Narayan Khandekar removing a sample for testing from James Ensor’s Christ’s Entry into Brussels in 1889, which had been cleaned with the gels process several years earlier. Photo: Herant Khanjian.


The China Principles

Overthelasttwodecades,Chinawatchershavebeenawedbythat

nation’sspeedof development.Handinhandwiththisdevelop-

menthasbeentheriseof domestictourismtohistoricsites,with

direandacceleratingconsequencesforChina’sheritage.Withmuch

alreadylosttodevelopment,over-restoration,andcompromised

authenticity,whatisthefutureof China’svastheritageof temples,

palaces,gardens,archaeologicalsites,andgrottoes?

Onthepositiveside,theopeningof Chinainthelate1970s

allowedrenewedengagementwiththeinternationalculturaland

scientificcommunity—ChinaratifiedtheWorldHeritageConven-

tionin1986,joinediccrom(InternationalCentrefortheStudyof

thePreservationandRestorationof CulturalProperty),andplays

anincreasingroleinicomos(InternationalCouncilonMonuments

andSites),formingitsownchapter.China’sStateAdministration

of CulturalHeritage(sach)hasalsowelcomedpartnershipswith

institutionssuchasthegci,whichbegancollaborativeprojectsin

Chinain1989.Thisworkultimatelyledtothedevelopmentof the

PrinciplesfortheConservationof HeritageSitesinChina(the

ChinaPrinciples),acomprehensivesetof nationalguidelinesfor

theconservationandmanagementof immovableculturalheritage.

Partnersinthedevelopmentof theprinciplesweresach,thegci,

andtheAustralianDepartmentof EnvironmentandHeritage(deh).

sachleadershiprecognizedthataninternationalperspectivewould

benefitthedevelopmentof theguidelines—hencethetripartite

partnership.Threeyearsindrafting,theprincipleswereapproved

bysachandissuedbyChinaicomosin2000.

Inessence,theprinciplesrestontheidentificationof asite’s

explicitvalues,primarilyitshistoric,artistic,scientific,andsocial

values.Inaddition,heritagemanagementdecisionsandinterven-

tionsshouldinnowaydegradethesite’svalues.Thesetwoconcepts

underpintheprinciplesandareconsonantwithothercountries’

guidelines—forexample,theBurraCharterof Australia.

ThegciiscollaboratingwithChinesesiteauthoritiesattwo

WorldHeritagesites—theMogaoGrottoesandtheChengde

ImperialMountainResort—todemonstratetheprinciplesinplan-

ning,conservation,andmanagement.Inadditiontoundertaking

thesedemonstrationprojects,thepartnersrecognizedthattraining

anewgenerationof heritageprofessionalsintheethosof theChina

Principlesandtheirapplicationwasessential.Thegciwiththedeh

andsachrecentlycompletedaworkshopdesignedtoinitiateasys-

tematicprogramof national-leveltrainingcoursesintheprinciples

(seepage30).

TheChinaPrinciplesstresstheintegrationof conservation

andsitemanagement,previouslyviewedwithinChinaasseparate

activities.Theirpromulgationhasbeguntheprocessof moving

heritageconservationinChinaawayfromthepurelyscientificor

technicalapproachthatoftenleadstoill-considereddecisionsorto

excessiverestorationwithaconsequentlossof authenticity.

Giventhesizeof Chinaandgivenitsvastandancientcultural

heritage,thisproject,intermsof potentialimpact,isperhapsthe

mostambitiousundertakenbythegci.TheChinaPrinciples,

aresponsetoacrisisinheritagemanagement,isnowwellrooted

withintheheritagesystemandacknowledgedinChinaasamethod-

ologyof greatflexibilityandpower.

Right: The cover of the published version of Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China.

Below: View of the gate and courtyard of Shuxiang Temple, part of the Imperial Summer Mountain Resort at Chengde in China. Photo: Richard Ross.

The Royal Bas-reliefs of Abomey

Africaisacontinentwithavastanddiverseculturalheritage,asseen

initshistoricsitesandlivingtraditions.TheRoyalPalacesof

Abomey,aWorldHeritageSite,constituteanoteworthyexample

of both.Thecityof Abomey,thecapitalof thehistorickingdomof

Dahomey,locatedinBenin,WestAfrica,isrichintheculturaltradi-

tionsof buildinginearthandembellishingpalacesandtempleswith

wallpaintingsandbas-reliefs.

Thepolychromeearthenbas-reliefsof theajalala (palace)

of KingGlélé,believedtodatefromthelatenineteenthcentury,are

amongthelastremainingoriginalbas-reliefsattheRoyalPalaces

of Abomey.Theyconstituteanimportantarchiveof thehistory

of theFonpeople,who,priortoFrenchcolonization,hadnowritten

languageandrecordedtheirhistorywithimagesandoraltradition.

Followingtheirremovalfromthefacadeof theajalalain1988,the

bas-reliefsshoweddamageanddeterioration.Facingthelossof

thesebas-reliefs,theBeninMinistryof CultureandCommunica-

tionaskedthegci—withitsexpertiseintheconservationof earthen

architectureandwallpaintings—toassisttheminsavingthissignifi-

cantpieceof Benin’sculturalheritage.In1992thegciandthemin-

istrybeganaprojecttoconservefiftyof thebas-reliefs.

Beninhasbeenoneof theleadingcountriesinWestAfricato

embraceconservationandtotrainmuseumprofessionalstocarefor

thecountry’sculturalheritage;itwasactiveiniccrom’sPreventive

ConservationinMuseumsinAfricaInitiative(prema)andisthe

onlycountryintheregiontoestablishaschoolforculturalheritage

preservation.Thegciprojectprovidedanimportantopportunity

tofurthertrainBeninoismuseumprofessionalsinaspecializedarea

of conservation,andtobuildcapacityinconservationatalocaland

regionallevel.

TheAbomeyprojectincludedthestudy,documentation,

conservation,andexhibitionof thebas-reliefs,aswellastraining.

Attheendof theprojectin1997,aninternationalconference,“Past,

Present,andFutureof theRoyalPalacesof Abomey”(organized

withtheBeninDepartmentof CulturalPatrimonyandiccrom),

aimedtoraisetheawarenessof localandnationalauthoritiestothe

site’ssignificanceandtotheimportanceof conservationandsite

management.Subsequently,theCouncilof RoyalFamiliesof

Abomey,traditionalcaretakersof theRoyalPalaces,becamemuch

moreinvolvedinthesite.

Since1997theBeninoistrainedbytheprojecthavegoneon

topositionsintheDepartmentof CulturalPatrimonyasdecision

makersforsitesandmuseumsinBenin.Themethodologydevel-

opedtoconservetheensembleof bas-reliefsservesasamodelfor

otherconservationprojectsintheregion.Polychromebas-reliefson

theajalalaof KingBehanzin,alsoonthesiteof theRoyalPalaces

of Abomey,wereconservedinsitubymuseumstaVtrainedduring

theproject,andapermanentexhibitof theconservedbas-reliefs

fromtheajalalaof Gléléwasinstalledinthemuseum.

TheAbomeyprojectenabledthegcitohelpBeninbuild

capacity,toadvancetheprinciplesandpracticeof conservationin

aplacewhereconservationisanemerginginterest,andtoraise

awarenessof thesignificanceof thisuniqueWorldHeritageSite.


Above: The reconstructed ajalala (or palace) of King Glélé in Abomey, Benin. Photo: Susan Middleton.

Below: Conservator Léonard Ahonon working on a polychrome earthen bas-relief from the Royal Palaces of Abomey. Photo: Francesca Piqué.


The Directors’ Retreats for Conservation Education

Likethefieldof conservationitself,conservationeducationis

relativelyyoung.Inrecentdecadestherehasbeenanincreaseinthe

numberof academicprogramsinconservation,aswellasmyriad

shortcoursesthatdealwithconservationtopics.Therehasalso

beengrowinginterestinthepedagogyof conservation—theaims

andmethodsof teachingandlearning.However,therearestillfew

opportunitiesforconservationeducatorstomeetforthesolepur-

poseof discussingconservationeducationandhowitrelatestothe

field’schangingneeds.

Thegci,involvedinconservationeducationandtrainingsince

itsinception,launchedtheDirectors’Retreatsprogramin2002as

awaytopromotestrategicthinkingandcollaborationamongcon-

servationeducatorswithintheUnitedStatesandinternationally,

conveningmeetingsthatbringtogetherpeoplewithcommongoals

toexploreideasvitaltoconservationeducationdevelopment.

Theretreats,anongoingseriesof meetingsfordirectors

of academicprogramsandprofessionalorganizationsinvolvedin

conservationeducation,provideopportunitiesforparticipantsto

meetanddiscuss,inaninformalenvironment,issuestheyconsider

mosturgenttoconservationeducation.Forseveraldays,inquiet

andcongenialsettingsawayfromthedemandsof worklife,partici-

pantsareabletoexchangeideasandinformationandtoconsider

avenuesof cooperationthatcanbenefittheirownprogramsandthe

fieldatlarge.

Todate,thegcihasheldthreeretreats,eachinpartnership

withanotherorganization.Thefirst—heldin2002withtheAmeri-

canInstituteforConservationof HistoricandArtisticWorks(aic)—

concentratedontheneedforcontinuingeducationopportunitiesfor

NorthAmericanconservators.Thediscussionsduringthisretreat

werehelpfulintheformationof aic’ssuccessfulcontinuingeduca-

tionprogram.

Thesecondretreatwascoorganizedin2004withtheCentre

forCulturalMaterialsConservation,Universityof Melbourne.

InMelbourne,discussionsfocusedonconservationeducationneeds

intheAsia-Pacificregionandincludedparticipantsfromthirteen

Asia-Pacificcountries.Bysharingtheirownexperiences,partici-

pantstookthefirststeptowardidentifyingregionalneedsand

resourcesforconservationeducation.

Themostrecentretreat—apartnershipof thegci,theaic,

andtheAssociationof NorthAmericanGraduateProgramsin

Conservation—examinedWeb-basedteachingandlearningfor

conservation.HeldinMay2006inAustin,Texas,theretreat

broughttogethernineteeneducatorsfromNorthAmerica,Europe,

andAustraliatoconsiderthepotentialof Webtechnologyforcon-

servationeducation.Sinceseveralof theinstitutionsrepresentedin

theretreathadexperienceusingtheWebforclassroomanddistance

education,participantscouldreflectontheseexperiencesandcon-

siderhowtheymightshapetheirownwork.Participantsalsolooked

atwaystotakeadvantageof thegrowinguseof educationaltechnol-

ogyandtheWebforachievingconservationteachingandlearning

goals.Specificideasforcollaborativeactivitieswereidentifieddur-

ingformalandinformalgatherings,includingthepossibilityof

cooperativeresearchonblendedlearning(i.e.,combiningclassroom-

basedandonlineteaching),anonlineresourceforconservation

education,andonlineconservationsciencetutorials.

Byprovidingeducatorswithoccasionstomeetforfocused

thinkinganddiscussion,theretreatscontributetoachievingan

importantgcigoal—strengtheningtheinfrastructureforconserva-

tioneducation.

Participants discussing Web-based teaching and learning at the 2006 Directors’ Retreat. Photos: Foekje Boersma.

Museums Emergency Program Education Initiative

Naturalandhuman-madeemergenciesareasinevitableinthecul-

turalfieldastheyareineveryotheraspectof life.Recentdisasters—

hurricanesintheUnitedStates,tsunamisinSoutheastAsia,and

militaryconflictsinmanyregions—havedemonstratedthevulner-

abilitiesof culturalresources.Unfortunately,mostof theworld’s

museumsdonotunderstandtherangeof risksthatcanaVectthem

andareunpreparedtoguardagainstthedevastatinglossesthatcan

occurfromevenarelativelysmallemergency.

Acquiringknowledgeandskill—particularlyinsuchacom-

plexandinterdisciplinaryareaasemergencymanagement—isa

long-termprocess.WhileashortcoursecanoVerbasicinformation,

eVectiveemergencymanagemententailschangesininstitutional

policyandpractice.Thisrequiresmovingbeyondshortcoursesto

amoresustainedeVortatcapacitybuilding.

Thegci—longactiveinpromotingemergencypreparedness

intheculturalfield—hassoughttodevelopeducationmodelsthat

appropriatelyaddressthelearningneedsof professionals.Most

recently,throughaninnovativeteachingapproach,thegcihas

focusedonmuseumpersonneltraininginemergencypreparedness.

Overthepastyearandahalf,theInstitutehaspartneredwithicom

(InternationalCouncilof Museums)andiccromonaninitiative

thatispartof icom’sMuseumsEmergencyProgram(mep),amulti-

yearprojecttoassistmuseumandotherheritageprofessionalsto

prepareforandrespondtonaturalandhuman-madethreats.

Thegcianditsprojectpartnersdevelopedathree-phasepilot

course,TeamworkforIntegratedEmergencyManagement,which

combinedaclassroom-basedworkshopwithaseven-monthperiod

of practicalwork.Teamsfromeightnationalmuseumsandtwo

museumstudiesprogramsinAsiaattendedtheworkshopphaseof

thecourseinBangkokinAugust2005.Theworkshopwasfollowed

bythesecondphase,whichranfromSeptember2005through

March2006.Oversevenmonthsof practicalwork,eachteam,via

e-mail,regularlyreporteditsprogresstocoursementorswhocom-

mentedontheachievementsand,if necessary,providedadviceor

information.Inaddition,therewasacourseWebsitethatcontained

teachingmaterialsalongwithlinkstoemergencymanagement

Websitesandcoursecontactinformation.Duringthisperiod,

courseparticipantsbeganimplementingpracticalchangeswith

colleaguesattheirinstitutions.Thementoringphasealsohelpedto

reinforcethebondsamongtheinstitutionsandtoprovidethebasis

foraregionalnetwork.

Thethirdandfinalphaseof thecoursewasameetinginSeoul,

inJune2006,toreviewtheachievementsof eachmuseumteam.

Theteamsdiscussedthesubstantialprogresstheyhadmadeover

thecourseof theyear:undertakingriskassessments,re-examining

orrevisinginstitutionalemergencyplans,reviewingsecurity

protocols,andconductingstaVdrillsandtraining.

ThelearningmodelusedinTeamworkforIntegratedEmer-

gencyManagement—traditionalclassroom-basedworkshopand

extendedmentoredpractice—maybeadaptedtoothergcitraining

eVorts.Facilitatedbynewcommunicationtechnologies,itextends

theclassroomintotheworkplaceandaidsthegrowthof asense

of communityamongpractitioners,essentialtothedevelopment

of thefield.

The following GCI staV contributed to this article:

James Druzik, seniorprojectspecialist

Herant Khanjian, assistantscientist

Neville Agnew, principalprojectspecialist

Martha Demas, seniorprojectspecialist

Leslie Rainer, seniorprojectspecialist

Francesca Piqu, formergciprojectspecialist

Kathleen Dardes, seniorprojectspecialist


Course participants engaging in emergency response exercises at the National Museum, Bangkok, in 200� as part of the workshop Teamwork for Integrated Emergency Management. Photos: Courtesy MEP partners.

TTh

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n The focus of the J. Paul Getty Museum’s conservation activities is the care and study of the Museum’s

collection of Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities; European paintings, drawings, sculpture, illuminated

manuscripts, and decorative arts; and European and American photographs. An essential component of the

Museum’s mission is to collect, preserve, exhibit, and interpret important works of art. More than thirty con-

servators and support staff in four conservation departments perform a broad range of services that not only

ensure the best care of the Museum’s collection for the enjoyment and education of future generations, but

also contribute to the expanding body of knowledge in the conservation field.

While the Getty Museum’s conservation efforts serve the needs of the collection with preventative

conservation as well as treatment, they also reflect the broader missions of the Getty Trust as a whole. Museum

conservators collaborate closely with the curators, educators, and exhibition planners to provide the public

with a deeper understanding of the works of art entrusted to our care. We are fortunate to work with the Getty

Conservation Institute and benefit greatly from our collaboration with colleagues in the GCI’s Museum

Research Laboratory. We are fortunate, as well, to have access to the colleagues and resources at the Getty

Research Institute (GRI); the GRI Research Library is a particularly valuable repository of information regard-

ing artists’ working methods and materials, and the history and provenance of the objects in our care.

This culture of partnership reaches beyond the Getty’s two campuses—the Getty Center and the Getty

Villa. It has led to work that supports the conservation field and to a successful program of collaborative proj-

ects that provides conservation services to other institutions. In partnering with other institutions, our shared

interest in specific conservation problems can be approached and examined from several points of view.

The Museum’s conservators and curators benefit from the opportunity to work with experienced professionals

from other institutions, all of whom bring new perspectives to the conservation activities that take place in

our studios. Very often the unique conservation challenges presented by these artworks require expertise or

resources not otherwise available to the partnering institution. In many instances, the completion of the part-

nership includes exhibiting the objects in the Museum’s galleries, either as part of a larger exhibition, in the

regular permanent collection galleries, or as part of a more focused exhibition highlighting the collaboration

and modern conservation processes and approaches.

Beyond these programs, the Museum’s conservation departments are involved in activities that have

helped advance the conservation field, from developing state-of-the-art mounts that protect objects from

seismic events, to working with outside colleagues to develop a new retouching paint (a material that has

found wide use and acceptance in the field). We also contribute to the field by and through disseminating

research with other institutions and colleagues in the conservation community through publications, and by

sponsoring or cosponsoring symposia and advanced training workshops. Described in the following pages are

just some of the significant projects carried out by the Museum’s four conservation departments, highlighting

the various ways in which they work to advance the field, to aid and collaborate with other institutions, and to

care for the Museum’s collection.

Michael Brand, Director

The J. Paul Getty Museum

12 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheJ.PaulGettyMuseum

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheJ.PaulGettyMuseum 13

The J. Paul Getty Museum

Antiquities Conservation

Beyonditsprimarydutiestoensurethelong-termcareandpreser-

vationof theGettyMuseum’scollectionof antiquities,theantiqui-

tiesconservationdepartmentengagesinconservationpartnerships

withinstitutionsandcollectionsfromaroundtheworld.The

departmentcurrentlyisstabilizingandrestoringseveralvasesfrom

theAntikensammlunginBerlinandstabilizingseveralRoman

mosaicsfromTunisia(inpartnershipwiththeBardoMuseumin

TunisandtheArchaeologicalMuseuminElJemm).Withrespectto

themosaics,theMuseum’sconservatorsarepursuingastronger

andmorestableapproachtotheirrebacking.Theapproachbeing

developedutilizesmaterialseasilyavailabletotechniciansinTunisia

whilemeetingthestructuralneedsof thelargemosaicsandassuring

theirstabilityovertime.

Thedepartmentalsoconductsresearchthatenhancesitsabil-

itytoprotecttheGetty’scollectionsandthatultimatelycontributes

totheadvancementof theconservationprofession.Suchresearch

includesstudiesinthehistoryof therestorationof antiquities;this

researchresultedinaninternationalconferenceattheGettyCenter

in2001andanotherin2002.Researchalsofocusesontheprocesses

of conservationandthephilosophicalunderpinningsof decision

makingbeforeandduringthoseprocesses.

Long-termpreservationis,of course,oneof theprimary

eVortsof thedepartmentandincludescollectionscareanddisaster

mitigation.Giventheseismicactivityof SouthernCalifornia,the

conservatorsandmountmakersforantiquitieshaveworkedforover

twodecadestodevelopavarietyof methodsaimedatreducingthe

riskof earthquakedamagetothecollection.TheGettyisnotalone

infacingthisthreatandhasmadeaneVorttosharewithawider

audiencethisinformationandtheapproachesithasdeveloped.

Consultations,lectures,andworkshopshavebeenprovidedthrough-

outtheUnitedStatesandinternationally,withadvicegivento

museumsinTurkey,Greece,Australia,andTaiwan,andtomany

museumsintheUnitedStates.InMay2006thedepartmenthosted

atwo-dayinternationalconferenceonprotectionof collections

fromearthquakedamage,withspeakersfromIndia,Japan,Turkey,

Greece,andtheUnitedStates.Thefirstof itskind,theconference

reviewedthecurrentunderstandingof seismicthreatstocollections

andtheeVortsmadetoprotectcollectionsfromdamage.The

conferencefeaturedtheworkof theantiquitiesconservation

department,includingthedesignandproductionof eVective

seismicisolators,plansforwhichhavebeensharedwithanumber

of institutionsoverthelastseveralyears.

Associate conservator Eduardo Sanchez and assistant conservator Erik Risser in the Getty Museum’s Department of Antiquities Conservation work to stabilize and restore a Roman portrait statue of Marcus Aurelius from the Pergamon Museum of Berlin. Photo: Courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum.

Ceramic replicas of ancient vases mounted in a variety of ways on a testing table that mimics seismic activity. Photo: Courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum.

Decorative Arts and Sculpture Conservation

Thedepartmentof decorativeartsandsculptureconservation,

liketheotherMuseumconservationdepartments,isactiveinmany

aspectsof conservation,fromtreatmenttoresearchtopreventive

conservation.Perhapsitsmostsignificantrecentendeavorhasbeen

toincreaseunderstandingof worksof artthroughtechnicalstudy.

Thedepartmenthasconducteddetailedinvestigationsof abroad

rangeof worksof art,includingitemsfromtheMuseum’scollec-

tionandloansfromotherinstitutions.Fortheforthcomingthree-

volumecatalogof thefurnitureandgiltbronzesintheMuseum’s

collection,thedepartmentisundertakingcomprehensivetechnical

studiesof eachobject,includingmaterialsidentification,analysis

of fabricationtechniques,anddocumentationof priorrestorations

oralterations.Apartof thisprojectisadatabaseof thealloysof gilt

bronzefurnituremountsandfurnishings.

Amodelforthetechnicalstudyof decorativeartsinthe

Museum’scollectionhasbeenthestudycarriedoutonourFrench

Renaissancecabinet,inwhichthedepartmentwasabletodemon-

strate,throughavarietyof scientificandinvestigativemethods,the

authenticityof thisimportantcabinet,longconsideredafake.Inthe

exhibitionandonlinepresentation,A Renaissance Cabinet Rediscov-

ered, theengagingandcomplexstoryof itsauthenticationisshared

withMuseumvisitors.Bothusethecabinetasacasestudyonhow

welearnaboutobjectsthroughconservationandtechnicalanalysis

(seewww.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/cabinet/).Twopapersonthe

1� Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheJ.PaulGettyMuseum

A view of Juggling Man by Adriaen de Vries and an X-radiograph of the same sculpture. Photo: Lou Meluso. Radiograph: Jane Bassett.

Left: Karen Trentleman of the GCI’s Museum Research Lab and Viviane Meerbergen of the Getty Museum’s Education Department join Arlen Heginbotham and Brian Considine of the Getty Museum’s Decorative Arts Conservation Department in examining construction details of a French Renaissance cabinet. Photo: Courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum.

Below: Arlen Heginbotham photodocumenting details of the cabinet. Photo: Courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum.

workhavealreadybeenpresentedtoprofessionalaudiences,and

articleswillbepublishedinbothEnglishandFrenchintheBurling-

ton Magazine andL’Estampille—L’Objet d’ Art. Inaddition,forthe

broaderpublic,wehaveoVeredanumberof shortcoursesonthe

technicalaspectsof furnitureconnoisseurship.

Thedecorativeartsandsculptureconservationdepartment

hasalsousedtheMuseum’stemporaryexhibitionprogramasan

importantopportunitytocarryouttechnicalstudiesondiscrete

groupsof objectsonloantotheMuseum.Ourfirstandlargest

eVortwasaseriesof technicalstudiesonthebronzesof Dutch

sculptorAdriaendeVries,conductedinconjunctionwiththe

monographicexhibitionheldattheMuseuminthefallof 1999.

ThroughX-radiography,alloyanalysis,petrographicanalysisof the

castingcores,andclosevisualexamination,wegainedadeepunder-

standingandadmirationforthisremarkableartist’sworkingtech-

niques.Theopportunitytoexaminetwenty-oneexamplesof his

works,aswellasfiverelatedcasts,broughttogetherforthefirsttime,

allowedforfarmorenuancedanalysesthanif thesestudieshadbeen

doneseparatelyateachof thelendinginstitutions.Thisresearch

willbepublishedbythegciin2007.

Thedepartment’stechnicalstudiesworkhasfosteredclose

collaborationswithcurators,conservators,andscientists.They

haveledtonewmethodsandnewresearchinmanyunexpected

areas.Itisthehopeof thedecorativeartsandsculptureconserva-

tiondepartmentthatbybuildingastrongbodyof workandby

sharingitfullywiththefield,wewillbuildanewanddeeper

understandingof theworksof artandtheworkingmethodsof

theircreators.

Paintings Conservation

Thepaintingsconservationdepartmenthasbeenverysuccessful

increatingpartnershipsthatprovideforthestudyandrestoration

of majorworksof artfromaninternationalarrayof museumsand

culturalinstitutions.AswiththeMuseum’sotherconservation

departments,thecollaborativeworkisprovidedbytheGettyfree

of chargeinexchangefortheopportunitytoexhibittheworksof art

inthegalleriesaftercompletionof thetreatments.Overonehun-

dredpaintingshavebeenstudiedandtreatedintheMuseum’s

paintingsconservationstudios.Collaborationsrangefromrecent

workwiththeKröller-MüllerMuseumintheNetherlandstoa

multiyearpartnershipwiththeYaleUniversityArtGallery(which

alsoculminatedin2002inasymposiumandaccompanyingYale

publication,Early Italian Paintings: Approaches to Conservation).

Thedepartmenthasmostrecentlyengagedinapartnership

withtheBudapestMuseumof FineArts.Twopaintings—Madonna

and Child in an Archway (ca.1450)byPetrusChristus,andThe

Martyrdom of Saints Paul and Barnabus byananonymoussixteenth-

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheJ.PaulGettyMuseum 1�

Mark Leonard, conservator of paintings at the Getty Museum, working on Petrus Christus’s Madonna and Child in an Archway from the Budapest Museum of Fine Arts. Photo: Jack Ross.

Tiarna Doherty and Sue Ann Chui of the Getty Museum’s Paintings Conservation Department retouching Jean-Baptiste Oudry’s Lion from the Staatliche Museum Schwerin in Germany. Photo: Jack Ross.

16 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheJ.PaulGettyMuseum

centuryFlemishartist,bothkeystonesof theHungarianmuseum’s

collections—cametotheGettyinthespringof 2006forstudyand

treatment.AndrásFáy,aseniorrestorerfromtheMuseumof Fine

Arts,accompaniedthepicturesandworkedasaguestconservatorin

thepaintingsconservationstudioforaperiodof threemonths.

BothpaintingsarecurrentlyonviewintheMuseumgalleriesatthe

GettyCenter,wheretheywillremainuntillateNovember2006.

InDecember,theywillreturntoBudapestintimetobefeaturedin

thecelebrationssurroundingthecentenaryof thefoundingof the

Museumof FineArts.

AsimilarpartnershipwiththeStaatlicheMuseumSchwerin

inGermanyhasbeenunderwayforseveralyears.Twolife-size

animalportraitsbyJean-BaptisteOudry—theenormousRhinoceros

andlargeLion (whichwenttoSchwerindirectlyfromOudry’sstu-

diointheearly1750s,aspartof animpressivegroupof thirteenof

Oudry’sanimalportraits)—hadbeenremovedfromtheirstretchers,

rolled,andplacedinstorageinthebasementof themuseumin

Schwerinattheendof thenineteenthcentury,wheretheyremained

until2002.ThepaintingsconservationdepartmentattheGetty

MuseumoVeredtostudyandtreatthepictures,andthisinitiativein

turncatalyzedthedevelopmentof anexhibition,Oudry’s Painted

Menagerie, whichwillreunitethetwopaintingswithallof Oudry’s

otheranimalportraitsfromthecollectioninSchwerin.Theexhibi-

tionwillopenattheGettyCenterinMay2007andtraveltothe

Museumof FineArtsinHoustonlaterthatyear.Thetwopaintings

willultimatelyreturntopublicviewinSchwerin,wheretheywill

jointheircompanions,inearly2008.

Therewardsof thesemultifacetedpartnershipsaremany.

Thelendinginstitutionsnotonlybenefitfromtherestorationsthat

areprovided,buttheyoftenreceivenewinsightsintotheworksin

theircollections.Manyof theprojectscatalyzeexhibitionsorleadto

publicationsof importantnewfindingsforthefield.TheGettyben-

efitsfromthepresenceof whathasproventobeanextraordinary

groupof worksof art,which,intheirownway,contributetothe

vibrancyof lifeinthepaintingsconservationstudio,thescientific

laboratoriesattheGettyConservationInstitute,and,mostimpor-

tant,thepublicgalleries.

Paper Conservation

Theprimaryfocusof thedepartmentof paperconservationisthe

careof theMuseum’scollectionsof drawings,manuscripts,and

photographs.AlthoughthesethreecollectionsarequitediVerentin

nature,theirconservationisplacedundertheumbrellaof onecon-

servationdepartmentbecauseof theircommonsensitivitytolight.

Thefocusof thedepartment,staVedbyspecialistsineachof these

disciplines,hasbeentoconservethecollectionsforaconstantrota-

tionof newexhibitionseverythreetofourmonthsineachof these

areas(aswellasforextensiveloanandpublicationprograms),asub-

stantialendeavor.Permanentgalleriesaredevotedtoeachof these

areas,includingagallerydedicatedtopastels.Asaresult,hundreds

of manuscriptsandoldmasterdrawings,aswellasthousandsof

photographsfromtheMuseum’scollection,havebeenconserved.

Researchintothematerials,techniques,andconstructionof

eighteenth-andnineteenth-centurypasteldrawingsisanongoing

focusof thepaperconservationdepartmentastheMuseumcontin-

uestoexpanditscollection.Aninternationalsymposiumonthe

conservationof pastels,“IssuesintheConservationof 18thand

19thCenturyPastels,”washeldattheGettyCenterin2004.Experts

inpastelconservationfromaroundtheworldpresentedtheirpio-

neeringresearchesintopasteltechnique,includingtheMuseum’s

paperconservationdepartment’srecentdiscoveriesinthemedia

techniqueandconstructionusedbyMaurice-QuentindeLaTour

andJean-EtienneLiotardintheirpastels.Aninternationalaudience

of overfiftyparticipantsfromboththeconservationandthecurato-

András Fáy, from the Budapest Museum of Fine Arts, carrying out structural work on a painting from the Budapest museum’s collection in the paintings conservation studio at the Getty Center. Photo: Mark Leonard.

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheJ.PaulGettyMuseum 17

rialdisciplinesattended.Thedepartment’sconservatorshavepro-

videdconsultationontreatmentorhaveactuallytreatedpastels

fromanumberof otherinstitutions,includingtwoinCalifornia—

theHuntingtonLibrary,ArtCollections,andBotanicalGardensin

SanMarinoandtheNortonSimonMuseuminPasadena.

Thepaperconservationdepartmentisalsoactiveinthearea

of professionaldevelopment,havingoVered,taught,orsponsored

overfiftymajorworkshops,classes,andseminarsthathaveattracted

hundredsof conservators.Thenumeroustopicscoveredhave

includeddigitalprintingprocesses,colorcompensation,andtech-

niquesandpracticesforthestorageanddisplayof graphicarts.

In2001and2004,acourse,ColorCompensationforDamagedand

DeterioratedPhotographs,washeldattheGettyCenter,incollabo-

rationwiththeAndrewW.MellonFoundation.Participantscame

fromcountriesaroundtheworld,includingtheUnitedStates,

Mexico,Australia,NewZealand,Germany,theUnitedKingdom,

Japan,Brazil,Denmark,andSlovakia.

Thecoursewastaughtbyagroupof expertsassembledfrom

theconservation,science,andarthistorydisciplines.Itinvestigated

compensationtechniquesthroughacombinationof presentations

andpracticalhands-onwork,includingdemonstrationsof currently

acceptedtechniquesandpractices.Experimentationwithnew

methodsinthelabwasalsoencouragedduringpracticalsessions,

resultinginnumerousinnovativetreatmentsolutionstochallenging

compensationproblems.Topicsaddressedincludedcolorandlight

theory,inpaintingmediaandtechniques,insert-fillmethodsfor

lossesinphotographicpaper,historiccoatingprocedures,isolating

layers,workspacedesign,ethics,photographer’sintent,andexhibi-

tionaesthetics.Photographicprocessesexaminedincludedsalted

paper,albumen,collodion-chloride,silvergelatin,platinum,and

contemporarycolor.

More information about the Museum’s conservation partnerships

can be found on the Getty Web site at www.getty.edu/museum/

conservation/partnerships/index.html.

The following Getty Museum staV contributed to this article:

Jerry Podany, head,antiquitiesconservation

Brian Considine, head,decorativeartsconservation

Mark Leonard, head,paintingsconservation

Marc Harnly, head,paperconservation

Tami Philion, projectspecialist

Karen Brynjolf Pedersen (front left), a photographs conservator at the National Museum of Denmark, shares her work with other participants of the color compensation workshop organized by the Getty Museum’s Paper Conservation Department. Photo: Martin Salazar.

Nancy Yocco, associate conservator in the Getty Museum’s Paper Conservation Department, carefully cleans the fragile surface of the eighteenth-century pastel Gabriel Bernard de Rieux, by Maurice-Quentin de La Tour. Photo: Elisabeth Mention.

The

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nTThe Getty Research Institute (GRI) exists to gather, preserve, and disseminate knowledge about the visual arts.

The documents in the special collections of the Research Library, which cover a chronological range extending

from the present back into the sixteenth century, constitute the most important repository of this knowledge in

the Getty’s possession. And the store of information that each one carries rests on its condition. Physical dete-

rioration of any kind brings with it an erosion of the object’s eloquence—that is, its capacity to speak about

the time, place, and conditions of its making.

Collections of paintings and sculpture, assembled for permanent display in a gallery setting, require

their own stringent standards for conservation. When collection materials exist for the express purpose of

being studied and handled by researchers, their survival and continued accessibility depend on extensive

treatment techniques designed to withstand exposure to air, light, physical movement, and human contact.

In addition, the multiple objects and documents in an archive often consist of various relatively unstable

media that range from handwritten notes to newspaper press clippings to Polaroid snapshots. While micro-

filming and digitizing can protect the most fragile items from overuse, the goal of the GRI is to provide primary

source materials whenever possible, as these speak to researchers with subtle cues that reproductions can-

not ever fully convey.

A great deal of the work undertaken by GRI conservation staff is directly akin to that of paper conserva-

tion in the J. Paul Getty Museum, entailing the same array of techniques required for illuminated manuscripts

and old master drawings. But some of the more acute problems arrive with documents created recently—not

with those from centuries past. The word library may connote documents on paper; indeed, GRI’s conservation

staff is responsible for everything from the expert construction of archival boxes for our vast Photo Study

Collection to making mounts for exhibitions of rare books to conserving fragile correspondence dating to the

Renaissance. But the Research Library’s special collections also contain a large number of three-dimensional

objects made of cardboard, wood, glass, metal, plastics, and more esoteric materials, and we find that tradi-

tional scholars are eager to examine and interpret these unconventional items, which are available in few

other library holdings. Often damaged or dismantled over their lives prior to entering the Research Library,

such complex objects demand precise detective work, painstaking craft, and scrupulous recording of the

restoration process on the part of the GRI conservators charged with their care.

They receive exactly that, and the wide expertise carried throughout the Getty’s conservation commu-

nity ensures that if a problem with a special collections document or object has a solution, someone here will

know how to find it. Conservation forms a key link in the chain of knowledge production. When a fragile piece

is needed by a scholar or is slated for exhibition, it moves to the head of the line for treatment, in the course

of which new information often comes to light. The process of repair and restoration also entails the creation

of an archival photographic record—high-resolution documents that can be used in any number of digital

applications. In this way, one unique object can have many uses and many lives in a worldwide network of

communication and information sharing. And our present and growing responsibility is to ensure the effective

conservation of documents already encoded in electronic form, from outmoded analog tapes to streaming

digital data.

Thomas Crow, Director

The Getty Research Institute

18 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyResearchInstitute

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyResearchInstitute 19

The Getty Research Institute

Treating Archival Materials

Amongthegri’srecentacquisitionsisagiftof correspondence,

ephemera,audiotapes,andvideotapeschroniclingtheimportance

of aprominentjournaldevotedexclusivelytoperformanceartand

itsinternationaldevelopment.Thevariousmediainthearchive,

datingbacktothe1970s,posedanumberof conservationandrefor-

mattingchallenges;inaddition,inspectionof thecollectionrevealed

thatitcontainednumerouspaper-lovingsilverfishandcockroaches.

griconservatorsconsultedwithscientistsfromthegcito

determinethebestmeansof treatment.Thedecisionof theconser-

vatorsandscientistswastocontaintheinfestedcollectionmaterials

andintroducenitrogenintothecontainmenttoproduceananoxic

environment,lethaltotheadults,larvae,andeggsof theinsects.

Treatmentwiththisinertgaswasthesafestoptionforthematerials’

handlersandforthisparticularcollection,whichincludesdocu-

ments,photographs,andaudiovisualmaterials.

Allonehundredfiftyboxeswerewrappedwithheavy-duty

plasticsheeting,tapedup,andtransportedtoadedicatedreceiving

roomatanoV-sitewarehouse.ConservationstaVfromthegriand

gcisetupamobiletreatmentunit,developedbygciscientists.An

adaptedcubicaltreatmentbubblewasloadedwiththeboxedmateri-

als.Atthisstageanitrogengeneratorwasusedtoprovideavirtually

unlimitedsourceof nitrogen—aninnovationwhencomparedtothe

morecommonlyusedliquidnitrogentanks.Ahumidificationsys-

temwasintegrated,preventingthematerialfromdryingoutduring

treatment.Atelephonemodemwasinstalledandattachedtoanum-

berof sensorsinsidethebubbletoallowforautomatedhourly

remotemonitoringof theoxygenlevel,relativehumidity,andtem-

peraturewithinthebubble.

Conserving Objects on Loan

In2001theGettyResearchInstituteopenedanambitiousmulti-

mediaexhibitionentitledDevices of Wonder: From the World in a

Box to Images on a Screen, thatfeaturedalmostfourhundred

objectsfromtheseventeenthcenturytothepresent,selectedfrom

thecollectionsof thegri,theGettyMuseum,andotherinstitutions

andcollectorsworldwide.Objectsincludedrarenaturalhistory

books;zoological,botanical,andmineralspecimens;educational

toys;earlycameras;historicalprints;aseventeenth-century

GermanWunderkabinett; andworksof contemporaryart.The

exhibitionexploredhowoldandnewvisualtechnologiesfosternew

perceptionsof theuniverse.

Whiletheexhibitionincludednumerousitemsfromthe

ResearchLibrary’sWernerNekescollectionof opticaldevices,

prints,andgames,therewerealsoseveralsignificantloans,suchas

anEnglishtravelingpeepshowdatingfromtheeighteenthcentury.

Constructedprimarilyof softwood,theforty-two-inchpeepshow

wasequippedwithalargemagnifyinglensandaninclinedmirror,

creatingaviewerthroughwhichaperspectiveviewwassimulated.

Concealedwithinweresetsof cutoutprintsdepictingvarious

scenes,suchasaGermantown.

Thepeepshow,lenttotheexhibitionbyUniversalStudios,

wasatthetimeonloantotheCaliforniaScienceCenterinLos

Angeles.Damageandrepairssustainedoverthecenturiestothe

maincabinetanditscomponentsandtosomeof theprintstestified

tothedevice’sprovenanceasatravelingshow.Extensivetestingof

Boxes of pest-infested archival material awaiting conservation treatment. Photo: Courtesy Getty Research Institute.

GCI assistant scientist Vincent Beltran (left) and members of the GRI’s Conservation and Preservation Department review treatment and safety procedures during the initial stage of work on the pest-infested archival material. Photo: Courtesy Getty Research Institute.

20 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyResearchInstitute

thesolubilityof thevarnishandthedelicacyof thepaperelements

wasfollowedbyconservationeVorts,whichentailedrestoration

of kickplates,applicationof cellulosefillertogapsandfissures,

facsimileconstructionsandreplacementof missingelementsin

theinternalworks,andcleaningof theprints.Inrestoringthe

peepshowandprintsforexhibit,thegriwasabletoreturnthepiece

tothelenderinamorestablecondition,ensuringitsaccessibility

tofutureaudiences.Thegri’sconservationstaValsoconservedand

cleanedfragilepaperhandbillsandapplieddelicatecleaning

tonumerousglassstereoslidesonloantotheDevices of Wonder

exhibition.

Conservation of Architectural Models

Ofalltheitemscontainedinarchivesof architecturalmaterials,

modelsareprobablythemostproblematictopreserve.Notonlydo

theyoccupyconsiderablestoragespace,buttheyarealsoinherently

fragile,constructedquicklyandgenerallynotmeanttosurvive

muchlongerthanthetimeneededtorealizeanarchitecturalcom-

mission.Theyoftenrequirecustomhousingtosafelystore,trans-

port,andprotectthedelicatecomponents.Theirconservation

requiresknowledgeof thepropertiesof plastics,wood,metals,

paper,andadhesives.

Indeterminingaconservationtreatment,thegri’s

conservatorsfollowguidelinesestablishedbythecodeof ethicsof

theAmericanInstituteforConservation(aic)regardingreversibil-

ity;thoroughdocumentationbefore,during,andaftertreatment;

andadherencetomaintainingtheintegrityof theobjectasinitially

created—takingintoconsideration,of course,changesimple-

mentedbythearchitect.Modelsoftenareworksinprogressrepre-

sentingapreliminaryvision,arough,three-dimensionalsketch

of adesignindevelopmentcontaininglayersof changesreflecting

theintellectualprocessof thearchitectsasdesignsaredeveloped.

Identifyingwhatconstitutesthisdynamicoriginalintentrequires

thoughtfulconsiderationonthepartof theconservatortodiVeren-

tiatematerialsoriginaltotheobject’sinitialpurposefromwhatmay

havebeenaddedlater(tapetomendaweakenedarea,forexample).

Frequently,lessinterventionandmorestabilizationisthepaththat

conservatorsfollow.

Inpreparationforthe1988exhibitionDaniel Libeskind: Line

of Fire, thearchitectcreatedascalemodelthatwassubsequently

acquiredbythegriin1992.Itisassumedthattheoriginalcrate

forthemodelwascustom-madeintheshopwherethemodelsfor

Libeskindwereconstructed.Unfortunately,thecratewasnothigh

enoughtofullycontainthemodel,andpriortoshipmenttoLos

Angeles,twentyof themodel’sconicalelementswerebrokenoVto

accommodatethecrate’ssize.Then,shiftingof themodeloccurred

intransport,causingmoreelementstodislodge.Whatarrivedatthe

griwasathree-dimensionalpuzzleconsistingof thebaseof the

model,redmetalrods,stepladders,andtheconicalelementsmade

of paintedbalsawood.

Theoriginalpositionof eachof thetwentyconicalelements

couldbedeterminedbymatchingfragmentswiththeoldadhesive’s

residuepatternsonthebrokensurfaces.Thedecisiontore-adhere

thewoodenelementswithareversibleadhesivewasmadeinaccor-

dancewiththeaicguidelinetokeeptreatmentreversible.The

uprootedmetalrodswerepressurefittedintotheiroriginalholes.

Thegriholdsoveronehundredmodelsbyanumberof well-

knownarchitects,suchasFrankGehryandLibeskind,andfirms

suchasCoopHimmelb(l)au,tonamejustafew,andtheinstitution

makestheseavailabletoresearchers.Conservationprioritiesare

influenced,inpart,byrequestsforstudy,publication,orexhibition.

Left: An eighteenth-century English traveling peep show lent for the GRI-organized Devices of Wonder exhibition. Photo: Courtesy Universal Studios, Inc., Archives and Collections, Universal City, California.

Right, top: GRI conservator Albrecht Gumlich performs conservation treat-ment on architect Daniel Libeskind’s model, originally constructed for the 1988 exhibition Daniel Libeskind: Line of Fire. Photo: Courtesy Getty Research Institute.

Right, bottom: Wim de Wit, head of Special Collections and Visual Resources at the Research Institute, leads a class of students from the Southern California Institute of Architecture on a tour of architectural models stored in the Getty’s off-site warehouse. Photo: Courtesy Getty Research Institute.

Reformatting Audiovisual Materials

Thecollectionsof theResearchLibraryatthegriincludeextensive

holdingsof audiovisualmaterialsthatdocumentartists’works

throughtherecordingof liveperformances,oralhistories,and

interviews.Inmostcases,theoriginal,nonpublishedversionof

theseavmaterials—whetherasoundrecording,video,filmreel,or

anothermoreobscureormorerecentdigitalformat—istheobject

acquiredbythegri.Forpurposesof preservationanddissemina-

tion,theoriginalmustbereformattedtoproducebotharchivaland

usercopies.

Thegrihousesanaudiovisualreformattinglab,wherethe

conservatorinchargeof reformattingoverseesthesafestorageand

handlingof audiovisualanaloganddigitalmaterialsinthecollec-

tions.Specializedconservationof theoriginalaudiovisualmaterials,

procurementandmaintenanceof playbackequipmentforthese

originalformats(whicharesometimesobsolete),andadvanced

technicalexpertisetoproducearchivalandusercopiesthatwill

migratetofutureformatsareexamplesof theexpertiserequired

of theaudiovisualconservator.

Bothanalogarchivalmastersanddigital

copymastersaregeneratedforeachitemslatedfor

reformatting.Alongwiththearchivalpreservation

of audiovisualcollections,thegriiscommittedto

makingthematerialsaccessibletoresearchers,and

schedulesreformattingoftenattherequestof

individualscholars.Soundandvideorecordings

arecopiedontocdordvdforusebypatronsinthe

ResearchLibrary.Notableamongcollections

recentlyreformattedaremusicalselectionsfrom

thevastarchiveof AmericancomposerDavid

Tudorandthecompletetransferof artistAllan

Kaprow’sfilmedHappeningsandworksof video

art.Hundredsof cassettetapesintheKaprow

archiveareslatedforreformattingaswell,andwill

eventuallybeavailabletoresearchers.

More information about the Getty Research Institute and

how to access its collections can be found on the Getty Web site at

www.getty.edu/research/.

The following GRI staV contributed to this article:

Mary Reinsch Sackett, head,conservationandpreservation

Albrecht W.Gumlich, assistantconservator

Jonathan Furmanski, conservatorassistant

Wim de Wit, head,specialcollectionsandvisualresources

Carolyn Gray Anderson, seniorprojectspecialist

Selected Collections of Conservation-Related Material in the Research Library at the Getty Research Institute

Franklin Institute Library Collection

Trackedinthecatalogbyprovenance,thecollectionincludesapproximately1,300 itemsfromtheFranklinInstituteLibrary,establishedin1824inPhila-delphia,toservetheFranklinInstituteandgeneralpublicasaresourceforinformationonscienceandtechnology.

F. Weber & Company Collection, Records, 1865–1973

Thearchiveof F.Weber&Company,Inc.—oneof thelargestmanufacturersof artmaterialsintheUnitedStates—containsprintedcatalogs,samplebooksandbrochures,ledgerswithfinancialandtechnicalinformation,includingpaintformulas,asmallamountof correspondenceandotherbusinesspapers,manuscriptsof lecturesgivenbyF.Weber,andphotographsfromtradefairs.

Getty Grant Program, Reports Submitted by Recipients of Conservation Grants, 1988–2001

Therecordsconsistof finalandannualprogressreports—correspondence,reports,surveys,architecturaldraw-ings,publications,specifications,printandslidephotographicdocumentation,cd-roms,video,andfloppydiskettes—submittedtotheGettyGrantProgram(nowtheGettyFoundation)byrecipi-entsof conservationgrants.

William Suhr: Photographs and Treatment Notes, ca. 1920–1979

Thecollectionincludesphotographsandtreatmentnotesdocumentingtheworkof WilliamSuhr,restorertotheFrickCollectionwhoalsoservedapri-vateclientele.Hewasthechief conser-vatorfortheNewYorkWorld’sFairin1939,andafterWorldWarIIworkedcloselywithdealersandotherclientsactiveintheartmarketinNewYork.

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyResearchInstitute 21

A page from pianist-composer David Tudor’s 19�1 autograph score of Choral-Vorspiel: Jesus, Meine Zuversicht, from the Research Library’s David Tudor collection. Photo: Courtesy Getty Research Institute.

ATh

e G

etty

Con

serv

atio

n In

stit

ute

The

J. P

aul G

etty

Mus

eum

The

Get

ty R

esea

rch

Inst

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e

The

Get

ty F

ound

atio

n As the philanthropic arm of the J. Paul Getty Trust, the Getty Foundation supports the fields in which the Getty is

active by making grants in the areas of scholarship, conservation, and education. Since 198� this commitment

has translated into funding for more than four thousand projects in one hundred eighty countries on every

continent. Through core program areas and special initiatives, we seek to strengthen professional leadership,

increase access to knowledge in the visual arts, and improve the practice of conservation.

Providing support for conservation projects has always been one of the priorities of the Getty Founda-

tion. Each year approximately one-third of our funds is dedicated to the conservation of objects in museum

collections and to the preservation of historic buildings and landscapes, as well as to conservation training

and professional development. Through grants to professional organizations, we also bring together conserva-

tion professionals from around the world to share expertise, exchange ideas, and build community. In addition,

many of our special initiatives focus on issues in conservation, such as our Campus Heritage grants, which

assist colleges and universities in the United States in planning for the preservation of their significant historic

buildings, sites, and landscapes.

To achieve our goals, we rely on an extensive network of conservation professionals. This network

begins with our professional staff and includes colleagues in the other Getty programs, who deepen and

expand our knowledge of the conservation field. We also benefit enormously from the advice of hundreds of

conservation experts around the world, who help assess the proposals that we receive each year by serving as

peer reviewers or advisory committee members.

Over the years, we have supported the efforts of hundreds of dedicated individuals and organizations

working to preserve the world’s cultural heritage for the benefit of future generations. The projects are diverse

and span the globe; they range from preventive conservation for museums in sub-Saharan Africa to research

and treatment of an outdoor sculpture by Louise Nevelson in Philadelphia, and from preservation of Sir Ernest

Shackleton’s hut in Cape Royds, Antarctica, to historic preservation in Los Angeles. The common thread that

runs through all these projects is an emphasis on research and planning—the crucial behind-the-scenes work

that is often overlooked yet is essential to the success of any project. Most grant-funded projects also incor-

porate a significant training component, designed to enhance professional skills, reinforce sustainability, or

promote the practice of conservation in a region or discipline.

The pages that follow highlight just a few of the conservation projects that recently received Foundation

grants as part of our efforts to support the conservation community in its important work. We look forward to

continuing our work with colleagues at home and abroad to advance the practice of conservation.

Joan Weinstein, Interim Director

The Getty Foundation

22 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyFoundation

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyFoundation 23


Museum Conservation Grants Conservation Survey

Research and Treatment

TheNationalTextileMuseuminThimphu,Bhutan,holdsan

extraordinarycollectionof traditionalBhutanesetextiles.Agrantto

theFriendsof Bhutan’sCultureinWashington,D.C.,in2003sup-

portedaconservationsurveyof thisimportantcollectionandpro-

videdcrucialconservationtrainingtomuseumstaV.Grantfunds

allowedaconsultingconservatortovisitthemuseumforfiveweeks

toevaluatethestorageneedsandconservationrequirementsof the

entirecollection.Inadditiontobasictrainingintextileconservation

techniques,staVreceivedtraininginpreventiveconservation,treat-

mentdocumentation,pestmanagement,andenvironmentalmoni-

toring.Asecondgrantin2005extendedtheconservationsurvey

toincludethangkas, Buddhistreligiouspaintingsoncloththatarea

significantcomponentof Bhutaneseartisticandreligioustradition.

Aspartof thisgrant,conservatorsprovidedadditionaltrainingfor

museumstaVaswellasformonks,whoareresponsibleforthecare

of textiletreasureshousedinBhutanesemonasteries.

MuseumconservationgrantsawardedbytheFoundation

havealsosupportedprojectsthatextendbeyondinterventionto

includeinterdisciplinaryresearchaboutmaterials,manufacture,

orhistoriccontext.AttheVictoriaandAlbertMuseum(V&A)in

London,acollaborativeconservationtreatmentprojectisinprog-

resstopreservethemuseum’sseventeenth-centuryMazarinchest,

oneof theforemostexamplesof Japaneseexportlacquer(urushi)in

theworld.Madeof black-lacqueredwood,thechestissumptuously

decoratedwithscenesfromThe Tale of Genji andThe Tale of the

Soga Brothers. Thelavishornamentationincludesmetalinlay,

mother-of-pearl,carvedgoldandsilverfigures,andgildedcopper

cornerandlockplates.Centuriesof exposuretolightaswellas

cyclicalchangesintemperatureandrelativehumidityhavecaused

agradualdeteriorationinthechest’scondition,andpooradhesion

of itslacqueranddecorationsmadeittoofragiletodisplay.Torem-

edythissituation,conservatorsattheV&Abroughttogetheran

interdisciplinaryteam,includingarthistorians,conservationscien-

tists,andconservatorsfromJapan.Astheystudytheagingcharac-

teristicsof urushisurfacesexposedtovariouslightsourcesand

changinghumiditycycles,theyalsoseektodevelopanintegrated

approachthatrespectsbothmoderninternationalconservation

ethicsandtraditionalJapaneseconservationvalues.

Training and Professional Development Photograph Conservation Museum Professionals in Southeast Asia Degree Programs in Conservation Training

ThreerecentGetty-fundedprojectshavefocusedontrainingand

professionaldevelopmentforphotographconservators.Photocon-

servationisarelativelyrecentfieldof specialization,andtherehas

beenincreasingawarenessof theneedforskilledprofessionalswho

canrecognizeandaddresstheuniquecharacteristicsandpatterns

of deteriorationof diVerentphotographicprocesses.

Fouryearsago,theAustralianInstitutefortheConservation

of CulturalMaterialreceivedGettysupportformidcareertraining

workshopsforphotographconservatorsinAustraliaandthePacific

National Textile Museum staff member Choegho Kunzan working on a fabric in the museum’s laboratory in Thimphu, Bhutan. Photo: Julia Brennan.

A front view of the seventeenth-century Mazarin chest, depicting scenes from The Tale of Genji. Photo: Victoria & Albert Museum/V&A Images.

2� Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyFoundation

region.Morethanonehundredninetyprofessionalsparticipated

inworkshopsconductedoverthreeyearsthatfocusedonpreventive

photoconservation,colorphotographyanddigitalprint

conservation,andtraditionalphotographicanddigitalmethods

forduplication.

A2005granttotheNortheastDocumentConservation

Center(nedcc)inAndover,Massachusetts,providessupportfora

three-yeartrainingexchangeprograminphotographyconservation

formidcareerprofessionalsfromEasternEurope.Intensivetraining

sessionsatnedcccombineformalclassroomsessions,hands-on

practiceinthelaboratory,andvisitstophotographiccollections.

AftereachmonthlongcourseinAndover,nedccprovidesfollow-up

traininginBratislava,Slovakia,attheAcademyof FineArtsand

Design.Thegoalof theprogramistobuildtheexpertiseof agroup

of conservationleaderswhocanteachphotographicconservationin

theirrespectivecountries.Todate,conservatorsfromPoland,the

CzechRepublic,Bulgaria,Hungary,andSlovakiahaveparticipated

intheprogram.

ThisyeartheUniversityof DelawarewasawardedaGetty

granttosupportatwo-weekphotographpreservationinstitutein

theMiddleEast,toadvancethepracticeof photoconservationin

theregion.WorkinginpartnershipwiththeFondationArabepour

l’Image,anonprofitfoundationinLebanondedicatedtopromoting

andpreservingphotographyintheMiddleEast,theprogramwill

provideparticipantswithabasicunderstandingof preventativecare

issues,theimportanceof riskassessment,bestpracticesinphoto-

graphpreservation,andthetechnologicaldevelopmentsof photog-

raphy.Justasimportant,theinstitutewillallowthestewardsof

collectionsintheregiontoestablishinternationalprofessionalrela-

tionships,whichmayfosterfuturecollaborationandsupport.

Intheareaof professionaldevelopment,iccrom(Inter-

nationalCentrefortheStudyof thePreservationandRestoration

of CulturalProperty)inRome,receivedsupportin2004for

CollAsia,aseven-yearinitiativetohelpmuseumsinSoutheastAsia

developappropriateconservationstrategiestocarefortheircollec-

tions.WithGettysupportfortheinitialphaseof theprogram,

iccromdevelopedtwoworkshopsforheritageprofessionalsfrom

theregion.ThefirsttookplaceinLeiden,theNetherlands,and

focusedontextileconservation;thesecond,heldinManila,the

Philippines,addressedcollectionsstorageneeds.Allprogram

activitieshavebeenplannedandimplementedinpartnership

withheritageinstitutionsintheparticipatingcountries:Brunei

Darussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,the

Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,andVietnam.Grantfundsare

alsosupportingtheparticipationof museumstaVinscientificcon-

ferences,thetranslationof resourcematerialsinnationallanguages,

andafieldprojectinVietnam.

TheFoundationalsoprovidessupporttostrengthengraduate

degreeprogramsinconservationtrainingtoaugmentaninstitu-

tion’sabilitytotrainthenextgenerationof conservators.Atthe

ArtConservationProgramof Queen’sUniversityinOntario,

Canada,aGettygrantallowedfortheupgradeof thirty-year-old

laboratoryequipment.Fundswereusedtoacquireteachingstereo-

microscopesandotherinstrumentsneededtotraintheprogram’s

graduatestudents.Thenewmicroscopesandattachedmonitors

makeitpossibletodemonstrateparticularfeaturesof aworkof art

toanentireclass,generatinggroupdiscussionandenhancingthe

faculty’sabilitytointeracteVectivelywithitsstudents.

Architectural Conservation Planning/Implementation

WhiletheFoundationoccasionallyfundsimplementationprojects

inarchitecturalconservation,themajorityof ourresourcesare

devotedtothedevelopmentof comprehensiveconservationplans,

whicharefundamentaltothesuccessof conservationprojects.

In2005theGettyawardedagranttotheUniversidadPolitecnicade

PuertoRicoforthepreparationof acomprehensivepreservation

planfortheCapilladelSantoCristodelaSaludinSanJuan.

Constructedof rubblemasonryandbrick,theSpanishcolonial–

stylechapeldatestothesecondhalf of theeighteenthcenturyandis

situatedonthesouthernportionof thecitywalls.Theplanning

projectincludednewhistoricalresearchonthechapel,acondition

assessmentof thehistoricfabricof thebuilding,andchromo-

chronology—thestudyof painthistoryonsurfaces—toconfirmthe

previousexistenceof decorativepatterningonthefacade.Aspartof

theproject,participatingstudentsfromtheUniversidadPolitecnica

Paintings conservation student Blanka Kielb examining a painting using a stereomicroscope with attached camera. Photo: Courtesy Art Conservation Program, Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada.

andtheUniversityof PennsylvaniaGraduatePrograminHistoric

Preservationreceivedtraininginarchitecturaldrawingandcondi-

tionsassessment.

Trainingwasalsoakeycomponentof a2004architectural

conservationimplementationprojectattheVillaJeanneret-Perret,

knownasLaMaisonBlanche.Locatedinthehillsof LaChaux-

de-Fonds,Switzerland,LaMaisonBlanchewasdesignedby

LeCorbusierattheageof twenty-four.Createdforhisparents,

thehousedemonstratesthearchitect’searlyinterestinstructural

rationalism.Afteryearsof privateownershipandbenignneglect,

amultidisciplinaryteamof specialistsrecentlycompletedrestora-

tionof thehousetoitsoriginalappearance.Theprojectinvolved

treatmentof thefacades,replacementof roof tileswithones

modeledontheoriginals,treatmentof historicinteriorfinishes

andlinoleumfloors,andfloorreinforcement.Graduateandpost-

graduatestudentsinconservation,architecture,andarthistory

fromschoolsinLaChaux-de-Fonds,Zurich,Geneva,and

Fribourgparticipatedintheproject,usingthehouseasacasestudy

forissuessurroundingtheconservationof Modernarchitecture.

TheAssociationLaMaisonBlanchehaspublishedtheresultsof

theprojectandtheirtrainingstrategiesandhashostedeventsto

disseminatetheirresearchtospecialistsandthegeneralpublic.

More information about Getty Foundation grants can be found

on the Getty Web site at www.getty.edu/grants.

The following Getty Foundation staV contributed to this article:

Antoine Wilmering, programoYcer

Conservation Resources at the GettyAATA Online

Thisdatabaseof over100,000abstractsof literatureonthepreservationandconser-vationof materialculturalheritageisavailablefreeof charge.www.aata.getty.edu

Conservation Collection in the Research Library at the GettyResearch Institute (GRI)

TheConservationCollectionincludesapproximately30,000titlesand45,000volumes,includingover750serialsubscriptions.www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/library/conservation_collection.html

Conservation-Related Material in the ResearchLibrary of the GRI

Thelibraryhousesspecialconservation-relatedcollections—amongthem,thearchiveof F.Weber&Company,photo-graphsandtreatmentnotesfromconser-vatorWilliamSuhr,andapproximately1,300 itemsfromtheFranklinInstituteLibrary.

Project BibliographiesBibliographiesproducedforthegci’sconservationprojectsareavailable,freeof charge,forbrowsing,searching,printing,anddownloading.gcibibs.getty.edu

GCI Information CenterConservationinformationspecialistsprovideexpertiseandsupporttoconser-vationstaVthroughouttheGettyandtoconservationprofessionalsworldwide.www.getty.edu/conservation/research_resources/infocenter.html

PDF Publications on the WebBooks,reports,guidelines,shortpapers,bibliographies,andglossariespublishedbythegciareavailablewithoutchargeandaresearchablebytitle,author,orcat-egoryof material.www.getty.edu/conservation/publications/pdf_publications/index.html

Reference Collection in GCI Science

ThegciSciencedepartmenthasassem-bledadatabaseof over9,000referencematerialsforuseintheanalysisof artobjects.www.getty.edu/conservation/science/about/reference.html

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| TheGettyFoundation 2�

Above: Entrance to the Capilla del Santo Cristo de la Salud, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Photo: Courtesy Adam Malin.

Right: Exterior view of Le Corbusier’s La Maison Blanche. Photo: © 2002 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris/FLC.

26 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| NewsinConservation

I Themeetingwasnotablenotonlyfortheforumitprovided

forthesharingandcomparingof experiencesandprioritiesbutalso

forthefactthatdirectors,curators,conservators,andscientistsfrom

agroupof significantinstitutionsjoinedindevotingattentionto

acriticalaspectof conservationwork,andtothepotentialbenefits

of sharinginformationtoenhancescholarshipandlearning.Inhis

closingcomments,PhilippedeMontebello,directorof theMetro-

politanMuseum,remarked,“Theveryfactthatwehavepartici-

patedwithourcolleaguesfromconservationtodaywasimportant.

Whatwehavediscussedcouldconceivably—andprobablyshould—

becomeinstitutionalpriorities,andwhatisreallyleftisforusto

comeupwiththewillandtheresourcestobegintheprocess.”

Pinpointing the Issues

Sincethe1980s,manymuseumshaveestablisheddigitalcollections

managementsystems.Inadditiontofacilitatingtheday-to-day

trackingandmanagementof institutionalholdings,theseauto-

matedsystemsenablemuseumstobettercollectandpresentinfor-

mationtothepublicviatheWebandothermeans.Butconservation

informationtypicallyisnotyetincorporatedintotheseinternal

managementsystems—eitherbecauseithasnotbeendigitizedatall,

orbecauseitisheldinstand-alonedatabasesorfiles—anditis

thereforelikelytobeincreasinglyisolatedandunavailableforstudy.

Theobjectiveof theNewYorkmeetingwastofocusonprin-

ciples,values,priorities,andlevelsof access,aswellasonthemeth-

odologiesthatwouldberequiredif suchinformationistousefully

servetheevolvingneedsof theconservationandscholarlycommu-

nities.AneVortwasmadetopinpointsalientissuesthatcouldserve

Conservation Documentation in Digital Form A Dialogue about the Issues

By Angelica Zander Rudenstine and Timothy P. Whalen

In an important moment fortheconservationfield,representa-

tivesfromoveradozenmajormuseumsintheUnitedStatesandthe

UnitedKingdom—includingmuseumdirectors,curators,conser-

vators,andscientists(seesidebar)—convenedattheMetropolitan

Museumof ArtinNewYorkonApril27,2006,forafrankdialogue

regardingthecurrentstateof conservationdocumentation.

Themeeting,organizedbytheAndrewW.MellonFounda-

tionandprecededbyseveralyearsof carefulplanninganddiscus-

sion,1providedauniqueopportunityfortheleadershipof major

collectinginstitutionstoreconsiderthewaysinwhichtreatment

andotherconservationdocumentationarecreated,managed,and

disseminated.Thewide-ranging,daylongconversationalsocovered

professionalandpublicaccesstosuchdocumentation,aswellas

digitalmanagementasapreservationstrategyforagingpaperand

mediadocumentation.

Conservationresearchandtreatmenthavehistorically,

of course,beendocumentedinprintform,includingpaperfiles;

typed,handwritten,orprinteddocuments;andfilm-basedimages.

AttheNewYorkmeeting,theparticipantsgrappledwithboththe

problemsandtheopportunitiesposedbytheseexistingarchives

andbytheshifttodigitalformsof documentation.Theyconsidered

theadvisabilityof retrospectivedigitizationof existingrecords,

inadditiontofuturedigitaldocumentation.Thecomplexissues

of accesstoconservationinformationwerealsoconsidered.How,

underwhatconditions,andwhenmightsuchinformationbeshared

withprofessionalcolleaguesandwithmembersof thepublic?

Whataretheprimaryquestionsof policy,of ethics,andof values

involved?Howwillthedauntingmatterof costsandresource

allocationbeaddressed?

News

in C

onse

rvat

ion

asaframeworkforbroaderexchangewiththewidercommunity

of colleaguesintheEuropeanUnion,theUnitedKingdom,the

UnitedStates,andelsewhereintheworld.

Monthsinadvanceof themeeting,participatinginstitutions

wereprovidedwithaseriesof questionsfortheircurators,conser-

vators,scientists,andadministratorstoconsiderininternaldiscus-

sions.Thequestionsaddressedthestatusof digitalconservation

recordkeeping;accessibilityof records;integrationwithother

collectioninformation;futureplans;andrelatedconcerns.Summa-

riesof theseinternaldeliberationswerecirculatedpriortothe

Aprilmeetingsothatallparticipantsarrivedwithaclearunder-

standingof theattitudesandexperienceof theotherinstitutions.2

Duringthediscussion,manyof thesametopicswereaddressedin

greaterdetail.

Paper versus digital record keeping: Therewasgeneralagree-

mentthatwhilepaperrecordsarestillconsideredtheformal

archivalrecordbymany,mostmuseumsarenowtosomedegree

engagedindigitizing.Allparticipantsconsideredthisactivityinevi-

tableanddesirable,whileconcedingthatitwasunlikelythatdigital

recordswouldentirelyreplacepaperintheforeseeablefuture.

Thereisagrowingconcernaboutthepreservationof historic,often

ephemeralconservationrecords(includingcolorphotographs,

transparencies,andradiographs),someof whicharedisappearing

rapidly.Whilethecostof retrospectivedigitizationof suchrecords

isclearlydaunting,itwasgenerallyacknowledgedthatselective

digitizationof deterioratingmaterialsmustbeconsideredforpres-

ervationpurposes.

Information access: Therewasconsiderableconsensusthat

sharinginformationwithprofessionalcolleagues(conservators,

curators,university-basedarthistorians,scientists,andotherschol-

ars)wasoneof themoststrikingpotentialbenefitsof digitalrecord

keeping,encouragingcollaborationinsolvingproblems,oVering

greaterunderstandingof worksof art(theirconservationhistory,

materials,andtechniques),anddeepeningmanyaspectsof scholar-

shipandotherproductivedevelopmentsinthefield.Atthesame

time,itwasrecognizedthattherewouldbemajorintellectualissues

involved;theseincludetheriskof misinterpretationormisuseof

raw,uninterpreteddata.Aconsensuswasreachedthatinformation

wouldneedtobecarefullyexplicatedinordertoavoidsuchrisks

andtobeusefulaswellasaccessible.Institutionalsensitivities

regardingtreatmentpoliciesandhistorieswerealsoraised.There

wassubstantial,thoughnotunanimous,agreementthatonbalance,

widerprofessionalknowledgeof suchhistoriesshouldbewelcome,

sinceitcouldfurtherunderstandingandgeneratehealthy,informed

discussionof currentorearliermethodologies.Intellectualproperty

questionswerealsodiscussed,especiallyastheyrelatetoproprietary

authorshipandtoworksinprogressthataredestinedforpublica-

tionbutnotyetadequatelyadvancedfordissemination.

Meeting Participants

Art Institute of Chicago

JamesCunoDirector FrancescaCasadioConservation Scientist MarthaTedeschiCurator, Department of Prints and Drawings FrankZuccariExecutive Director of Conservation

British Museum HayleyBullockConservator AntonyGriYthsKeeper, Department of Prints and Drawings DavidSaundersHead of Conservation

Buffalo State College DanKushelDistinguished Teaching Professor

Courtauld Institute of Art AvivaBurnstockDirector, Department of Conservation & Technology

J. Paul Getty Trust MichaelBrandDirector, J. Paul Getty Museum TimWhalenDirector, Getty Conservation Institute MarkLeonardConservator of Paintings, J. Paul Getty Museum KennethHammaExecutive Director for Digital Policy and Initiatives

Harvard University Art Museums ThomasW.LentzDirector NarayanKhandekarSenior Conservation Scientist HenryLieDirector, Straus Center for Conservation SamQuigleyDirector, Digital Information and Technology

Metropolitan Museum of Art PhilippedeMontebelloDirector LarryBeckerSherman Fairchild Conservator-in-Charge MarcoLeonaScientist-in-Charge JackSoultanianConservator

Museum of Modern Art GlennLowryDirector JimCoddingtonAgnes Gund Chief Conservator ChrisMcGlincheyConservation Scientist

National Gallery, London CharlesSaumerez-SmithDirector JillDunkertonConservator SusanFoisterDirector of Collections AshokRoyDirector of Scientific Research

National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. EarlA.PowellDirector AlanShestackDeputy Director AlanNewmanChief, Division of Imaging & Visual Services MervRichardDeputy Head of Conservation

Philadelphia Museum of Art Anned’HarnoncourtDirector NancyAshSenior Conservator AndrewLinsChair of Conservation CarlBrandonStrehlkeCurator, John G. Johnson Collection

Tate LeslieCarlyleHead of Conservation JacquelineRidgeHead of Paintings Conservation

Yale University Art Gallery JockReynoldsDirector MarkAronsonChief Conservator PatriciaGarlandSenior Conservator LaurenceKanterCurator

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| NewsinConservation 27

28 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| NewsinConservation

1.Asurveyof museumneedsforoptimalcreationand

managementof documentationindigitalformcouldformthebasis

of discussionsbetweenconservatorsandsoftwaredevelopers.

2.Asurveyof thestateof conservationdocumentationinkey

Europeanmuseumscouldhelptoidentifyimportantprioritiesfor

attentionandfunding.

3.Astudyof bestpracticemethodologiesforthedigitization

of mediasuchasX-raysandforthedigitizationof existinghand-

writtendocumentationwouldbeuseful.

4.Anexperimentalpilotprojectthatwouldintegratethecom-

pleteconservationhistoryof oneortwoimportantworksof artinto

thecollectionsinformationalreadyavailableonanexistingWebsite

orotheronlinesystemwouldbeausefultest.Publicresponseto

suchamodelintegrationcouldgeneratefeedbackforbroadercon-

siderationof theprosandconsof variouslevelsof publicaccessto

conservationmaterial.

Asthemeetingconcluded,unanimousagreementwas

expressedthatthedigitizationof conservationdocumentation

andthesharingof suchinformationamongconservators,scientists,

museumcurators,arthistorians,andotherscholarswashighly

desirableandof vitalimportance.Itwasalsoacknowledgedthat

whilepublicaccesstosuchinformationultimatelywouldbe

important,theimmediatepriorityshouldbethedevelopmentof

mechanismsfortheexchangeof informationamongprofessionals,

andthateVectingchangeininstitutionalpracticewouldbe

essentialif theseemergingprioritiesweretobeadequatelyrecog-

nizedandserved.

Itwasfurtheragreedthatthebroadermuseumcommunity

throughouttheworldmustbebroughtintothisdiscussionassoon

aspossible.Tothatend,itwasagreedthatadditionalmeetings

andconsultationsshouldbeorganizedandtheresultsbroadly

disseminated,sothatcollectiveprogressonanumberof fronts

mightbemade.

Angelica Zander Rudenstine is program officer for Museums and Art Conservation at the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Timothy P. Whalen is director of the Getty Conserva-tion Institute.

Notes

1 AsmallerexploratorygatheringwasconvenedinMay2003bytheMellon

Foundation,workingwithstaVmembersof theGettyTrust,tobegina

considerationof theseissues.

2 Completetranscriptionsof thesesummariescanbefoundontheAndrew

W.MellonWebsiteatmac.mellon.org.

Theextentof accesstoconservationdocumentationthat

wouldbedesirableforprofessionalcolleagueswasseenbymostpar-

ticipantstobediVerentinkindfromwhatmightbeappropriatefor

(orsoughtby)membersof thegeneralpublic.Whereasthe2000uk

Freedomof InformationActmandatesaconsiderablelevelof access

tothosewhorequestinformationaboutworksof artheldinpublic

collections,thislawdoesnotappeartohavepromptedanincrease

inrequestsforconservationinformationfromthepublic,which

remainrare(asreportedbyTate,theNationalGalleryinLondon,

andtheBritishMuseum).Someparticipantsstatedthatmuseum

visitorstendtobemoreinterestedinconservationinformation

whiletheyareactuallylookingatworksof artinthegalleries,and

thataudioguides,podcasts,orWebsitesmightoVerthebestdelivery

vehiclesforsuchaudiences.

Management of information: Internalmanagementof docu-

mentationisthecriticalprerequisitefordisseminationandsharing.

TheinstitutionsrepresentedattheAprilmeetingareatvery

diVerentstagesof digitization,somebarelybeginning,othersfar

advanced.ThePhiladelphiaMuseumisperhapstheclosesttointe-

gratingitsconservationrecordswiththerestof itsautomatedinfor-

mationholdings.Ithasdevelopedaconservationdatabasethatwill

beintegratedwithitscollectionmanagementsystem,allowingitto

transferinformationbetweenthetwosystems.Themuseumisalso

developingenhancementsthatwillincludeaflexiblesurveyscreen

andthatwillallowittoimportinformationfromotherdatabases.

First Steps

Centraltothediscussionsatthemeetingwasahighlevelof commit-

menttothedigitizationandultimatesharingof conservationinfor-

mation.Therewasgeneralagreementthattheprimarychallengefor

themuseumcommunitywouldbetheformulationof acoordinated

eVorttocreatenewdigitalassetsthatarereadilyabletointerface

withthoseof otherinstitutions.Thedevelopmentof auniversal

conservationdatamodelthatcouldbeintegratedwithanyexisting

collectionsmanagementsystemswasproposedasadesirable—

indeedanessential—firststep.Retrospectiveconversionof earlier

conservationrecordswasalsodiscussed,andinviewof thescope

andcostsassociatedwithsuchaneVort,itwassuggestedthatin-

houseindicesmightbecreatedasanalternativetodigitizingentire

filesinthosecaseswhereimmediatepreservationwasnoturgent.

Othermeansof sharinginformation,andothercategoriesof datato

beshared,wereproposed,includingthedevelopmentof onlinelist-

ingsof currentconservationresearch,therebyfosteringpotential

collaborationsandpreventingduplicationof eVort.

Immediate next steps: Inordertomakeprogressinimplement-

ingsomeof theideasthatemergedduringthemeeting,somepilot

projectswereproposedforconsideration:

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| GCINews 29

Project UpdatesThisfirstphaseof workhasshown

thatthestudyof organicmaterialsinwall

paintingsmustincludeanunderstanding

of thepaintings’inorganicpigments,since

theseaVecttheresultsof someof thetech-

niquesbeingtested.Forexample,noninva-

sivemethodssuchasuvfluorescence

photographyorfiberopticfluorescence

spectroscopy(fofs)mayshowthepresence

andlocationof fluorescentmaterialbut

maynotdistinguishbetweendiVerenttypes

of organicbinders,andtheabsorptionof

fluorescencebypigmentscangiveafalse

negativeresult—theabsenceof fluores-

cencedoesnotmeanabsenceof organic

material.

Resultspresentedatthesymposium

confirmedthatinvasiveanalyticalmethods,

suchasgaschromatographyandimmuno-

logicaltesting(fortheextremelyspecific

identificationof proteins),providedthe

highestlevelof informationandaccuracy.

However,withintheadvocatedmethodol-

ogy,noninvasiveinvestigationsremain

essentialtothepreliminarystudyof the

paintedsurfaceinordertopointoutsample

locationsrepresentativeof otherareasin

thepainting.

Testingsamplesof knowncomposi-

tionallowedforimprovedinterpretation

of theresultsprovidedbyeachtechnique.

Thiswasespeciallyimportantfornew

methods.Resultsfromtheseinvestigations

willbemadeavailableinareference

database.

Thesecondphaseof theomwpproj-

ectwillapplyinformationgatheredinthe

firstphasetothestudyof muralpaintings

currentlyunderrestoration.Allstudieswill

becarriedoutinclosecollaborationwith

conservators.

Forfurtherinformationontheomwp

project,visittheGettyWebsiteatwww.

getty.edu/conservation/science/omwp/

index.html.

Organic Materials in Wall Paintings

Resultsfromthefirstphaseof theOrganic

MaterialsinWallPaintings(omwp)project

werepresentedatadaylongsymposiumin

May2006atthenewCentrodiConservazi-

oneeRestauroLaVenariaRealenearTurin,

Italy.Inattendancewereexpertsfromthe

fieldof wallpaintingsconservation,includ-

ingarthistorians,architects,conservators,

andconservationscientists.

Theomwpprojectisapartnership

amongthegciandanumberof scientific

laboratorieswhosegoalistodevelopaset

of guidelinestofacilitatethestudyof

organicmaterialsinwallpaintings.The

projecthastwoparts:first,toevaluatevari-

ousinvestigationtechniquesanddevelop

aseriesof guidelinesfororganicmaterials

identification,andsecond,toapplythese

guidelinestowallpaintingsconservation

casestudiesinordertoillustratetheguide-

linesandtheirpracticalbenefits.

Atthesymposium,eachof theomwp

partnerteamspresentedresultsfromits

methodof analysisandshowedtheextent

of themethod’sabilitytodetectorganic

materialsinthewallpaintingsreplicas

tested.Theevaluationof thetechniques

wasbasedonthelevelof information

obtainedandtheaccuracyof thisinforma-

tionagainsttheknowncompositionof the

replicas.Fourlevelsof informationwere

considered:presence,class,type,andmix-

tureof organicmaterials.Notallof theana-

lyticaltechniquesprovidedinformationat

eachlevel.GC

INew

s

China Principles Workshop TheMayworkshopbeganatthePort

ArthurHistoricSite,Tasmania,andcontin-

uedattheMogaoGrottoesnearDunhuang.

Theworkshopexaminedplanning,manage-

ment,decisionmaking,conservationinter-

ventions,interpretation,andahostof other

issues.PresentationsbyPortArthurstaV,

followedbygroupdiscussions,compared

andcontrastedthesituationinChinawith

thatatPortArthur.

AtMogao,discussionsfocusedonthe

recentlycompletedmasterplanandon

undertakingssuchastheCave85wall

paintingsconservationprojectof theDun-

huangAcademyandthegci.Theassess-

mentreportof ShuxiangTemple—an

imperialQingarchitecturalcomplexanda

componentof theChinaPrinciplesapplica-

tionatChengde—wasalsopresented,to

providedepthtodiscussionsof conserva-

tionplanning.EnroutetoChina,the

workshopwasfurtherenrichedduringa

three-daystopoverinSydney,where

importantheritageplaces—includingthe

Rockshistoricprecinct,theOperaHouse,

andHydeParkBarracks—werevisitedand

presentedbymanagersandstaV.

Ateachingmanual,writtenby

Chineseparticipants,willserveasthebasis

forteachinginthetencourses(tobeginin

fall2006),whichwill,itishoped,further

expandtheinfluenceandimpactof the

ChinaPrinciples.

Recent Events

InMay2006aworkshopfornineteensenior

Chineseheritageprofessionalswasheldin

conjunctionwiththeChinaPrinciplesproj-

ect.TheChinaPrinciples,asetof national

guidelinesthatintegrateconservationand

management,weredevelopedcollabora-

tivelybyChina’sStateAdministrationfor

CulturalHeritage(sach),thegci,andthe

AustralianDepartmentof theEnvironment

andHeritage(deh).

Recentlyitbecamecleartotheproject

partnersthattrainingwasneededtoembed

theChinaPrinciplesamongtheheritage

communityinChina.sach,thegci,andthe

dehagreedtoprepareaselectgroupof

seniorprofessionalstoteachsach-spon-

soredcoursesontheuseof theprinciples

toheritageprofessionalsinChina.Ten

coursesforthreehundredprofessionals

areplanned.

LastApril,theGettySeismicAdobeProj-

ect2006ColloquiumwasheldattheGetty

Center.Thethree-dayevent,organizedby

thegciEarthenArchitectureInitiative,

broughttogetheraselectgroupof sixty-

twointernationalprofessionalswithexper-

tiseinconservation,seismicretrofitting

methods,andearthenstructurebuilding

standards.Thecolloquiumwasaforumfor

discussionof keyissuesinpreserving

earthenculturalheritageintheworld’sseis-

micregionswhileensuringlifesafety.

Thegcihasalong-standingcommit-

menttothepreservationof earthenarchi-

tecture.TheGettySeismicAdobeProject

(1992–2002)conductedresearchandtest-

ingof adobestructurestoevaluateretrofit-

tingmethodologiesthatwouldensure

adherencetosafetystandardswhilepre-

servingthehistoricarchitecturalfabric.

TheGettySeismicAdobeProject2006

Colloquiumisanextensionof thiswork.

Thecolloquiumprogramincluded

formalpresentations,paneldiscussions,

andsitevisits,providingforinformalinfor-

mationexchangeanddiscussion.Individual

sessionsaddressedtheevolutionof earth-

quake-resistantdesigncriteriaandtesting

methodsforearthenbuildings,building

codesandstandardsspecifictoearthen

architecture,traditionalearthquake-resis-

tantconstructiontechniquesforearthen

buildings,andretrofitcasestudies.Partici-

pantstouredRanchoLosCerritosinLong

Beach,California,withthepreservation

GSAP Colloquium

30 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| GCINews

China Principles Workshop at the Dunhuang Academy, with Fan Jinshi, director of the academy, addressing participants. Photo: Courtesy Dunhuang Academy.

architect,structuralengineer,andcontrac-

torwhodesignedthestructure’sretrofit.

Thefinaldayof thecolloquiumwas

devotedtoaseriesof roundtablediscus-

sionstoidentifyknowledgegapsinthefield

andtoarticulatemethodstofillthosegaps.

Apost-colloquiumtourtoseveralhis-

toricadobesinVenturaandSantaBarbara

countiespermittedcontinueddiscussion

of retrofitandrehabilitationmeasureswith

projectarchitects,engineers,archaeologists,

sitemanagers,andcontractorsatthesesites.

InSeptember2006thegciEarthen

ArchitectureInitiative,inconjunctionwith

theCaliforniaPreservationFoundation

(cpf)andtheCaliforniaOYceof Historic

Preservation,isorganizingafollow-up

workshopaimedatbuildingoYcials,

buildingowners,sitemanagers,architects,

engineers,conservators,andalliedprofes-

sionalsinterestedinearthenarchitecture.

Entitled“SeismicRetrofitof Historic

AdobesandEarthenStructures,”thisevent,

tobeheldSeptember14,2006,attheGetty

Center,willpresentbackgroundresearch

andrecentcasestudiesdescribingalternate

strengtheningmethodsforthesestructures.

Apubliceveninglecturewillfollow.

Registrationfortheworkshopcanbe

madethroughthecpfWebsiteatwww.

californiapreservation.org.

Modern Paints Uncovered

onexperimentationwithnovelpractical

treatments.Presentationsonthesecondday

focusedonresearchconductedintothe

eVectsof cleaningacrylicemulsionpaints,

thesyntheticpaintmostwidelyusedbyart-

istssincetheearly1960s.

Thefinaldayincludedposterpresen-

tationsandtoursof localartists’materials

suppliers,includingtheWinsorandNew-

tonpaintfactory,Cornelissenpaintshop,

andRussellandChapplecanvassuppliers.

“ModernPaintsUncovered”concluded

withtwopublicevents:apaneldiscussion

amongartists,curators,andconservators

onhoweachconsidersthesurfaceof a

paintingorpaintedobject,andadiscussion

betweenBritishpopartistSirPeterBlake

andnewscasterandTatetrusteeJonSnow.

“ModernPaintsUncovered”enabled

cutting-edgeresearchtobeopenlydis-

cussedandsharedwithintheprofession.

Itservedasausefuloverviewof thesub-

stantialamountof workconductedoverthe

lastseveralyears.Theideasgeneratedfrom

thesymposiumandtheensuingdialogue

willhelpshapethefuturedirectionsof the

Getty’sscientificresearchcommitmentto

modernandcontemporaryart.

Formoreinformationontheproject,

ContemporaryArtResearch:Modern

Paints,visittheGettyWebsiteatwww.

getty.edu/conservation/science/

modpaints/index.html.

TateModerninLondonwashostto

“ModernPaintsUncovered,”afour-day

symposiuminMay2006coorganizedby

thegci,Tate,andtheNationalGallery

of ArtinWashington,D.C.Itwasthefirst

symposiumevertobefocusedexclusively

onconservationissuesof modernpaints,

includingrecentanalytical,scientific,prac-

tical,andhistoricalresearchinthisarea.

Overtwohundredfiftypeopleattended,

includingconservationscientists,conserva-

tors,paintformulators,arthistorians,and

artistsfromoverthirty-fivecountries.

“ModernPaintsUncovered”waspre-

sentedundertheauspicesof Contemporary

ArtResearch:ModernPaints,acollabora-

tiveprojectamongTate,theNational

Galleryof Art,andthegcitoaddressques-

tionsregardingthecharacterof modern

paintmaterialsthroughthedevelopment

of analyticaltechniquesforidentifying

modernpaintmediaandtheevaluation

of cleaningmethodsandtechniquesfor

modernpaintings.

Keynoteaddressesbeganeachday’s

proceedingsandincludedpresentationsby

TomLearner,seniorconservationscientist

atTate;StuartCroll,professorof coatings

andpolymericmaterialsatNorthDakota

StateUniversityinFargo;andJimCod-

dington,chief conservatorattheMuseum

of ModernArtinNewYork.

Symposiumsessionsrangedfrom

talksdescribingrecentadvancesinanalyti-

caltechniquesandprotocols,toreporting


Tom Learner of Tate delivering keynote address. Photo: Andrew Dunkley, Tate Photography.

Directors’ Retreat

wereexploredinbothplenaryandsmall-

groupsessions,takingintoaccount

classroom-basedteaching,aswellas

blendedanddistanceeducation.Bythe

endof theretreat,thegrouphadproposed

severalideasforfurtherinvestigation(see

page10).

Theparticipantsalsovisitedthe

Universityof TexasatAustincampus,

includingtheKilgarlinCenterforPreser-

vationof theCulturalRecordattheSchool

of Information,theHarryRansom

HumanitiesResearchCenterConservation

Department,andthenewBlantonMuseum

of Art.

FurtherinformationontheDirectors’

RetreatsforConservationEducationcanbe

foundontheGettyWebsiteatwww.getty.

edu/conservation/education/drsretreat/.

ThethirdDirectors’RetreatforConserva-

tionEducationwasheldinAustin,Texas,

fromMay23toMay25,2006.TheGetty

ConservationInstitutepartneredwiththe

AmericanInstituteforConservationof

HistoricandArtisticWorksandthe

Associationof NorthAmericanGraduate

ProgramsinConservationinoVeringthe

retreat,whichfocusedonwaystoemploy

Web-basedtechnologymoreeVectivelyto

achieveteachingandlearninggoalsincon-

servationeducation.

Theprogramwassupportedby

expertsfromtheUniversityof TexasSys-

temTeleCampusandSchoolof Informa-

tion.Theretreatparticipantscamefrom

primarilyacademicconservationprograms

inNorthAmerica,withseveralparticipants

fromEuropeandAustralia.DiVerent

approachesandtoolsusedine-learning

Fall Lectures

Thegciannouncesitsfall2006schedulefor

“ConservationMatters:Lecturesatthe

Getty”—apublicseriesexaminingabroad

rangeof conservationissuesfromaround

theworld.LecturesareheldThursdayeve-

ningsat7:00p.m.attheGettyCenter.

Eventsarefree,butreservationsare

required.Tomakeareservationorfor

furtherinformation,visittheGettyWeb

siteatwww.getty.edu/conservation/

public_programs/lectures.html.

Reservationscanalsobemadebycalling

310440-7300.

Upcoming Events

32 Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| GCINews

Debbie Hess Norris of the University of Delaware leading a discussion at the retreat. Photo: Foekje Boersma.

September 21, 2006

StoneconservatorSimonWarrack

discusses“DecayatAngkorWat:Problems

andSolutions,”withaspecialfocusonthe

restorationof areligiousstatuethatholds

specialmeaningfortheCambodians—

TaReach(Vishnu).

October 19, 2006

LeslieCarlyle,headof conservation,

Tate,London,willpresent“VanGogh’s

Paint:WasItSpecial?”alectureonrecent

researchintothepaintmaterialsandtech-

niquesusedbyvanGoghandhowthese

mayhavecontributedtothecharacteristic

paintsurfacesthatdistinguishhisworks.

November 9, 2006

RobertGrenier,manager,Underwa-

terArchaeologySection,ParksCanada,will

speakabouttheimportanceof preserving

theworld’sunderwaterculturalheritage.

Getty Graduate Internships Postdoctoral Fellowship

Applicationsarenowbeingacceptedfor

GettyGraduateInternshipsatthegcifor

the2007–08programyear.TheGraduate

InternshipprogramoVersfull-timepaid

internshipsforgraduatestudentscurrently

enrolledinagraduatecourseof studyorfor

studentswhohaverecentlycompleteda

graduatedegreewhointendtopursue

careersinartmuseumsandrelatedfields

of thevisualarts,humanities,andsciences.

InternshipsarealsooVeredinthe

conservationlaboratoriesof theJ.Paul

GettyMuseumandtheGettyResearch

Institute.Theapplicationdeadlineforthe

2007–08programisDecember15,2006.

ThePostdoctoralFellowshipinConserva-

tionScienceisatwo-yearpositioninthe

gci’sMuseumResearchLaboratory(mrl),

opentothosewithrecentdoctoraldegrees

inchemistryorthephysicalsciences.

ThepostdoctoralFellowwillbean

integralpartof themrlandwillwork

closelywithconservatorsandcuratorsto

addressquestionsof authenticity,prov-

enance,andartists’technique.TheFellow

willassistintheevaluationof conservation

treatmentprogramsandconductresearch

onthepropertiesandbehaviorof materials

foundinworksof art.TheFellowwillbe

exposedtothewidevarietyof materials

composingworksof art,aswellastothe

diVerentneedsandprioritiesof thevarious

conservationsubdisciplines(paintings,dec-

orativearts,sculpture,antiquities,and

worksonpaper).TheFellowwillalsobe

encouragedtodevelopanindependent

researchprojectstemmingfromorrelating

toworksof art.

Theapplicationdeadlinefor

the2007–09postdoctoralfellowshipis

November1,2006.


Conservation Guest Scholars

2006–07 Conservation Guest Scholars

Gilberto Artioli, Universityof Milan

March–August2007

Analytical Methods and Techniques in Cultural Heritage

Brian EgloV, Universityof Canberra

September–October2006andApril–July2007

Drafting ICAHM Charter Guidelines: A Theoretical Review and Applied Process

John Fidler, EnglishHeritage

October2006–March2007

Raising the Bar: Setting Standards for the Achievement of Competency in Building

Conservation by the Design of Model Curricula, Lesson Plans, and Resources Guides

for the Training of Architects in Higher Education and Continuing Professional

Development

Sophia Labadi, WorldHeritageCentre,unesco

November2006–April2007

Outstanding Universal Value: Contradictions, Problems, and Perspectives

Bertrand Lavédrine, Universityof Paris,Panthéon-Sorbonne

May–July2007

Reshaping a Conservation Science Program for Conservators

John McElhone, NationalGalleryof Canada

May–August2007

Photographic Printing Media from the 1850s

Maria Nuria Sanz, WorldHeritageCentre,unesco

December2006–March2007

Research for the nomination of the Qhapaq Ñan to the UNESCO World Heritage List

Iwona Szmelter, Academyof FineArts,Warsaw

January–March2007

Advanced study on the contemporary theory of conservation-restoration for the

forthcoming textbook “History and Theory of Conservation versus Specific Role

Conservation: Restoration as a Branch of Science and at the Same Time of Art”

Thegciispleasedtowelcomeits2006–07

conservationguestscholars.TheConserva-

tionGuestScholarProgramisaresidential

programthatservestoencouragenew

ideasandperspectivesinthefieldof con-

servation,withanemphasisonresearchin

thevisualarts(includingsites,buildings,

andobjects)andonthetheoreticalunder-

pinningsof thefield.Thiscompetitive

programprovidesanopportunityforcon-

servationprofessionalstopursueinter-

disciplinaryscholarlyresearchinareasof

generalinteresttotheinternationalconser-

vationcommunity.

Scholars—inresidenceatthegcifor

periodsof threetonineconsecutive

months—aregivenhousingatascholar

apartmentcomplex,aworkspaceatthegci,

amonthlystipend,andaccesstothelibrar-

iesandresourcesof theGetty.

Applicationsforthe2007–08scholar

yeararecurrentlybeingaccepted.The

applicationdeadlineisNovember1,2006.

3� Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| GCINews

Tel:

310 ��0-7320 graduate internships

310 ��0-737� postdoctoral fellowship and conservation scholars

Fax:

310 ��0-7703

E-mail:

[email protected] or [email protected]

Detailed instructions, application

forms, and additional information

are available online at

www.getty.edu

Address inquires to

Att: (type of grant)


1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 800

Los Angeles, CA 900�9-168� USA

How to Apply for the Fellowship, Internship, and Scholars Programs

PublicationstheU.S.NationalParkService(nps).

Themeetingbroughttogetherfifty-five

conservators,culturalresourcemanagers,

materialsscientists,engineers,architects,

archaeologists,anthropologists,andartists

fromelevencountriestopresentrecentcon-

servationworkanddiscusspossibilitiesfor

futureresearchandcollaboration.

LeslieRainerisaseniorprojectspe-

cialistandwallpaintingsconservatoratthe

gci.AngelynBassRiveraisanarchitectural

conservatorwiththenpsatBandelier

NationalMonument.

220 pages, 9 × 11 inches

70 color and 70 b/w illustrations

paper, $7�.00

The Conservation of Decorated Surfaces on Earthen ArchitectureEdited by Leslie Rainer and Angelyn Bass Rivera

Formillennia,peopleof allcultureshave

decoratedthesurfacesof theirdomestic,

religious,andpublicbuildings.Earthen

architectureinparticularhasbeen,and

continuestobe,acommongroundforsur-

facedecorationsuchaspaintings,sculpted

bas-reliefs,andornamentalplasterwork.

Thisvolumeexploresthecomplexissues

associatedwithpreservingthesesurfaces.

Dividedintofourthemes—archaeological

sites,museumpractice,historicbuildings,

andlivingtraditions—itexaminesthecon-

servationof decoratedsurfacesonearthen

architecturewithinthesediVerentcontexts

throughcasestudiesfromAsia,Europe,

Africa,theMiddleEast,andtheAmericas.

Thepublicationistheresultof a

colloquiumheldin2004atMesaVerde

NationalPark,Colorado,coorganized

bytheGettyConservationInstituteand

Monitoring for Gaseous Pollutants in Museum EnvironmentsBy Cecily M. Grzywacz

Culturalpropertyinsidemuseumscanbe

threatenedbyoutdoorpollutants,suchas

automobileexhaustfumes,andbypollut-

antsgeneratedfromindoorsources,suchas

gasesfromcleaningproducts.Indoor-gen-

eratedpollutantsgenerallyposethegreatest

threattoartifactsbecauseof theircontinu-

ousandcloseproximity.

Thefocusof thisvolume,basedon

theGettyMuseumMonitoringProjectand

casestudies,isenvironmentalmonitoring

forcommongaseouspollutants,withan

emphasisonpassivesampling.Thevolume

beginswithanoverviewof thehistoryand

natureof pollutantsof concerntomuse-

umsandadiscussionof thechallengesfac-

ingscientists,conservators,andcollections

managersseekingtodeveloptargetpollut-

antguidelinestoprotectculturalproperty.

Subsequentchaptersaddresspassivesam-

pling,theplanningandconductingof anair

qualitymonitoringprogram,andtheinter-

pretationof resultsandmitigationconsid-

erations.Theappendixisacomprehensive

compilationof themajorgaseouspollutants

encounteredinmuseums,theirsources,and

thematerialsatrisk.

CecilyM.Grzywaczisascientistat

theGettyConservationInstitute.

160 pages, 81⁄2 × 11 inches

17 color and 19 b/w illustrations, 13 tables

paper, $6�.00

Conservation,TheGCINewsletter| Volume21,Number22006| GCINews 3�

Introduction 4 A Note from the Director


Special Conservation at the Getty

Feature

5 The Getty Conservation Institute

By Jeanne Marie Teutonico and staff of the GCI

12 The J. Paul Getty Museum

By Michael Brand and staff of the Getty

Museum

18 The Getty Research Institute

By Thomas Crow and staff of the GRI

22 The Getty Foundation

By Joan Weinstein and staff of the Getty

Foundation

News in 26 Conservation Documentation

Conservation in Digital Form

A Dialogue about the Issues

By Angelica Zander Rudenstine and

Timothy P. Whalen

GCI News 29 Projects, Events, and Publications

v21n2.pdf

Documents

Transcript of v21n2.pdf