V. Pengatur Perilaku.pdf

8/10/2019 V. Pengatur Perilaku.pdf

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Pengatur Perilaku:

Neuron dan Hormon

Jurusan Biologi Fak. Sainstek UIN SGD Bandung

2014


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Hormon

Menjaga perilaku tetap sesuai 3 kelompok fungsi pemisahan pusat pengendali sarafjadwal perilaku sistem hormonal

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Ganglia tersegmen pada serangga

Apa fungsi otak? mengarahkan atau menekankerja saraf?

Jika penghubung antaraprotocerebral ganglion dan

subesophageal gangliondipotong, ganglionsubesophageal akanmengirimkan excitatorymessages ke segmen ganglia

dalam toraks dan abdomen

serangga akan melakukangerakan mencengkeram danberjalan secara simultan

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Mantid Reproduction

Kehilangan kepala dan otaktidak mengganggu belalangsembah jantan untuk

melakukan perkawinan

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Behavioural Schedules

A male cricket calling for females from his burrow

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Behavioural Schedules Female Teleogryllus crickets, usually

hide in burrows or under litter duringthe day. Move about only after duskwhen it is relatively safe to search formates.

In response, male crickets start callingto attract mates in the evening, not inthe morning or at noon.

Suggests the inhibitoryrelationships between the callingcenter in a male cricketss brain andother neural elements responsible forother behaviours change cyclically

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Behavioural Cycles

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Behavioural Cycles

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The complete control system forcricket calling has bothenvironment-independent andenvironment-dependent

components.An environment-independenttimer, or biological clock, set on acycle that is not exactly 24 hourslong, and an environment-

activated device that synchronizesthe clock with local conditions.


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Behavioural Dimorphism

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Zera, A. J., Z. zhao., K. Kaliseck. 2007. Hormones in the field: evolutionary endocrinology of

Juvenile Hormone and ecdysteroids in field populations of the wing-dimorphic cricket Gryllus

firmus. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 80(6):592-606


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Zera, A. J., Z. zhao., K. Kaliseck. 2007. Hormones in the field: evolutionary endocrinology of

Juvenile Hormone and ecdysteroids in field populations of the wing-dimorphic cricket Gryllusfirmus. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 80(6):592-606


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Mechanism for Dimorphic Behaviour

The cricket nervous system. Visual information from the eyes is relayed to the optic lobes ofthe crickets brain. If the optic lobe are surgically disconnected from the rest of the brain, thecricket loses its capacity to maintain a circadian rhythm. Based on diagrams by F. Huber and W.F. Shurmann9/26/2014 11


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Mechanism for Dimorphic Behaviour

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Cycle Regulation byper Gene

SCN clock yang diduga mengendalikan perilakumelalui perubahan ritme dalam aktivitas gen, dankemungkinan ritme tersebut dapat dipengaruhi olehjstimulus dari luar.

Gen kunci tersebut kemungkinan adalahpergene,yang mengkode suatu protein (PER) yangmemproduksi bermacam-macam kegiatan selamalebih dari 24 jam.

Produksi gen lain pada mamalia adalah tau. Produksi

tau adalah enzim dimana enzim ini akan bekerjaapabila PER dalam jumlah berlimpah dalam sel. Enzimmendegradasi PER.

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The genetic of biological clocks in mammals and fruit flies.In both groups, a set of three key genes produces protein that interact to regulate

the activity of certain other genes on a cycle lasting approximately 24 hours.One of the genes (per) codes for a protein (PER) that gradually builds up inside andoutside the cell nucleus over time.Another key gene is tau in mammals and dbtin flies, which code for an anzyme thathelps breakdown PER, slowing its rate of accumulation in the cell.


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Mutations of thepergeneaffect the circadian rhythmsof fruit flies


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Hormonal Messengers

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Hormonal Messengers

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Adaptive Value of Circadian Rhythm

Naked mole-rats lack a circadian rhythm.

Pattern of activity shown for six individualsfrom two captive colonies held under constantlow light. Dark bars indicate periods when theindividual was awake and active. After Davis-Waltonand Sherman

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Circannual Cycles

Circannual cycle of the golden-mantled ground squirrel. Animal sheld inconstant darkness andat a constant temperature nevertheless enteredhibernation (green bars) at certain times year after year.After Pengelley and Asmundson9/26/2014 21


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Environmental Influences

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Environmental CuesA cycle of photosensitivity. An experiment with

white-crowned sparrows tested the hypothesis that

these birds possess a clock mechanism that isespecially sensitive to light between hours 17 and

19 of each day. The lower line represents these

hypothetical periods of photosensitivity.

The open and solid sections of the two upper

horizontal bars show the light and dark periods of

two different light-darkregimes.Only sparrowsunder the 8L:28D experimental regime were

exposed to light during the supposed

photosensitive phase of the cycle, and only they

responded with testicular growth. After Farne

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Environmental Cues

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Meitzen, J., D.J. Parkel, E.A. Brenowitz. 2007. Seasonal changes in

intrinsic electrophysiological activity of song control neurons in wild

song sparrow. J.Comp.Physiol.A. DOI 10.1007/00359-007-0222-1


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Influences from the Social Environment

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Influences from the Social Env

Regulation of infanticide by male house mice. (A) Male mice were held under artificial slow-day and fast-day experimental conditions. (B) Most of the males held under fast-dayconditions had stopped being infanticidal by 20 real days (=22 fast days) after mating; males

experiencing slow days did not show the same declie until nearly 25 real days had passed. AfterPerrigo et al.

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Mechanism Behind Behaviour Shift

Hormone responsible?

Testosterone associatedwith aggression

Progesterone associatedwith parental behaviour

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Intersexual Effects of Social Env

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Associated Reproductive Patterns

Hormones refine timing of behaviour to coincide with optimalexternal and internal conditions

Testosterone often intimately involved in onset of reproductivebehaviours

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Role of Testosterone

Hormonal and behavioral cyclesin single-and multiple-broodedpopulations of white-crownedsparrows.Testosterone concentrations inthe blood of male white-crowns

peak shortly before the timewhen the males mate withfemales (M) in their first breedingcycle of the season. Inpopulations that breed twice in

one season, however, copulationalso occurs during a secondbreeding cycle, at a time whentestosterone concentrations aredeclining. After Wingfield and Moore.

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Role of Testosterone

The chemical structure oftestosterone and its diverseeffects on physiology andbehavior.

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Costs of Testosterone

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Red-Sided Garter Snake

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Red-Sided Garter Snake

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Reproductive Behaviour

Testosterone role in spermproduction in fall

Neural primer for post-hibernation reproductivebehaviour

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Reproductive Behaviour

Testosterone and the long-termmaintenance of mating behavior.Male garter snakes whose testeswere removed shortly before thebreeding season in year 1 remained

sexually active during that breedingseason, despite the absence oftestosterone.But in years 2 and 3, these malesbecame less and less likely to court

receptive females compared withmales that still possessed theirtestes. After Crews

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V. Pengatur Perilaku.pdf

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