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ARCHIVES CGSC FT LfcAVENWORTH KAN

DEC 101952

ACCESSION NO. FO RtGBTRY.

|Maximum use of cililian communications capabilities for nationals ecurity, by Lt Col Iff. B. Heltzel. CGSC. 1947-48.

This Document IS A HOLDING OF THE

ARCHIVES SECTION LIBRARY SERVICES

FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

DOCUMENT NO. N-gL28,12Q COPY NO.

CGSC Form 160 Army—CGSC—P2-179H—7 Mar 52—5M 13 Mar 51

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L-kO21

COMMAND & GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE School of Logist ics 19 November, 19I+7

DIRECTIVE FOR ANALYTICAL STUDY SUBJECT

SUBJECT NUMBER 6-11

SUBJECT: Maximum use of Civi l ian Communications Capabilities for National Security.

PURPOSE: To study the capabi l i t i e s of c i v i l i a n communications companies in the U.S. , such as Bell System, RCA, Western Union, Press Wireless, with a view toward development of a plan for u t i l i z -ation of these f a c i l i t i e s to provide a trained and qualified reservoir of communications personnel*

SCOPE: a. "Affil iation" ­ past history in World Wars I and I I ; lessons learned.

b. Importance and necess i ty for c i v i l i a n assistance in secur­ing and training of technical communications personnel in a national emergency.

c . Current efforts to i n s t i t u t e "Affiliated" units in the Organized Reserve Corps; fa i lure of these efforts to u t i l i z e the maximum available capabi l i t i es offered in this field.

d. Consolidate reactions of civilian leaders of companies approached in current Affiliation Plan as to possibility of extension of the Affiliation Plan to develop maximum potentialities.

e. Draw up a plan to serve as a basis for Department of the Army action, and possible joint Army-Navy-Air action, to obtain maximum use of these civilian communications capa­bi l i t ies for national security.

COORDINATE WITH OTHER ANALYTICAL STUDY SUBJECTS: (None).

REFERENCES:

A f f i l i a t i o n P l a n , P a r t I , I I , WD 1 Nov U6.

Liaison Bulletin No. 110 Public Information Division - "WD Affiliation Program11 ­

21 July

M-S-IO33 History of Sig C Affiliated Plan - World War II - Aug

STAFF STUDY 6-11

School of Logist ics

Command & General Staff College

FOHT LEA.VETORTH, KANSAS

26 Hay 19^8.

SUBJECT? Maximum Use of Civi l ian Communications Capabilit ies For

National Security.

1* PROBLEM: To recommend a plan for the maximum u t i l i z a t ­

ion of the capab i l i t i e s of the c i v i l i a n communications industry in

providing trained and experienced technicians, s p e c i a l i s t s , and experts

to meet Signal Corps wartime personnel requirements*

2 . DISCUSSION:

a« Basis; The c i v i l i a n communications industry in the

United States , with a plant value of over 7 b i l l i o n dol lars , employing

over l|r mil l ion sk i l l ed communications men, and rapidly expanding, i s

capable of furnishing suff ic ient ski l led and experienced personnel in

wartime to meet prac t i ca l l y the entire Armed Forces and industrial

requirements. (Annex l ) ,

b. Background % Signal Corps experience in both recent

Wars has demonstrated and proven the value and benefits of mil itary

u t i l i z a t i o n of c i v i l i a n industrial trained and experienced technicians

as implemented through the "Affil iation" pr inc ip le . (Annex 2 ) .

c* Current Programs; Current programs leading toward

a u t i l i z a t i o n of t h i s c i v i l i a n ski l led manpower reservoir, pr inc ipal ly

through the "Affi l iat ion Program", can ultimately u t i l i z e only a minor

fract ion of the segment of t h i s group of personnel which would be

avai lable to the Armed Forces9 in wartime. Current program l i m i t a t ­

ions and implementing experiences indicate a de f in i te need for a more

comprehensive program of c i v i l i a n s k i l l e d personnel u t i l i z a t i o n .

(Annex 3)»

d. Conclusion;

( l ) . Since there ex i s t s in the Signal Corps a

p o s i t i v e wartime requirement for trained and sk i l l ed c i v i l i a n

- 1 ­

communications personnel; s ince there e x i s t s within the c i v i l i a n

communications industry a s u f f i c i e n t force of t h i s category of p e r ­

sonnel to meet p r a c t i c a l l y a l l wartime manpower requirements; and

s ince current programs provide for only a minor u t i l i z a t i o n of t h i s

c i v i l i a n capabi l i ty ; — the urgency of the problem warrants consider­

a t ion of a plan designed to achieve maximum u t i l i z a t i o n of t h i s

c a p a b i l i t y . (Annex k).

( 2 ) . Such a plan i s accordingly proposed? the

"Proposed A f f i l i a t i o n Personnel Plan" envisages e s s e n t i a l l y a nat ional

manpower reg i s t ra t ion which provides for eventual r e g i s t r a t i o n , c l a s s ­

i f i c a t i o n , training, and assignment of a l l U.S. manpower t o appropriate

National Defense category, thus achieving a maximum u t i l i z a t i o n of

c i v i l i a n communications c a p a b i l i t i e s for National Security. (Annex 5)«

3 . EECOMICENDATICNs I t i s recommended that t h i s "Proposed

A f f i l i a t i o n Personnel Plan" be forwarded to the Chief Signal Off icer ,

Department of the Army, Washington, D»C«, for study and for necessary

act ion leading to adoption.

WILLIAM E, HELTZEL

Lt» Col. Signal Corps

AOTUXESj

1. Civilian Communications Industrial Personnel Capabilities.

2. "Affiliation" Background.

3. Discussion of Current Civilian Personnel Utilization Programs.

k. Conclusion.

5. The "Proposed Affil iation Personnel plan",

6. Bibliography.

- 2 ­

ANNEX 1 #

CIVILIAN COMMOTCATIONS INDUSTRIAL PERSONNEL CAPABILITIES

YEARLY SKILLED LICENSED INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY PLANT VALUE REVENUE EMPLOYEES OPERATORS

Common C a r r i e r s (191*6)1

Telephone • • . $6,685,000,000 $2,252,000,000 4g6,OOO

Telegraph „ # . $362,000,000 $176,000,000 1*2,000

Radio (Public) • $3^,000,000 $19,000,000 9,000

Ocean Cable . . $96,000,000 $31,000,000 3,000

Radio (19^7):

Broadcast . • . $108,000,000 $323,000,000 lJO.OOO

Commercial 375,000 31*1,000

Amateur 83,000 81,000

Aircraft . 7^,000 62,000

Associated Communications Act iv i t i e s : • • • • 5^0,000

TOTALS: . • . • $7,285,000,000 $2,801,000,000 1,672,000 kSk,000

Bell Telephone System (American Telephone & Telegraph Company)

Incorporated asse t s :

$7,38O,ooo,ooo#oo

$8,772,000,000.00

Gain, 19^7 over 19^6 11»9#

Total Employees:

191*6 588,000

191*7 663,000

Gain, 191*7 over 19U6 12.7$

ANNEX 1

- 1 ­

2

AFFILIATION BACKGROUND

Al l data and information on "Affil iation1 1 "background, covering

the per iods of World War I , the period 1920 to 1938, and the period of

World War I I , was extracted from the "History of The Signal Corps

A f f i l i a t e d Plan", prepared "by the Mil i tary Personnel Branch, Personnel

and Training Service, Office of the Chief Signal Off icer , Washington, D.C.,

i n August, 1 9 ̂

The fol lowing extracts from t h i s document are quoted as being

typ ica l of the information contained?

"World War I experience c l e a r l y demonstrated that a Signal unit

organized from the employees of a telephone company had an unusually high

morale, was par t i cu lar ly e f f i c i e n t , and required only a minimum of tra in ing ."

(Page 14, Chapter l ) #

"World War II i s a service war with American industry acd research

p lay ing a most important p a r t . Certainly to look forward to post-war planning

for the Army, i t would be nearsighted i f t h i s country fa i l ed to forsee and

plan a s t i l l further improved A f f i l i a t i o n program* Such a plan should make

sure that the organized reserves of the Army are not, as indiv iduals ,

engaged in unrelated c i v i l i a n a c t i v i t i e s * Instead, i t should be as complete

i n the use of an i n d u s t r y ^ manpower in the war ef fort as i t should be in the

use of an industry 's physical p lant and equipment for the production of war

suppl ies". (Page k, Introduct ion) .

- MEK 2 ­

- 1 ­

3

DISCUSSION OF CURRENT CIVILIAN PERSONFEL UTILIZATION PBOGRAMS.

! • The War Department A f f i l i a t i o n Plant

a# The Plan? The War Department Af f i l i a t i on Plan was

released and became ef fect ive on 26 May 19^7. This Plan established

the War Department Af f i l i a t i on Program: "the application of a plan

which contemplates that c i v i l i a n organizations wi l l "sponsor11 certain

key service type units of the Organized Reserve Corps". The A f f i l i a t ­

ion Program i s an integral part of the Organized Reserve Corps program;

i t i s an application of the l essons learned from application of the

a f f i l i a t i o n principle in World Wars I and I I . All p o l i c i e s are govern­

ed by the provisions of the current Organized Reserve Corps regulations

and requirements axe based on the current Organized Reserve Corps Troop

Basis . Responsibility for accomplishing the act of a f f i l i a t i o n (includ­

ing the se lect ion of and negotiations with a l l "sponsors") i s assigned

to chief8 of technical and administrative services for type units of

the ir respective services , including comparable service units normally

under the jurisdict ion of an Army Ground forces. Activation, expansion,

and training of a l l units are the responsibi l i ty of Army Field Forces.

The purpose of the Plan i s to provide for c i v i l i a n organizations to

"sponsor" and provide trained and qualified personnel for military ser­

vice un i t s , thereby insuring the u t i l i z a t i o n of technical ly qualified

personnel in assignments similar to those performed in c i v i l i a n l i f e *

b. Implementations Pursuant to the provisions of the Plan,

the Chief Signal Officer, War Department, inaugurated the A f f i l i a t i o n

Program at a Signal Corps conference in the Pentagon, Washington, D.C»»

on 11 June 19^7* attended by many of the leaders and represenatives of

the nat ion's communications industry, a l l potent ia l sponsors* Since

that date represenatives of the Chief Signal Officer have v i s i t ed and

conferred with a l l potent ia l sponsors concerning part ic ipat ion in t h i s

Program. Implementation delays are being experienced, the reasons for

which include;

( 1 ) . Restr ict ive ORC e l i g i b i l i t y requirements.

- AMEX 3 ­

- 1 ­

ANNEX 3 (CONTINUED)

(2) . Excessive post-wax industrial production problems.

(3)» Natural hesitancy of ex-service personnel to join

the Officers Reserve Corps and the Enlisted Res­

erve Corps.

Participation voluntary to "both part ies .

. Limited "benefits to c iv i l ian organizations,

c. Limitations: Based on current Organized Reserve Corps

Troop Basis Signal Corps personnel requirements (c lass i f ied) , this

program wi l l , when ultimately and completely implemented, u t i l i z e l e s s

than 20$ of the skil led communications personnel which would be l o s t by

the industry to the Armed Forces in case of a major emergency, due to

the following l imitations:

( l ) . Only current Organized Reserve Corps Troop Basis

units are involved.

(2) . No "pools11 or reserves of cr i t ica l special i s ts

are authorized.

(3)* Sponsoring by units l imits locations to larger

c i t ies .

(ty). Membership eligibil ity requirements unduly restrict

skilled personnel participation.

(5)» Applicable only to Army and Air Forces.

2. The Organized Reserve Corps; There are within the Organized

Reserve Corps Troop Basis certain Signal Corps units which have been

determined not suitable for Affiliation, to include: Division Signal

Company (infantry, Armored, and Airborne), and Signal Company, Engineer

Special Brigade, which, while not suitable for Affiliation, do have

vacancies for certain skilled communications personnel. These vacancies

may be f i l led by qualified personnel from industry! however, this i s

not a part of any plan, and even at maximum extent of such utilization

could uti l ize only an insignificant percentage of this manpower reser­

voir. Under present Department of the Army consideration, for release

in the near future, i s apian whereby, within the Organized Reserve

- ANNEX 3 ­

- 2 ­

ANNEX 3 (CONTINUED)

Corps, "composite groins11 of reserve personnel (officer and enlisted)

may "be established by technical or administrative service for research

and development, to operate under the Director of Research and Develop­

ment Logistics Division, Department of the Army. These groups wil l be

l imited, however, and will involve only a very limited number of any

skil led group of personnel* I t i s contemplated that separate groups

wi l l be formed by several of the large c iv i l ian industrial organizations

whose normal a c t i v i t i e s include research and development*

3. National Guard of the United States; While there are over

HO Signal Corps units authorized on the current National Guard Troop

Basis, there exists no plan contemplating the ut i l izat ion of qualified

c iv i l ian personnel to f i l l appropriate vacancies. In some cases, however,

th i s source of personnel i e u t i l i zed . The extent of such ut i l i zat ion may

ultimately absorb approximately 1$> of the skil led communications person­

nel considered available to the Armed Forces in any major emergency*

if* Other; At the present time there are no other plans or

programs in operation or contemplated for the ut i l izat ion of skil led

industrial communications personnel within the Army; there are no

similar plans either in operation or contemplated by the Navy.

- ANNEX 3 ­

- 3 ­

4.

CONCLUSION

! • Signal Corps personnel Requirements; Although the exact

Signal Corps personnel requirements as based on the current Troop

Bas i s can not be quoted here , a v a i l a b l e published data on Signal Corps

a c t i v i t i e s i n World War I I , and ava i lab le data on the "Proposed F ie ld

Type Army11 of the future, include:

Signal Corps s trength , 7 Dec 19^1; 55 o f f i c e r s , 3^5 Res 0 , 1570 EM. ,

Signal Corps strength 19UU: 27,10*8 o f f i c e r s 275,000 EM.

Signal Corps school output WWII: 37,*JOO Off . , 20,200 0 0 . , 375,000 EM.

Signal Corps t ra in ing i n s t i t u t i o n s included:

6 Replacement Training Centers

6 Service Schools

h Depot Schools

3 tfoit Training Centers

30 Vocational & Industrial Schools & Colleges - Full Courses

268 Ci"Allan Schools and Colleges - pre Service Training,

Signal Corps personnel i n the "Proposed F ie ld $ype Army0:

OFFICERS WARRANT 0 ENLISTED AGGREGATE

Total Signal Corps 391 28 8738 9157

Assume 10% s k i l l e d 275 20 6l20 &15

10 F i e l d Armies (Assume for Combat Zone) 64,150

100$ addit ional for Com Z and ZI &,150

Total requirements, i n i t i a l only, s k i l l e d , 1 s t year 128,300

2# Conclusion; Comparison of the data contained i n paragraph

1 above with that contained i n Annex 1 , together with an assumed f i r s t

year l o s s to the Armed Forces of s k i l l e d communications personnel from

the industry of 250,000 (15$ of 1 ,672 ,000) , i t can be determined that

industry can well meet the en t i re Armed Forces requirements. An anal­

y s i s of the fac tors o f the many valuable months required by the Signal

Corp8 to t r a i n such a number o f unski l l ed personnel , as demonstrated

in the last war; of the ready availability of the industrial reser­

voir of skilled and qualified personnel; of the years of extensive

- ANNEX k ­

- 1 ­

ANNEX k (CONTINUED)

planning necessary to implement any plan for military ut i l i zat ion of

th is ski l led personnel; and of the limitations of current programs

of such ut i l i zat ion a l l place posit ive emphasis on the urgent

need for some definite and comprehensive plan to achieve the maximum

ut i l i zat ion by the Armed Forces and industry, during wartime, of the

c iv i l i an communications industrial personnel capabil i t ies .

- ANNEX k ­

- 2 ­

5

THE BPBDPOSED AFFILIATION PERSONNEL PLAN".

1. Purpose: The purpose of the Proposed Af f i l ia t ion Personnel

Plan i s to out l ine the general plans necessary to execute the reg i s trat ­

ion, c l a s s i f i ca t ion , training, and assignment of a l l U.S. manpower to

appropriate categories within a National Defense Troop Basis, in order

to achieve the maximum u t i l i z a t i o n of a l l s k i l l s and professional

a b i l i t i e s ex is t ing in the U.S. manpower structure in wartime.

2 . Scope; This Plan i s designed to involve a l l U.S. manpower;

i t i s to be effect ive at the ear l ies t poss ible date subsequent to the

necessary Congressional enactment and Executive approval.

3 . National Defense Troop Basis: As a foundation for th is Plan

there w i l l be established a National Defense Troop Basis which wi l l

determine the proper and appropriate numbers of the available U.S.

manpower by various s k i l l s and professions for assignment to several

categories , to include? Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Forces),

Industrial Force, Government Force, Agriculture Force, and Reserve

Force (including a l l other) . The f i r s t two categories of Armed Forces

and Industrial Force wi l l be designated as "Essential0 categories.

4 . Registration: This Plan wi l l be in i t i a t ed by a national

regis trat ion of a l l U.S. manpower which wi l l by appropriate and

coordinated procedures establish an i n i t i a l and continuing reporting

of the training, a b i l i t i e s , and other desired data on a l l U.S. manpower,

5. Class i f icat ion: All personnel thus registered wi l l be

c l a s s i f i e d as i s found necessary and as determined by detailed require­

ments established by the National Defense Troop Basis . This procedure

shall include the supervision of assignment of appropriate grades and

ranks within each Force.

6. Assignment: All personnel thus c l a s s i f i e d wi l l be approp­

r ia te ly assigned to one of the categories of National Defense, and

thereafter each Force wi l l continue appropriate assignment procedures

to extents determined necessary, but to include detai led assignment

for every individual i n the "Essential" categories .

- ANNEX 5 ­

- 1 ­

AMEX 5 (C0NTI1TOED)

7» Training!

a. A basic training program will be mandatory for a l l

personnel of the "Essential" categories? t h i s t raining will embrace

essent ia l ly an or ienta t ion into the wartime respons ib i l i t i e s , du t ies ,

requirements, and organization of the "Essential" categories of pe r s ­

onnel and will be conducted on a regular schedule (possibly monthly)*

b. An advanced training wil l be offered as an option to

a l l personnel in the "Essential" categories; i t will provide advance­

ment through achievement, p lus , to selected individuals, appropriate

officer commissions and promotions in grade and rank.

c. Training will be conducted by both c iv i l ian enterprises

under Armed Forces supervision, and by the Armed Forces.

8, Benefits;

a . Benefits will accrue to par t i c ipa t ing individuals by

monetary payment for actual t ra ining time involved, plus assignment

of appropriate grade or rank based on standardized cr i te r ia*

b# Benefits will accrue to par t ic ipa t ing c iv i l ian organ­

iza t ions through tax and/or other considerations.

9, Coordination and Standardization? All procedures under

t h i s Plan will be accompliahed through close coordination of a l l

pa r t i c ipan t s involved by appropriate jo in t boards and committees;

a l l procedures will be standardized to the maximum extent compatible

with efficient operation to permit complete l a t i tude in individual

desires to change c lass i f ica t ion and assignment*

- AUNEX 5 ­

- 2 ­

ANNEX 6

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 . HISTORY OF THE SIGNAL COHPS AFFILIATION PLAN, By L t . Col. Herbert

H. B u t l e r , M i l i t a r y Personnel Breach, Personnel & Training Serv­

i c e , Office of the Chief Signal Off icer , Washington, B .C. , August

1 9 ^ . (SPSKP-U). ( R e s t r i c t e d ) .

2 . WAR DEPARTMENT AFFILIATION PLAN, Organizat ion & Tra in ing Div is ion ,

War Department General Staff , Washington, D.C. , 28 Apr i l 19^7.

(With c o r r e c t i o n s to Annex J - Signal U n i t s ) . ( R e s t r i c t e d ) .

3 . WAR DEPARTMENT AFFILIATION PROGRAM, Organizat ion & Training Div­

i son , War Department General Staff , Washington, D.C. (Lithographed

U.S. Government P r i n t i n g Off ice , No. kj 13819).

k. WAR DEPARTMENT AFFILIATION PBOGRAM, Organizat ion & Training Div­

i son , War Department General Staff , Washington, D.C. (U.S. Govern­

ment P r i n t i n g Off ice , Washington, D.C«, P r i c e 10^, No. 762763-^7).

5 . TRANSCRIPT OF SIGNAL CORPS CONFERENCE ON AFFILIATION, Office of

The Chief Signal Off icer , Washington, D.C. , 11 June 19*17.

6. SIGNAL C03PS HOLDS CONFERENCE ON NEW AFFILIATION PLAN, News Rel ­

ease , P r e s s Sect ion , Pub l i c Information Div i s ion , War Department,

Washington, D.C. , 11 June 19^7.

7. SIGNAL COHPS AND INDUSTHT ANNOUNCE "TRIAL" AFFILIATED RESERVE UNITS,

News Release , P r e s s Sect ion , Pub l i c Information Div is ion , War

Department, Washington, D.C. , 20 September 19^7*

8 . WARTIME SIGNAL TRAINING, By Colonel F . T. G i l l e s p i e and Robert H.

Clearaan, S igna l s , Volume 2 , September 19^7» Pages 21-27.

9 . FIELD TYPE ARMY - TENTATIVE, L e t t e r Headquarters Army Ground Forces

For t Monroe, V i rg in i a , 28 March 19^7, F i l e 322/3 (Armies) (C) (28

March ^7)GN(^S, with i n c l o s u r e STUDY "FIELD TYPE ARMY".

(Restr ic ted) .

10. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING NOTES, Proceedings of the Ins t i tu t e of

Radio Engineers, Volume 36, April I9U8, page 5O7» and Hay 19*+8>

Page 637,

1 1 . SIXTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, POPULATION, VOLUME I I I ,

• ANNEX 6 *

- 1 ­

ANNEX 6 (CONTINUED)

THE LABOR FORCE, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the

Census, U.S. Government Print ing Off ice , Washington, D.C.,

1 2 . STATISTICS OF THE COHMUNICATIONS INDUSTHT IN THE UNITED STATES,

Federal Communications Commission, U.S. Government Print ing

Off ice , Washington, D.C., 19*4-7.

13 . THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT, FOR YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 l ^ T , Federal

Communications Commission, U«S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. , 19^7­

1^. OFFICER PROCUREMENT, War Department Circular 101, April 19^7,

as amended, to include a l l current Organized Reserve Corps and

National Guard of the United States instruct ions and regulations*

15 . M DEPARTMENT BASIC PLAN, dated 1 October 19^6, as amended.

(SECRET).

16 . WAR DSPABTMMT "4.5 ARM?" TK)0P BASIS, current. (SECRET).

- ANNEX 6 «

- 2 ­