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FUSION TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

MADISON WISCONSIN

Fifty Years of Research in Helium-3 Fusion andHelium-3 Resources

J.C. Crabb, S.W. White, L.P. Wainwright, S.E. Kratz,G.L. Kulcinski

December 1993(revised May 1994)

UWFDM-935

Fifty Years of Research in Helium-3 Fusion andHelium-3 Resources

J.C. Crabb, S.W. White, L.P. Wainwright, S.E. Kratz, G.L. Kulcinski

Fusion Technology InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin1500 Engineering Drive

Madison, WI 53706

http://fti.neep.wisc.edu

December 1993(revised May 1994)

UWFDM-935

I. Introduction The search for a clean and safe energy source to power the world in the 21st century has accelerated over the past two decades. It is widely recognized that the use of fossil fuels is detrimental to the earth's environment through the emission of greenhouse gases and acid gases. In addition, the fossil fuel supply is limited; by the middle of the 21st century it is projected that most of the economically recoverable fossil fuel supplies will have been exhausted. [1] The use of fusion reactors is one answer to suppling the earth's increasing population with power in the future and worldwide investigative research into fusion power has been ongoing for more than 40 years. The current emphasis is on the deuterium-tritium reaction (DT), however, it may not be in the best interests of future generations. The DT reaction creates large numbers of high energy neutrons as shown in the following reaction: D + T ∅ n (14.1 MeV) + 4He (3.5 MeV) These neutrons can cause extensive damage in the reactor vessel and can produce long-lived radioactive elements. To avoid this situation, the reaction between deuterium and helium-3 (D-3He) can be used. This reaction occurs as follows: D + 3He ∅ p (14.7 MeV) + 4He (3.7 MeV) The advantage here is that a high energy proton is produced instead of a high energy neutron. These protons can be directly converted into energy through the use of electrostatic Direct Energy Converters (DECs). A side D-D reaction occurs in D-3He fusion reactors which also produces neutrons, however this reaction is on the order of 1% of the energy produced in the reactor. The advantages of the D-3He fusion reaction has fueled much new research into the field in the past five to ten years. Research into helium-3 (3He) fusion has increased markedly since the "rediscovery" of large quantities of 3He on the moon by Wittenberg et al. [2] Though research into 3He existed previous to this discovery, the number of articles published on 3He fusion was relatively low, approximately 5 per year. From 1988-93 however, the number of articles published per year on the same topic increased to more than 30 per year. As the number of papers on 3He fusion and resources grows, developing coherent bibliographies becomes cumbersome and time consuming. In order to facilitate and broaden 3He research, a library of all 3He related articles is needed. This library has to meet several criteria. First and foremost, it must be easily accessible so that finding articles is a quick and simple process

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for all areas of 3He research. Secondly, the library must be able to grow over time to accommodate the burgeoning research in the field. Lastly, the library must be as complete as possible. This paper describes the 3He literature bibliography and library now available at the University of Wisconsin Fusion Technology Institute. Three criteria are used in this study to determine whether or not to include an article which contains information on 3He fusion or 3He resources. The criteria are as follows: 1) The article must mention 3He explicitly. 2) The article's main focus must be either 3He fusion related research and technology, or on 3He resources and detection. 3) Articles that mention 3He as a secondary reaction or as a diagnostic tool are not included in this bibliography. In order to identify as many articles as possible, numerous avenues of investigation were implemented to gather articles dealing with 3He fusion and resources. The search began with the CD-ROM files available through the University of Wisconsin's library computer resources. The main CD-ROM files searched were the INSPEC database, the EI (Engineering Index), the Aerospace Index, LEXUS, and the Business and Social Science Database. These files provided a broad base of articles which could then be expanded upon. A large number of articles were provided from the personal files of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Fusion Technology Institute research staff. The remainder were found by examining bibliography entries from the previously identified papers. A large percentage of the relevant work in this field has now been assembled, however any additional articles that the reader may be aware of would be welcome additions. Given the size of the library, accessibility and ease of finding desired articles can become difficult. Keywords were devised to breakdown 3He research into smaller subgroups. These keywords are given and defined later. To manage this database of articles, we selected the bibliography and database manager EndNote Plus™ for the Apple Macintosh system. This program offers easy access to particular articles, as well as the ability to sort and find articles in numerous ways. With the keywords and the EndNote Plus™ database manager, articles can be quickly and easily found for almost any desired search on 3He research. EndNote Plus™ also allows unlimited space in which to store additional articles as they are published, another pertinent factor in its choice as the database management program. As of April 24, 1994 the 3He library contains 849 bibliographic entries. Figure 1 shows the distribution of articles on 3He over time, the marked increase in the last eight

3

years is clearly visible. Four entries do not have years associated with them therefore, they are not included in Figure 1. Copies of 674 of these articles are currently on file at the University of Wisconsin. In addition, the bibliography contains 70 additional articles from newspapers and popular magazines for a grand total of 919 articles. The newspapers and magazines are not included in the statistical breakdowns to follow. NOTE: The number of articles compiled for 1994 is lower than for previous years because the 1994 figures are not yet complete. This should be corrected early in 1995. II. State of Helium-3 Research It is interesting to look at the breakdown of articles that have been published in the 3He field as research in this area has been conducted worldwide. Articles have been published in at least nineteen countries listed below: • USA • Russia • Japan • Austria • Denmark • England • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Italy • The Netherlands • Poland • Switzerland • Canada • Australia • Sri Lanka • Israel The USA accounts for 60% of the total number of articles published and is by far the largest participant in 3He research. Japan, the European Community, and Russia are the other substantial contributors to worldwide publications.

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Over the past six years, research into 3He fusion and resources has increased dramatically. In the years 1988-1994, 467 articles have been published. This is over half the total number of articles published since the discovery of 3He in 1939 by Louis Alvarez and Robert Cornog. [3,4] The 3He fusion reaction has long been known to produce fewer neutrons than the standard DT fusion reaction. However, since large amounts of 3He were unavailable to fuel a potential fusion reactor, research in the field was not encouraged. Since 1986, the renewed interest in 3He fusion has made it a legitimate contender for a clean and safe energy source.

III. Reactor Research There are 321 articles on 3He reactors and many different reactor schemes that utilize 3He in their fuel cycles. A short review is given on the articles published for the reactor types: Tokamak reactors, Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) reactors, Mirror reactors, Inertial Electrostatic Fusion (IEF) reactors, Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) reactors, Self Colliding reactors, and Advanced reactors. First, it is helpful to look at the overall picture of reactor article trends. First, virtually every 3He fusion reactor article is based on the D-3He fusion reaction. This reaction is promising practically, as well as for its low neutron output. The other main 3He fusion reaction is the 3He-3He reaction; 3He + 3He ∅ p + p + 4He Q = 12.9 MeV however only five articles have been written on this type of fusion reactor. This reaction produces no neutrons and is therefore radiation free. The 3He-3He reaction is currently difficult to sustain but it remains a viable long term goal for a radiation free fusion reaction. Second, we can see from Figure 2 that the total number of 3He reactor articles has greatly increased over the past six years due to the discovery of the aforementioned 3He source on the moon. The number of reactor articles published over the last six years (194) accounts for 64% of the total articles. The interest and research in the 3He reactor field continues to grow because it has proven itself as a plausible design for a working reactor. All areas of 3He fusion reactor research should be continued as they are all important to the further understanding of the practicality of 3He fusion. The breakdown of 3He reactor articles by reactor type is seen in Figure 3. Tokamaks Tokamak research has consistently been the area of largest interest throughout the fusion community and that trend continues in the field of 3He reactors. The 138 articles

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published in the 3He tokamak reactor area is almost one half the total number of reactor articles published. Over the past five years the number of articles published per year in this field has more than tripled. The article publishing trend is seen in Figure 4, the noticeable jump in articles in the past six years is clearly visible. FRC Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) is the second leading article generator with 48 articles published. Fusion of 3He ions is particularly well suited for the FRC, fueling the research trend in this area. Research into 3He FRC reactors virtually began in 1986; coinciding with the discovery of the 3He resource on the moon. Japan is particularly strong in FRC research as can be seen in Figure 5. Japan accounts for one third of the articles published on FRC research. Mirror Magnetic Mirror reactors are also well suited to 3He fusion reactions, making this field the third most published area with 46 articles. Magnetic Mirror reactors have been studied for a long time; the first D-3He mirror reactor was suggested in 1962.[5] However research in the 3He mirror field had been sporadic until a resurgence occurred in 1986. The "rediscovery" of the 3He resource on the moon has also clearly benefited the Magnetic Mirror field. Figure 6 shows the 3He Mirror reactor articles published over the last 30 years. IEF Inertial Electrostatic Fusion (IEF) was first demonstrated as a potential reactor concept in 1967 by Robert Hirsch while working for the Farnsworth Corporation.[6] Different from most fusion reactor concepts, the traditional IEF does not rely on magnets to confine a plasma. Instead it works electrostatically by attracting ions into a potential well, thereby accelerating them to high energy levels. At the center of this well, the high energy ions collide and fuse. Modern IEF designs, such as the Polywell™, use cusp type low magnetic fields to confine electrons and generate a virtual cathode. The 3He-3He reaction, which requires high ion energies (several 100 keV), could conceivably run on an IEF reactor. The IEF fusion reactor using 3He is a recent idea, only 20 articles have been written on the subject in the past seven years. ICF Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is less suited to 3He fusion than most other reactor designs due to the physics associated with compressing solid targets. However, the

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benefits of stable reactants and a mostly aneutronic reactor have not been ignored. There have been 30 articles published in this field since 1978. Self-Collider A Self-Collider reactor uses high energy ion beams directed into each other in an attempt to achieve fusion collisions. The ions streams are redirected after the point of intersection into a loop so that there are at least two continuous high-energy ion beams in loops that intersect at one or more points. The MIGMA is a good example of a Self-Colliding reactor. There are 15 articles published on Self-Colliders. Advanced Advanced concept reactors are those that either require technology levels well above that currently available, or are so novel that there is not a substantial body of experimental work to review. There are 24 articles on advanced type reactors. Figure 7 is a combined graph showing the 3He reactor articles published for IEF, ICF, Self-Colliders, and Advanced type reactors. IV. He-3 Resources of the Earth and Space Overall, there are 335 articles on 3He resources in the current bibliography. Of these articles, 162 are concerned with terrestrial resources, 140 with lunar resources, and 54 with space (non-lunar) resources. Quick addition shows that 356 articles have been accounted for, however, since some articles contain information on terrestrial, lunar, and space resources, they are included in each category. Figure 8 shows the publishing trends for 3He resource articles over the past 52 years. The vast majority of the articles on terrestrial resources have been written since 1969. The earlier articles dealt more with the initial discovery of the isotope than with measurable quantities. Since the '60's many articles have been written about measured quantities of 3He on Earth as found in oceanic basalt's and crusts, volcanic gases, and natural gas wells. Unfortunately, there have not been measurements of sizable quantities of 3He on Earth. The use of 3He in fusion was first suggested in 1962. The lack of this rare gas in sizable quantities had prevented a significant experimental program from being initiated. In addition, the lack of known 3He quantities has also prevented D-3He fusion from gaining mainstream acceptance in the governmental and political communities. The advantage of a D-3He cycle were so compelling that fusion scientists began to look beyond the earth for this rare isotope. Wittenberg et al. [2] were the first to suggest the moon as the closest source of commercial quantities of 3He and were also the first to

7

make the correlation between D-3He fusion and 3He on the moon. Interestingly, the presence of 3He on the moon has been known since the 1969 Apollo 11 mission and the subsequent published results of the Lunar Sample Preliminary Examination Team later that same year. [7] The seventeen year span between the original 1969 discovery and the 1986 "rediscovery" emphasizes the need for thorough background searches before embarking on new experimental programs. Articles on 3He resources have been published at a high rate since 1986. Along with potential resources on the moon, it has been suggested that even greater quantities of 3He exist on other planets such as Mars and Jupiter. It is these other sources that comprise the articles that fall under the category of Space Resources.

Terrestrial Resources At the present time 162 sources concerning terrestrial sources of 3He have been found and their publishing trend is shown in Figure 9. Terrestrial resources include all sources of 3He on Earth. Articles dealing with this subject have been written since 1941 starting with R.D. Hill's article on the production of 3He. [8] However, the vast majority of articles (153 of 161) have been written since 1969. Lunar Resources There are 140 references to lunar 3He resources, 117 of which have been written since 1986 when the Wittenberg et al.[2] article was first published. Figure 10 shows the breakdown for lunar resource articles. Prior to 1986 the articles dealt with the original discovery of 3He on the moon during the Apollo 11 mission. The first publication that mentioned the presence of 3He on the lunar surface was written by the Lunar Sample Preliminary Examination Team in 1969. [7] Since 1986, 3He lunar resources articles have primarily dealt with the retrieval of the isotope from the moon and the quantities that actually exist there. Space Resources There are 54 references to space resources of 3He as shown in Figure 11. Space resources are those found on neither the Earth or Moon. The articles may deal with 3He found on Mars, Jupiter and other planets, or on meteorites. More than two-thirds of the articles that deal with space resources have been published since 1986 (39 of 54). V. He-3 Propulsion

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Space propulsion via the D-3He fusion reaction has garnered much interest over the years. As evidenced by the 52 articles published over a span of 30 years, the idea behind D-3He fusion propulsion has long been known. Figure 12 displays this publishing trend for fusion propulsion articles. The first article citing D-3He as a possible fuel for fusion space propulsion appeared in 1961 by J.R. Roth. [9] Since that time, approximately one article a year appeared in scholarly journals until 1989. However, the period from 1989-1994 has seen 35 of the 52 articles on D-3He propulsion written. Now that a viable source of 3He has been found, D-3He propulsion and exploration of our solar system have become distinct possibilities.

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VI. Keywords The following is a list of the keywords used to define the numerous different article types found in the 3He research field. There are 29 keywords altogether. Keyword Definition Code Plasma physics or power balance computer code articles. Cross-section 3He cross sectional data. D-He3 Articles on D-3He fusion. DEC Direct Energy Converter articles. Detection 3He detection. Includes lunar detection, detection on other

planets and detection of terrestrial resources. Economic Economic aspects of acquiring 3He and building 3He fusion

reactors. Economic comparisons to other power sources. Energy Energy resources of 3He and the energy costs involved in

acquiring those resources. Environment Environmental concerns dealing with 3He. Fueling Reactor fueling concepts such as advanced fuels and fuel

injection into plasmas. Does NOT include 3He fuel resources.

He3-He3 Articles on 3He-3He fusion. Legal Legal aspects of acquiring and/or using 3He. Lunar Lunar resources, lunar detection, etc. Articles dealing

specifically with lunar considerations only. Mining Lunar mining of 3He resources. Miscellaneous Unknown type keyword. Physics Articles with emphasis on physics issues such as D-3He

plasmas or spin polarization of 3He nuclei. Propulsion Space fusion propulsion using 3He fusion reactions. Radiation Damage Damage to reactor parts due to D-3He fusion reactions. Radioactivity Activation of reactor due to D-3He fusion reactions. Reactor General keyword for all reactor types, included with the

following seven keywords. Advanced Advanced concept reactors. FRC Field-reversed configuration reactors. ICF Inertial confinement fusion reactors. IEC Inertial-electrostatic confinement reactors. Mirror Mirror reactor devices. Self-collider Self-colliding reactors. Tokamak Tokamak reactors. Safety Articles on 3He reactor safety. Space Space applications or 3He resources. Does NOT include

lunar resources or lunar applications. Terrestrial Articles on terrestrial 3He resources.

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VII. Newspapers and Magazines Newspapers There have been 28 original newspaper articles in 17 different newspapers in 13 cities written on 3He fusion and resources. All but one article is from the U.S., that being from Canada. It is assumed that other articles have been written about 3He in other cities and countries, but only those that were brought to the author's attention were listed. Popular Magazines There are 32 articles published on 3He in popular magazines over the period from 1982-1994. Popular press interest in 3He started in 1986, with 31 of the 32 articles printed since that time. This coincides with the discovery of the moon as a vast 3He resource. VIII. Conclusions From the discovery of 3He in 1939 by Luis Alvarez, [3,4] to the first 3He fusion reactor design in 1962, [5] to the discovery of large quantities of 3He on the moon in 1986, [2] 3He has become a major research topic in the quest for a clean and safe energy alternative for the future power needs of the world. Research into 3He fusion and resources has spanned four continents and nineteen countries. To facilitate and expand research in this field, a comprehensive list of all the work completed in the 3He field was needed. This concentration of all research in one location provides a vast resource to be tapped by future scientists. Acknowledgement The authors wish to acknowledge the partial financial support of this work from NASA through the Center for Commercial Development of Space Program. Funds from the Grainger Corporation are also gratefully acknowledged.

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IX. References [1] Kulcinski, G.L.; Schmitt, H.H. “Fusion Power from Lunar Resources.” Fusion Technology 21 (4 1992): 2221-9. [2] Wittenberg, L.J.; Santarius, J.F. and Kulcinski, G.L. “Lunar source of 3He for commercial fusion power.” Fusion Technology 10 (2, pt 1 1986): 167-78. [3] Alvarez, L.W.; Cornog, R. “He3 in Helium.” Physical Review 56 (1939): 379. [4] Alvarez, L.W.; Cornog, R. “Helium and Hydrogen of Mass 3.” Physical Review 56 (1939): 613. [5] Post, R.F. “Critical conditions for self-sustaining reactions in the mirror machine.” Nuclear Fusion: 1962 Supplement (Part I 1962): 99-123. [6] Hirsch, R. “Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of Ionized Fusion Gases.” Journal of Applied Physics 38 (11 1967): 4522-34. [7] “Preliminary Examination of Lunar Samples from Apollo 11.” Science 165 (1969): 1211-1227. [8] Hill, R.D. “Production of Helium-3.” Physical Review 59 (1941): 103. [9] Roth, J.R. “A preliminary study of thermonuclear rocket propulsion.” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 18 (1961): 99-109.

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APPENDICES

A-C

Appendix A I. Helium-3 Fusion Bibliography An alphabetical listing of articles on 3He fusion topics. II. Helium-3 Resources Bibliography An alphabetical listing of articles on 3He resources of earth, moon, and space. Appendix B Chronological listing of bbiliography references from past to present. Appendix C Newspaper and popular magazine articles arranged alphabetically by author.

APPENDIX A

A-I-1

APPENDIX I: Fusion and Resources Bibliography Appendix I divides articles on 3He fusion and articles on 3He resources of earth, moon, and space. This generates two lists arranged in alphabetical order by author. I. Helium-3 Fusion Bibliography [1] SOAR: Space Orbiting Advanced Fusion Reactor. published by UW-Madison, FTI, UWFDM-635, 1985. [2] Fusion Safety Program Status Report Apr.-June 1986. published by Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 1986. [3] Design of D-3He Commercial Tokamak. published by Univ. Wisconsin-Madison, DE90-008252; DOE/ER-52158/1, 1989. [4] First Wisconsin Symposium on D-3He Fusion. published by UW-Madison FTI, UWFDM-843, 1990. [5] “Neutron Lean Fusion (Panel Discussion).” p. 24P In Colloquium on Energy Technology and Sustainable Development: Long Range R&D Opportunities in Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, 1991. [6] Alava, M.J.; Karttunen, S.J. and Salomaa, R.R.E. “Bootstrap Drive of D-3He Tokamak Reactors.” p. 197-201 In Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989, ICENES '89 in Singapore, edited by U. von Mollendorff and B. Goel, published by World Scientific, 1989. [7] Allred, J.C. “Differential cross section of the reaction He3(d,p)He4 at 10.2-MeV Bombarding Energy and Search for Excited State in He4.” Physical Review 84 (1951): 695-99. [8] Attaya, H.M.; Sawan, M.E. and Kulcinski, G.L. “Waste Disposal of Candidate Structural Materials in Fusion Reactors Utilizing Different Fuel Cycles.” Fusion Technology 22 (1 1992): 115-23. [9] Atzeni, S.; Coppi, B. “Ignition Experiments for Neutronless Fusion Reactions.” Comments on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 6 (2 1980): 77-90. [10] Atzeni, S.; Coppi, B. and Rubinacci, B. “Ignition Experiments with Advanced Fusion Fuels.” p. 417-437 In Unconventional Approaches to Fusion edited by B. Brunelli and G.G. Leotta, published by Plenus, NY, 1982. [11] Atzeni, S.; Vlad, G. Contribution to the energy balance and transport in an advanced fuel tokamak reactor. published by NTIS, PC A09/MF A01; DE86780428; CONF-8509215, 1985. [12] Baehr, A.; Brzosko, J.S.; Rager, J.P.; Robouch, B.V. and Steinmetz, K. “Experiments with D-3He Mixture in a 1 MJ Plasma Focus Device.” p. 60 In IEEE Int. Conf. Plasma Science in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1981. [13] Baker, C.C.; Bolon, A.; Clemmer, R.; Evans, K., Jr.; Jung, J.; Smith, D.; Turner, L.; Smith, R.; Boley, C.; Blue, T.; DeVeaux, J.; Driemeyer, D.; Metzger, J.; Miley, G. and Tetly, W. The impact of alternate fusion fuels on fusion reactor technology. published by Argonne, ANL/FPP/TM-128, 1979. [14] Baker, C.C.; Bolon, A.; Clemmer, R.; Evans, K., Jr.; Jung, J.; Smith, D.; Turner, L.; Smith, R.; Boley, C.; Blue, T.; DeVeaux, J.; Driemeyer, D.; Metzger, J.; Miley, G. and Tetly, W. “Fusion reactor technology impact of alternate fusion fuels.” p. 861-8 In 8th Symposium on Engineering Problems of Fusion Research in San Francisco, CA, published by IEEE, 1980.

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[15] Barnes, D.C.; Fernandez, J.C. and Rej, D.J. “Summary of the U.S.-Japan workshop on field-reversed configurations with steady-state high-temperature fusion plasmas.” Fusion Technology 18 (Aug. 1990): 151-152. [16] Bathke, C.; Towner, H. and Miley, G.H. “Fusion power by non-Maxwellian ions in D-T, D-D, D-3He and p-11B systems.” Transactions of the American Nuclear Society 17 (1973): 41-2. [17] Bathke, C.G.; Werley, K.A.; Miller, R.L.; Krakowski, R.A. and Santarius, J.F. The ARIES-3 D-He-3 tokamak reactor: Design-point determination and parametric studies. published by Los Alamos National Lab, NM, DE92-002422; LA-UR-91-3171; CONF-910968-35, 1991. [18] Bathke, C.G.; Werley, K.A.; Miller, R.L.; Krakowski, R.A. and Santarius, J.F. “Parametric Analysis of the ARIES-III D-3He Tokamak Reactor.” p. 321 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [19] Bazdenkov, S.V.; Bespoludennov, S.G.; Osipenko, M.V.; Pistunovich, V.I. and Pogutse, O.P. On the energy conversion in a D-3He Tokamak. published by I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, 1992. [20] Beller, D.E.; Jacobson, J.M.; Miley, G.H.; Petra, M. and Shaban, Y. “Parametric design study of a nuclear-pumped laser-driven inertial confinement fusion power plant.” Laser and Particle Beams 11 (3 1993): 537-48. [21] Beller, D.E.; Whitworth, F., Jr. and Miley, G.H. “Parametric Design Space and Nuclear Analysis of a Nuclear-pumped-laser-driven ICF reactor.” Fusion Technology 15 (2, pt 2A 1989): 772-777. [22] Bencze, G. “Electron Screening Effects in Low-energy Fusion Reactions.” Nuclear Physics A A492 (3 1989): 459-72. [23] Berk, H.L. Fusion: Magnetic confinement. published by Texas Univ., Austin, Inst. for Fusion Studies, DE92-019876; IFSR-565; DOE/ET-53088/565, 1992. [24] Berk, H.L.; Momota, H. and Tajima, T. “Plasma current sustained by fusion charged particles in a field-reversed configuration.” Physics of Fluids 30 (11 1987): 3548-65. [25] Bespoludennov, S.G.; Khripunov, V.I. and Pistunovich, V.I. “D-3He Tokamak-Reactor Parameter Optimization.” p. 1A2 In Proceedings of the Workshop on D-He3 Based Reactor Studies in Moscow, Russia, 1991. [26] Bespoludennov, S.G.; Khripunov, V.I.; Pistunovich, V.I.; Emmert, G.A.; Santarius, J.F. and Kulcinski, G.L. “D-3He Tokamak - Reactor.” In Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1992 published by IAEA, 1992. [27] Bespoludennov, S.G.; Pistunovich, V.I. and Hripunov, V.I. “The Optimisation of D-3He Reactor-Tokamak Parameters.” In SU-USA Workshop in Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, Moscow, 1991. [28] Best, R.W. “Conferences and symposia aneutronic power.” Nuclear Fusion 29 (9 1989): 1635-7. [29] Best, R.W.B. “Advanced Fusion Fuel Cycles.” Fusion Technology 17 (4 1990): 661-5. [30] Betts, D.S.; Leduc, M. “Polarised helium: method and applications.” Annales de Physique 11 (3 1986): 267-96. [31] Blake, E.M. “Side topics evident at fusion topical.” Nuclear News (1986): 107-109.

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[32] Blum, A.S.; Barr, W.L.; Dexter, W.L.; Fink, J.H.; Moir, R.W. and Wilcox, T.P. “Design study of a 120-keV 3He neutral beam injector.” Journal of Fusion Energy 1 (1 1981): 69-86. [33] Bonner, T.W.; Conner, J.P. and Lillie, A.B. “Cross section and angular distribution of the He3(d,p)He4 nuclear reaction.” Physical Review 88 (3 1952): 473-6. [34] Bosch, H.-S.; Hale, G.M. “Improved formulas for fusion cross-sections and thermal reactivities.” Nuclear Fusion 32 (4 1992): 611-31. [35] Bowman, C.D. Prospects for Reactor Reactivity Control Using Lasers. published by Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-UR-89-64, 1989. [36] Boyd, D.A.; Campbell, D.J.; Cordey, J.G.; Core, W.G.F.; Christiansen, J.P.; Cottrell, G.A.; Eriksson, L.-G.; Hellsten, T.; Jacquinot, J.J.; Jarvis, O.N.; Kissel, S.E.; Lowry, C.; Nielsen, P.; Sadler, G.; Start, D.F.H.; Thomas, P.R.; van Belle, P. and Wesson, J.A. “3He-d Fusion Reaction Rate Measurements During fast-wave Heating Experiments in JET.” Nuclear Fusion 29 (4 1989): 593-604. [37] Braams, C.M. “Fuels for Fusion Reactors.” Energiespectrum 16 (5 1992): 99-102. [38] Brereton, S.J.; Massidda, J.E. and Kazimi, M.S. “Safety Comparison of Fusion Fuel Cycles.” Fusion Technology 15 (2, pt 2B 1989): 996-1002. [39] Brolley, J.E., Jr.; Fowler, J.L. and Stovall, E.J., Jr. “The Angular Distribution of the Products of the T(d,n)He4 Reaction.” Physical Review 82 (1951): 502-5. [40] Brown, R.E.; Jarmie, N. “Hydrogen fusion-energy reactions.” Radiation Effects 92 (1-4 1986): 45-57. [41] Brunelli, B. Driven Magnetic Fusion Reactors. published by Erice International School of Fusion Reactor Technology, pub. Pergason, Oxford, 1979. [42] Brunelli, B.; Leotta, G.G. Unconventional Approaches to Fusion. published by Erice International School of Fusion Reactor Technology, pub. Plenum, NY, 1982. [43] Brzosko, J.S.; Rager, J.P.; Robouch, B.V.; Bahr, A.H.; Klapdor, H.V.; Andersson, E. and Herges, P. “Measurements of the D(d,n) and 3He(d,p) reaction yields for the 1-MJ plasma focus device operating with a D2-3He gas mixture.” Nuclear Technology/Fusion 4 (2 pt1 1983): 263-276. [44] Budker, G.I. p. 25 In Plasma Physics and the Problems of Containing Thermonuclear Reactions published by Pergamon, London, 1959. [45] Burtsev, V.A.; al, e. “D-3He Fueled Quasistationary Fusion System Based on FRC.” voprosy atomnoi nauki i tekhniki, Ser. Thermonuclear Fusion 1 (1989): 46. [46] Burtsev, V.A.; Artyugina, I.M.; Izotova, A.V.; Kantan, V.V.; Kozhevin, V.M.; Krivosheev, M.V.; Litunovsky, V.N. and Slabikov, V.A. “D-3He Fueled Fusion Power Plant Based on the Pulsatory Field-Reversed Configuration.” Fusion Technology 21 (4 1992): 2324-31. [47] Burtsev, V.A.; Gus'kov, S.Y.; Il'in, D.V.; Levkovsky, A.A.; Rozanov, V.B.; Sherman, V.E.; Starbunov, Y.N. and Zmitrenko, N.V. “Mathematical modeling of the thermonuclear burning in DHe3 targets with D-T ignition.” Laser and Particle Beams 11 (4 1993): 669-77. [48] Burtsev, V.A.; Kozhevin, V.M.; Litunovsky, V.N.; Drozdov, A.A.; Viknyanshchuk, N.A.; Ovchinnikov, I.B. and Soldatov, A.E. “The PULSATOR Concept as a Possible Technique for Formation of a Field-Reversed Configuration.” Fusion Technology 21 (4 1992): 2332-45.

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[49] Burtsev, V.M.; Kozhevin, V.M. and Litunovsky, V.N. “Pulsator Concept. Quasistationary FRC Formation.” p. 1B4 In Proceedings of the Workshop on D-He3 Based Reactor Studies in Moscow, Russia, 1991. [50] Bussard, R.W. "Method and Apparatus for Controlling Charged Particles." Patent No. 4,826,646, p. 32, May 2, 1989. [51] Bussard, R.W. “Fusion as Electric Propulsion.” Journal of Propulsion (Sept.-Oct. 1990): 567-74. [52] Bussard, R.W. “Some physics considerations of magnetic inertial-electrostatic confinement: a new concept for spherical converging-flow fusion.” Fusion Technology 19 (Mar. 1991): 273-93. [53] Bussard, R.W. The QED Engine System: Direct-Energy Fusion-powered Rocket Propulsion Systems. published by Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation, Manassas, VA, EMC2-0892-03, 1992. [54] Bussard, R.W.; Jameson, L.W. “Design Considerations for Clean QED Fusion Propulsion Systems.” p. 1289 In Eleventh Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion edited by M. El-Genk, published by American Institute of Physics, 1993. [55] Bussard, R.W.; Jameson, L.W. “Inertial-Electrostatic-Fusion (IEF) from D to 3He: A Practical Strategy for Fusion Development.” p. 241 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on Helium-3 and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [56] Bussard, R.W.; Jameson, L.W. “Design Considerations for Clean QED Fusion Propulsion Systems.” p. 1289-96 In 11th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion in Albuquerque, NM, edited by M.S. El-Genk, published by American Institute of Physics, 1994. [57] Bussard, R.W.; King, K.E. Bremmstrahlung and synchrotron radiation losses in Polywelltm systems. published by Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation, Manassas, VA, EMC2-1291-02, 1991. [58] Bussard, R.W.; King, K.E. Bremmstrahlung radiation losses in Polywelltm systems. published by Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation, Manassas, VA, EMC2-0891-04, 1991. [59] Bussard, R.W.; King, K.E. Electron Current, Beta Limit Line Operation and Power Balance in WB Mode. published by Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation, Manassas, VA, EMC2-0891-02, 1991. [60] Campbell, R.B.; Hoffman, M.A. and Logan, B.G. Microwave superheaters for fusion. published by TRW, Inc., Redondo Beach, CA, DE88-001656; UCRL-96720; CONF-871007-27, 1987. [61] Carlton, R.F. “A Determination of the Absolute Cross Section for the 3He(d,p)4He Reaction.” University of Georgia, 1970. [62] Carpenter, S.A.; Deveny, M.E. “Overview of the Mirror Fusion Propulsion System (MFPS): An Optimized Open Magnetic Field Configuration Using D-3He.” p. 279 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [63] Carpenter, S.A.; Deveny, M.E.; Schulze, N.R.; Gatti, R.C. and Peters, M.B. “Assessing the Mirror Fusion Propulsion System (MFPS) Concept as Applied to Outer-Solar-System (OSS) Missions.” p. 35-43 In 11th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion in Albuquerque, NM, edited by M.S. El-Genk, published by American Institute of Physics, 1994. [64] Carpenter, S.A.; Deveny, M.E. and Vulpetti, G. “Assessing New Materials, Technologies, and Implementing Strategies for Space Fusion Propulsion as Applied to an Extra-Solar-System Mission.” p. 23-

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34 In 11th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion in Albuquerque, NM, edited by M.S. El-Genk, published by American Institute of Physics, 1994. [65] Casini, G. “Feasibility aspects of the D-3He fuel cycle in tokamak power reactors.” p. 159-72 In Safety, Environmental Impact, and Economic Prospects of Nuclear Fusion in Erice, edited by B. Brunelli and H. Knoepful, published by Plenum, 1989. [66] Casini, G. “Safety and Environmental Aspects of D-3He Fusion Power Reactor Plants.” p. 711-30 In Tritium and Advanced Fuels in Fusion Reactors in Italy, edited by G. Bonizzoni and E. Sindoni, published by Editrice Compositori; Bologna, Italy, 1990. [67] Casini, G. “Trends in Nuclear Systems Design and Analysis.” Fusion Engineering and Design 18 (1991): 187-94. [68] Chapman, R.; Miley, G.H.; Kernbichler, W. and Heindler, M. “Fusion Space Propulsion with a Field Reversed Configuration.” Fusion Technology 15 (2, pt 2B 1989): 1154-9. [69] Chen, F.F. “Multipoles and Surmacs I: Physics.” p. 333-359 In Unconventional Approaches to Fusion edited by B. Brunelli and G.G. Leotta, published by Plenum, NY, 1982. [70] Chen, F.F. “Multipoles and Surmacs II: Engineering.” p. 361-377 In Unconventional Approaches to Fusion edited by B. Brunelli and G.G. Leotta, published by Plenum, NY, 1982. [71] Cheng, E.T.; Berk, S.E. “Review of Nuclear Data Needs Activities for Fusion Reactor Technology.” Transactions of the American Nuclear Society 63 (1991): 165-7. [72] Choi, C.K. Proceedings of the Review Meeting on Advanced-Fuel Fusion. published by EPRI, ER-536-SR, 1977. [73] Choi, C.K. Nuclear spin polarization of advanced fusion fuels. published by Astronautics Laboratory (AFSC), AL-TR-89-036, 1989. [74] Choi, C.K. Engineering considerations for the self-energizing magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) - type fusion plasma thruster. published by Phillips Laboratory, PL-TR--91-3087, 1992. [75] Choi, C.K.; Gilligan, J.G. and Miley, G.H. SAFFIRE--A D-3He Pilot Plant Concept. published by UI-Urbana, ER-645-1, 1979. [76] Choi, C.K.; Hsiao, M.Y. “Effect of nuclear elastic scattering on energetic-fusion product slowing down.” Nuclear Fusion 23 (2 1983): 195-200. [77] Chrien, R.E.; Colestock, P.L.; Eubank, H.P.; Hosea, J.C.; Hwang, D.Q.; Strachan, J.D. and Thompson, H.R., Jr. “Observation of d-3He fusion reactions in a Tokamak plasma.” Physical Review Letters 46 (8 1981): 535-8. [78] Chrien, R.E.; Strachan, J.D. “D-3He reaction measurements during fast wave minority heating in the PLT Tokamak experiment.” Physics of Fluids 26 (7 1983): 1953-64. [79] Christofilos, N.C. “Design for a high power-density astron reactor.” Journal of Fusion Energy 8 (1/2 1989): 93-105. [80] Chu, Y.; Najmabadi, F. and Conn, R.W. “Self-consistent study of fusion products slowing down in burning plasmas.” Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 27 (8 1985): 847-54. [81] Chuyanov, V.A. “Routes to controlled fusion on the basis of tokamaks.” Plasma Devices and Operations 1 (1990): 5-10.

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[82] Conn, R.W. “Plasma parametric studies and potential applications of driven fusion reactors. I. Parametric plasma analysis of two component and Maxwellian amplifiers (TCA and MFA). II. Advanced fusion fuels (D-3He) operated in the MFA mode as reactors and D-T burn simulators. III. Applications of driven Tokamaks. The engineering test reactor and fission-fusion hybrids.” p. 297-345 In Driven Magnetic Fusion Reactors in Erice-Trapani, Italy, published by Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. [83] Conn, R.W. “ARIES-III: D/He-3, Second Stability, Tokamak.” p. 211 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [84] Conn, R.W.; Shuy, G.W.; Kerst, D.; Sviatoslavsky, I.N.; Sze, D.K.; Arnush, D.; Cole, A.J.; Gordon, J.D.; Heflinger, L.; Samec, T.; Steele, W.; Baker, C.C.; Bolon, A.; Clemmer, R.G.; Jung, J.; Smith, D.L.; Miley, G.; Blue, T.; De Veaux, J.; Driemeyer, D.E.; Gilligan, J.; Metzger, J. and Tetley, N. “Alternate Fusion Fuel Cycle Research.” p. 621-31 In Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research in Brussels, published by IAEA, 1980. [85] Coppi, B. “Near-term experiments on fusion burn conditions for neutronless reactions.” Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 271 (1 1988): 2-3. [86] Coppi, B. “Near-Term Experiments on D-3He Burning.” p. 195 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [87] Coppi, B.; Sugiyama, L.E. Questions in advanced fuel fusion. published by MIT, PTP-88/6, 1988. [88] Coppi, B.; Detragiache, P.; Migliuolo, S. and Nassi, M. “D-3He Burning, Second Stability Region, and the Ignitor Experiment.” Fusion Technology 25 (May 1994): 353-67. [89] Cordey, J.G.; Marcus, F.B.; Sweetman, D.R. and Watson, C.J.H. “Efficient re-circulation of power in mirror reactors.” p. 353-72 In 49th conference on plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research 1971 in Madison, WI, published by IAEA, 1971. [90] Cottrell, G.A.; Sadler, G.; van Belle, P.; Campbell, D.J.; Cordey, J.G.; Core, W.; Hellsten, T.; Jacquinot, J.; Kissel, S.; Start, D.F.H.; Thomas, P.R. and Wesson, J. “Study of ICRF driven fusion reactivity.” [91] Cottrell, G.A.; Start, D.F.H. “A Large-orbit Model of Fast Ion Slowing Down During ICRH: comparison with JET data.” Nuclear Fusion 31 (1 1991): 61-71. [92] Cox, L.T., Jr. Thermonuclear cross section and reaction rate parameter data compilation. published by Phillips Laboratory, AL-TR--90-053, 1991. [93] Cox, L.T.; Mead, F.B., Jr. and Choi, C.K. “Thermonuclear reaction listing with cross-section data for four advanced reactions.” Fusion Technology 18 (Sept. 1990): 325-39. [94] Crandall, D.H. “My Perspective on D-3He Fusion.” p. 95 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [95] Cripps, G. “Summary of the fifth international conference on emerging nuclear energy systems, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany, July 3-6, 1989.” Fusion Technology 17 (March 1990): 356-9.

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[96] Dabiri, A.E. “Overview of D-3He fusion reactions.” Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment A271 (1 1988): 71-78. [97] Dabiri, A.E. “Thermal Energy Conversion Systems Overview for Fusion Reactors.” Fusion Technology 16 (2 1989): 211-224. [98] Dabiri, A.E. “Energy Conversion Systems Design for Fusion Reactors.” Fusion Technology 15 (2, pt 2B 1989): 1275-80. [99] Dabiri, A.E.; Shuy, G.W. and Dobrott, D. “A conceptual 3He breeder reactor.” Transactions of the American Nuclear Society 46 (1984): 257-9. [100] Dawson, J.M. “Advanced Fusion Reactors.” Fusion 1 (part B 1981): 453-501. [101] Dawson, J.M. “Nonenergy Applications for Fusion.” Fusion Technology 22 (1 1992): 98-102. [102] Dawson, J.M. “Non-Energy Applications for Fusion.” p. 127 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [103] Degtyarev, L.M.; Medvedev, S.Y. “Ideally MHD Stable Equilibria with High Beta in Tokamak.” p. 1D1 In Proceedings of the Workshop on D-He3 Based Reactor Studies in Moscow, Russia, 1991. [104] Deng, B.Q. “A Scoping Analysis of Operating Physical Parameters for a D-3He Fueled Tokamak Commercial Reactor (In Chinese).” Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering 13 (2 1993): [105] Deng, B.Q.; Emmert, G.A. “High Aspect Ratio D-3He Tokamak Reactors.” p. 1354 In The 12th Symposium on Fusion Engineering in Monterey, CA, published by IEEE, 1987. [106] Deng, B.Q.; Emmert, G.A. “Feasibility Study of D-3He Fusion Power.” Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics 9 (4 1989): 213-20. [107] Deng, B.Q.; Emmert, G.A. “Fast Ion Pressure in Fusion Plasma.” Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics 9 (3 1989): 136-41. [108] Deng, B.Q.; Feng, K.M. “Activation and Waste Disposal Issues for the D-3He Fueled Fusion Reactor Mooncity (In Chinese).” Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering 13 (2 1993): 164. [109] DeVeaux, J.C.; Greenspan, E. and Miley, G.H. “Nuclear elastic scattering effects on fusion product transport in the FRM.” Transactions of the American Nuclear Society 38 (1981): 215-16. [110] Deveny, M.E.; Carpenter, S.A. “System-Engineering Methods and Design Decisions for the Mirror Fusion Propulsion System (MFPS).” p. 1325-33 In 11th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion in Albuquerque, NM, edited by M.S. El-Genk, published by American Institute of Physics, 1994. [111] Di Nicola, C.; Fubini, A. and Pedretti, E. “Neutron production rates vs. time during startup of the tritium-assisted D-3He CIT (compact ignition torus) machine.” p. 860-865 In 12th Symposium on Fusion Engineering in Monterey, CA, published by IEEE New York, NY, 1987. [112] Digregorio, D.E.; Lesko, K.T.; Harmon, B.A.; Pouliot, J.; Sur, B.; Chan, Y.D. and Stokstad, R.G. Lower limit for the average angular momentum leading to fusion. published by Cal. Univ., Berkeley; Lawrence Berkeley Lab., DE90-004027; LBL-27654; CONF-8908129-4, 1989.

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[299] Taylor, L.A. “Evidence of Helium-3 on the Moon: Model Assumptions and Abundances.” p. 49 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [300] Taylor, L.A. “Helium-3 on the Moon: Model Assumptions and Abundances.” p. 678-686 In Space '94 in Albuquerque, edited by R.G. Galloway and S. Lokaj, published by ASCE, 1994. [301] Taylor, L.A.; Oder, R.R. “Magnetic Beneficiation of Highland and Hi-Ti Mare Soils: Rock, Mineral, and Glassy Components.” p. 143-152 In Space 90 in Albuquerque, NM, edited by S.W. Johnson and J.P. Wetzel, published by American Society of Engineers, 1990. [302] Teller, E.; Glass, A.J.; Fowler, T.K.; Hasegawa, A. and Santarius, J.F. “Space Propulsion by Fusion in a Magnetic Dipole.” Fusion Technology 22 (1992): 82. [303] Thompson, H.E. “Cost of 3He from the Moon.” p. 159 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [304] Tolstikhin, I.N. “Helium Isotopes in the Earth's Interior and in the Atmosphere: A Degassing Model of the Earth.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 26 (1975): 88-96. [305] Tolstikhin, I.N.; Drubetskoi, E.R. “The isotopic ratios of 3He/4He and 4He/40Ar in the rocks of the Earth's crust.” Geokhimiya 8 (1975): [306] Tolstikhin, I.N.; Drubetskoy, E.R. “The 3He/4He and (4He/40Ar)rad isotope ratios for the earth's crust.” Geochestrt International 12 (1975): 133-145. [307] Tolstikhin, I.N.; Mamyrin, B.A.; Khabarin, L.B. and Erlikh, E.N. “Isotope Composition of Helium in Ultrabasic Xenoliths from Volcanic Rocks of Kamchatka.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 22 (1974): 75-84. [308] Tolstikhin, I.N.; Mamyrin, B.A. and Khabarin, L.V. “Anomalous Helium Isotopic Composition in Some Xenoliths.” Geochemistry International 9 (1972): 407-409. [309] Tolstikhin, I.N.; S.N., S. “Helium isotopes in gases of hot springs of the Kuil-Kamchatka volcanic zone.” Moskva (1973): 405-414. [310] Torgersen, T.; Jenkins, W.J. “Helium isotopes in geothermal systems: Iceland, The Geysers, Raft River and Steamboat Springs.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46 (1982): 739-748. [311] Torgerson, T.; Lupton, J.E.; Sheppard, D.S. and Giggenbach, W.F. “He isotope variations in the thermal areas of New Zealand.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 12 (1982): 283-298. [312] Trull, T.W.; Kurz, M.D. and Jenkins, W.J. “Diffusion of cosmogenic 3He in olivine and quartz: Implications for surface exposure dating.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 103 (1991): 241-256. [313] Turner, G.; Stuart, F. “Helium/heat ratios and deposition temperatures of sulphides from the ocean floor.” Nature 357 (1992): 581-583. [314] Vasil'ev, S.S.; Kocharov, G.E. and Levkovskii, A.A. “Nuclear reactions on the Sun and solar neutrinos.” Izvestiya Akademii Nauk 38 (9 1974): 1827-33. [315] Wakita, H.; Sano, Y. “3He/4He ratios in CH4-rich natural gases suggest magmatic origin.” Nature 305 (1983): 792-794.

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[316] Wakita, H.; Sano, Y. and Mizoue, M. “High 3He Emanation and Seismic Swarms Observed in a Nonvolcanic, Forearc Region.” Journal of Geophysical Research 92 (B12 1987): 12,539-12,546. [317] Weiss, R.F. “Helium Isotope Effect in Solution in Water and Seawater.” Science 168 (1970): 247-248. [318] Weiss, R.F. “Hydrothermal manganese in the deep sea: scavenging residence time and Mn/3He relationships.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37 (1977): 257. [319] Welhan, J.A.; Poreda, R.; Lupton, J.E. and Craig, H. “Gas chemistry and helium isotopes at Cerro Prieto.” p. 113-118 In 1st Symp. on the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field, Baja California, Mexico in San Diego, CA, published by Natl. Tech. Info. Serv., 1978. [320] Whitten, R. “NASA Perspective on Lunar Helium-3 Mining.” p. 25 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [321] Wiens, R.C.; Craig, H. “Neon, Argon, and Helium Isotopes in Olivine Phonocrysts from Ocean Island Basalts.” EOS 71 (1990): 1670. [322] Wilkes, W.R. 3He-4He Distillation Apparatus. published by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, MLM-2005, 1973. [323] Wilkes, W.R. “Potential 3He from the Moon.” p. 173 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [324] Wilkes, W.R.; Wittenberg, L.J. “Isotopic separation of He-3/He-4 from solar wind gases evolved from the lunar regolith.” p. 547 In 3rd International Conference on Engineering Construction and Operations in Space in Denver, CO, 1992. [325] Wittenberg, L.J. “Terrestrial Sources of Helium-3 Fusion Fuel - A Trip to the Center of the Earth.” Fusion Technology 15 (2, pt 2B 1989): 1108-13. [326] Wittenberg, L.J. “In-situ Release of Solar Wind Gases from Lunar Soil.” p. 537 In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space III in Denver, 1992. [327] Wittenberg, L.J. “Non-Lunar 3He Resources.” p. 179 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [328] Wittenberg, L.J. “In-situ Extraction of Lunar Soil Volatiles.” p. 687-696 In Space '94 in Albuquerque, NM, edited by R.G. Galloway and S. Lokaj, published by ASCE, 1994. [329] Wittenberg, L.J.; Cameron, E.N.; Kulcinski, G.L.; Ott, S.H.; Santarius, J.F.; Sviatoslavsky, G.I.; Sviatoslavsky, I.N. and Thompson, H.E. “A Review of 3He Resources and Acquisitions for Use as Fusion Fuel.” Fusion Technology 21 (4 1992): 2230-53. [330] Wittenberg, L.J.; Kulcinski, G.L. and Wilkes, W.R. “Transition to Environmentally Acceptable Fuels in the 21st Century.” p. 183-7 In Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989 in Karlsruhe, Germany, edited by U. von Mollendorff and B. Goel, published by World Scientific, 1989. [331] Wittenberg, L.J.; Santarius, J.F. and Kulcinski, G.L. “Lunar source of 3He for commercial fusion power.” Fusion Technology 10 (2, pt 1 1986): 167-78.

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[332] Wittenberg, L.J.; Santarius, J.F. and Kulcinski, G.L. “Helium-3 fusion fuel resources for space power.” p. 327-30 In New Mexico Univ., Transactions of the Fourth Symposium on Space Nuclear Power Systems 1987. [333] Yaniv, A.; Rao, M.N. and Venkatesen, T.R. “Solar-Flare Produced 3He in Lunar Samples.” Nature 292 (1981): 866. [334] Zakirov, U.N. The perspectives of solar system development by millilight spacecraft (SC) (fusion-powered space flight). published by IAF, International Astronautical Congress, 40th, Malaga, Spain, IAF PAPER 89-279, 1989. [335] Zartman, R.E.; Wasserburg, G.J. and Reynolds, J.H. “Helium, Argon, and Carbon in Some Natural Gases.” Journal of Geophysical Research 66 (1 1961): 277-303. [336] Zhitomirsky, J.S.; Mikheev, V.A. and Rudavsky, E.Y. “Analysis of Cryogenic Technology of Purification of the Lunar Helium and Separation of its Isotopes.” p. 2C4 In Proceedings of the Workshop on D-He3 Based Reactor Studies in Moscow, Russia, 1991.

APPENDIX B

B-1

APPENDIX II: Chronological Bibliography Appendix II is a chronological listing from past to present of all articles on 3He fusion and resources. [1] Oliphant, M.L.E.; Kinsey, B.B. and Rutherford, L. “The Transmutation of Lithium by Protons and by Ions of the Heavy Isotope of Hydrogen.” Proceedings Royal Society A141 (1933): 722-33. [2] Neuert, H. “Reichweitenmessungen der Trummer einiger leichter Elemente bei Beschiebung.” Physikalische Zeitschrift 36 (1935): 641-2. [3] Alvarez, L.W.; Cornog, R. “He3 in Helium.” Physical Review 56 (1939): 379. [4] Alvarez, L.W.; Cornog, R. “Helium and Hydrogen of Mass 3.” Physical Review 56 (1939): 613. [5] Hill, R.D. “Production of Helium-3.” Physical Review 59 (1941): 103. [6] Aldrich, L.T.; Nier, A.O. “The Abundance of He-3 in Atmospheric and Well Helium.” Physical Review 70 (1946): 983-984. [7] Libby, W.F. “Atmospheric helium-3 and radiocarbon from cosmic radiation.” Physical Review 69 (1946): 671-673. [8] Aldrich, L.T.; Nier, A.O. “The Occurence of He-3 in Natural Sources of Helium.” Physical Review 74 (11 1948): 1590-1594. [9] Aldrich, L.T.; Nier, A.O. “Variation of He-3/He-4 Abundance Ratio in Natural Sources of Helium.” Physical Review 74 (1948): 1225. [10] Coon, J.H. “He-3 Isotopic Abundance.” Physical Review 75 (9 1949): 1355-1357. [11] Hatton, J.; Preston, G. “Long-Range Protons from the 3He(d,p)a-Reaction.” Nature 164 (July 23 1949): 143-4. [12] Wyly, L.D.; Sailor, V.L. and Ott, D.G. “Protons from the bombardment of He3 by deuterons.” Physical Review 76 (1949): 1532-3. [13] Allred, J.C. “Differential cross section of the reaction He3(d,p)He4 at 10.2-MeV Bombarding Energy and Search for Excited State in He4.” Physical Review 84 (1951): 695-99. [14] Brolley, J.E., Jr.; Fowler, J.L. and Stovall, E.J., Jr. “The Angular Distribution of the Products of the T(d,n)He4 Reaction.” Physical Review 82 (1951): 502-5. [15] Bonner, T.W.; Conner, J.P. and Lillie, A.B. “Cross section and angular distribution of the He3(d,p)He4 nuclear reaction.” Physical Review 88 (3 1952): 473-6. [16] Freier, G.; Holmgren, H. “Interactions between 2D and 3He in the Neighborhood of the 18.6-MeV Level of 5Li.” Physical Review 93 (4 1954): 825-6. [17] Morrison, P.; Pine, J. “Radiogenic origin of the helium isotopes in rock.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 62 (1955): 71-92. [18] Thompson, W.B. “Thermonuclear reaction rates.” The Proceedings of the Physical Society 70 pt. 1 (Jan. 1957): 1-5.

B-2

[19] Budker, G.I. p. 25 In Plasma Physics and the Problems of Containing Thermonuclear Reactions published by Pergamon, London, 1959. [20] Roth, J.R. “A preliminary study of thermonuclear rocket propulsion.” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 18 (1961): 99-109. [21] Zartman, R.E.; Wasserburg, G.J. and Reynolds, J.H. “Helium, Argon, and Carbon in Some Natural Gases.” Journal of Geophysical Research 66 (1 1961): 277-303. [22] Englert, G.W. “Towards Thermonuclear Rocket Propulsion.” New Scientist 16 (307 1962): 16-18. [23] Post, R.F. “Critical conditions for self-sustaining reactions in the mirror machine.” Nuclear Fusion: 1962 Supplement (Part I 1962): 99-123. [24] Englert, G.W. “Study of thermonuclear propulsion using superconducting magnets.” p. 645 In 3rd Symposium on Engineering Aspects of Magnetohydrodynamics edited by N. Mather and G. Sutton, published by Gordon and Breach, NY, 1963. [25] Hilton, J.L. “Plasma and Engineering Parameters for Fusion Powered Rocket.” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 10 (1 1963): 153-64. [26] Hilton, J.L.; Luce, J.S. and Thompson, A.S. “Hypothetical Fusion Propulsion Rocket Vehicle.” Journal of Spacecraft & Rockets 1 (3 1964): 276-282. [27] Sherman, R.H. “The separation of 3He from 3He-4He mixtures.” p. 188-191 In LT-10.-M 1967. [28] Kruger, S.T.; Heymann, D. “Cosmic-ray produced hydrogen 3 and helium 3 in stony meteorites.” Journal of Geophysical Research 73 (14 1968): 4784-4787. [29] “Preliminary Examination of Lunar Samples from Apollo 11.” Science 165 (1969): 1211-1227. [30] Clarke, W.B.; Beg, M.A. and Craig, H. “Excess 3He in the Sea: Evidence for Terrestrial Primordial Helium.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 6 (1969): 213-220. [31] Dwarakanath, M.R. “Total Cross Section Measurements for 3He(3He,2p)4He at Low Energies.” California Institute of Technology, 1969. [32] Fairhall, A.W. “Concerning the source of excess 3He in the sea.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 7 (1969): 249-250. [33] Johnson, H.E.; Axford, W.I. “Production and Loss of 3He in the Earth's Atmosphere.” Journal of Geophysical Research, Space Physics 74 (9 1969): 2433-2438. [34] Mamyrin, B.A.; Anufriyev, G.S.; Tolstikhin, I.N. and Kamenskiy, I.A. “Anomal'nyy izotopnyy sostav geliya v vulkanicheskikh gazakh (Anomalous Isotope Composition of the Helium in Volcanic Gases.” Dokl. Akad, Nauk SSSR 184 (5 1969): 1197. [35] Post, R.F. “Mirror Systems: Fuel cycles, loss reduction and energy recovery.” p. 88-111 In Nuclear Fusion Reactors Conference in Culham Laboratory, published by Culham, 1969. [36] Anders, E.; Heymann, D. and Mazor, E. “Isotopic composition of primordial helium in carbonaceous chondrites.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 34 (1970): 127-131. [37] Black, D.C. “Trapped helium-neon isotopic correlations in gas-rich meteorites and carbonaceous chondrites.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 34 (1970): 132-140.

B-3

[38] Carlton, R.F. “A Determination of the Absolute Cross Section for the 3He(d,p)4He Reaction.” University of Georgia, 1970. [39] Clarke, W.B.; Beg, M.A. and Craig, H. “Excess 3He at the North Pacific GEOSECS Station.” Journal of Geophysical Research 75 (36 1970): 7676-7678. [40] Craig, H.; Clarke, W.B. “Origin of the excess 3He in the sea.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 45? (1970): ? [41] Craig, H.; Clarke, W.B. “Oceanic 3He: Contribution from cosmogenic tritium.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 9 (1970): 45-48. [42] Drew, H.R. “Advances in nuclear fusion research.” p. 48-9 In 1970 IEEE international convention digest in New York, NY, published by IEEE, 1970. [43] Fisher, D.V. “Search for 3He in deep-sea basalts.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 8 (1 1970): 77-78. [44] Funkhouser, J.G.; Schaeffer, O.A.; Bogard, D.D. and Zahringer, J. “Gas Analysis of the Lunar Surface.” Science 167 (1970): 561-563. [45] Geiss, J.; Eberhardt, P.; Buhler, F.; Meister, J. and Signer, P. “Apollo 11 and 12 solar wind composition experiments: Fluxes of He and Ne isotopes.” Journal of Geophysical Research 75 (31 1970): 5972-5979. [46] Hintenberger, H.; Weber, H.W.; Voshage, H.; Wanke, H.; Begemann, F. and Wlotzka, F. “Concentrations and isotopic abundances of the rare gases, hydrogen and nitrogen in Apollo 11 lunar matter.” p. 1269-1282 In Apollo 11 Lunar Conference 1970. [47] Mamyrin, B.D.; Anufriyef, G.S.; Kamenskiy, I.D. and Tolstikhin, I.N. “Determination of the Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Helium.” Geochemistry International 7 (1970): 498-505. [48] Pepin, R.O.; Nyquist, L.E.; Phinney, D. and Black, D. “Isotopic Composition of Rare Gases in Lunar Samples.” Science 167 (1970): 550-553. [49] Pepin, R.O.; Nyquist, L.E.; Phinney, D. and Black, D.C. “Rare gases in Apollo 11 lunar material.” p. 1435-1454 In Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference in Houston, TX, 1970. [50] Roth, J.R. “Technological problems anticipated in the application of fusion reactors to space propulsion and power generation.” In International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference 1970. [51] Weiss, R.F. “Helium Isotope Effect in Solution in Water and Seawater.” Science 168 (1970): 247-248. [52] Cordey, J.G.; Marcus, F.B.; Sweetman, D.R. and Watson, C.J.H. “Efficient re-circulation of power in mirror reactors.” p. 353-72 In 49th conference on plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research 1971 in Madison, WI, published by IAEA, 1971. [53] Galbraith, D.L.; Kammash, T. “Thermal efficiency of mirror reactors with direct conversion.” Nuclear Fusion 11 (6 1971): 575-82. [54] Gerling, E.K.; Mamyrin, B.A.; Tolstikhin, I.N. and Yakovleva, S.S. “Helium Isotope Composition in Some Rocks.” Geochemistry International 8 (1971): 755-762. [55] Gerling, E.K.; Mamyrin, B.A.; Tolstikhin, I.N. and Yakovleva, S.S. “Izotopnyy sostav geliya v nekotorykh gornykh porodakh (Isotopic Composition of the Helium in Some Rocks).” Geokhimiya 10 (1971): 608-617.

B-4

[56] Gibson, E.R.; Johnson, S.M. p. 1351-1366 In 2nd Lunar Science Conference 1971. [57] Heckrotte, W.; Hiskes, J.R. “Some Factors in the Choice of D-D, D-T or D-3He Mirror Fusion Powered Systems.” Nuclear Fusion 11 (5 1971): 471-84. [58] Kamenskiy, I.A.; Yakutseni, V.P.; Mamyrin, B.A.; Anufriyev, G.S. and Tolstikhin, I.N. “Izotopy geliya v prirode (Helium Isotopes in Nature).” Geokhimiya 3 (1971): [59] Kamenskiy, I.L.; Yakutseni, V.P.; Mamyrin, B.A.; Anufriyev, G.S. and Tolsitkhin, I.N. “Helium Isotopes in Nature.” Geochemistry International 8 (1971): 575-589. [60] McNally, J.R., Jr. “Fusion chain reactions. I.” Nuclear Fusion 11 (2 1971): 187-9. [61] Moir, R.W.; Barr, W.L.; Freis, R.P. and Post, R.F. “Experimental and computational investigations of the direct conversion of plasma energy to electricity.” p. 315-28 In 49th conference on plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research 1971 in Madison, WI, published by IAEA, 1971. [62] Reinmann, J.J. Fusion Rocket Concepts. published by NASA, NASA TM X-67826, 1971. [63] Reinmann, J.J.; Warren, D.R. Deuterium - Helium-3 Fusion Power Balance Calculations. published by Lewis Research Center, NASA TM X-2280, 1971. [64] Steiner, D. “Emergency cooling and radioactive-waste-disposal requirements for fusion reactors.” p. 447-56 In 49th conference on plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research 1971 in Madison, WI, published by IAEA, 1971. [65] Steiner, D. “Neutron irradiation effects and tritium inventories associated with alternate fuel cycles for fusion reactors.” Nuclear Fusion 11 (3 1971): 305-6. [66] Werner, R.W.; Carlson, G.A.; Lee, J.D.; Moir, R.W.; Post, R.F. and Taylor, C.E. “Engineering and economic aspects of mirror machine reactors with direct conversion.” p. 329-49 In Plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research 1971 in Madison, WI, published by IAEA, 1971. [67] Black, D.C. “On the origins of trapped helium, neon and argon isotopic variations in meteorites-I. Gas-rich meteorites, lunar soil and breccia.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 36 (1972): 347-375. [68] Dooling, D., Jr. “Controlled thermonuclear fusion for space propulsion.” Spaceflight 14 (1 1972): 26-27. [69] Eberhardt, P.; Geiss, J.; Graf, H.; Grogler, N.; Mendia, M.D.; Morgeli, M.; Schwaller, H.; Stettler, A.; Krahenbuhl, U. and von Gunten, H.R. “Trapped Solar Wind Noble Gases in Apollo 12 Lunar Fines 12001 and Apollo breccia 10046.” p. 1821-1856 In Third Lunar Science Conference published by The M.I.T. Press, 1972. [70] Futch, A.H., Jr.; Holdren, J.P.; Killeen, J. and Mirin, A.A. “Multi-Species Fokker-Plank Calculations for D-T and D-3He Mirror Reactors.” Plasma Physics 14 (1972): 211-244. [71] Geiss, J.; Reeves, H. “Cosmic and Solar System abundances of deuterium and helium-3.” Astron and Astrophys 18 (1972): 126-132. [72] Gibson, E.R.; Moore, G.W. p. 2209-2040 In 3rd Lunar Science Conf. 1972. [73] Jenkins, W.J.; Beg, M.A.; Clarke, W.B. and Wangersky, P.J. “Excess 3He in the Atlantic Ocean.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 16 (1972): 122-126. [74] Mamyrin, B.A.; Tolstikhin, I.N.; Anufriev, G.S. and Kamenskiy, I.L. “Helium isotopic composition in volcanic gas of Iceland.” Geokhimia 11 (1972): 1369.

B-5

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[765] El-Guebaly, L.A.; Maynard, C.W. “Overview of Apollo Studies and Economic Assessment of Several Proposed Variations.” p. 221 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [766] Emmert, G.A. “Potential for D-3He Experiments in ITER.” p. 205 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [767] Emmert, G.A.; Santarius, J.F. and Castro, J.P. “The Physics of Apollo: A D-3He, First Stability, Tokamak Reactor.” p. 329 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [768] Farley, K.A. “Is "Primordial" Helium Really Extraterrestrial?” Science 261 (9 July 1993): 166-167. [769] Farley, K.A.; Poreda, R.J. “Mantle neon and atmospheric contamination.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114 (1993): 325-339. [770] Futagami, T.; Ozima, M.; Nagai, S. and Aoki, Y. “Experiments on thermal release of implanted noble gases from minerals and their implications for noble gases in lunar soil grains.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 (1993): 3177-3194. [771] Golovin, I.N.; Arsenin, V.V.; Kujanov, A.Y.; Khvesjuk, V.I.; Semenov, D.V. and Schabrov, N.V. “About the Concept of Utmost Clean and Beneficial D-3He Reactor.” p. 107 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [772] Graham, D.W.; Christie, D.M.; Harpp, K.S. and Lupton, J.E. “Mantle Plume Helium in Submarine Basalts from the Galapagos Platform.” Science 262 (1993): 2023-26. [773] Harris, K.R.; Khater, H.Y. and Kulcinski, G.L. “Remote Sensing of AstrofuelTM.” p. 65 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [774] Haskin, L.A. “By-products of Lunar Helium-3 Mining.” p. 75 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [775] Herring, J.; Dolan, T. and McCarthy, K.A. “Safety Analyses of the Aries-II and Aries-IV Tokamak Reactor Designs.” In Fifteenth IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering in Hyannis, MA, 1993. [776] Herring, J.S.; Dolan, T.J. “Safety Analysis of the ARIES-III D-3He Tokamak Reactor Design.” p. 349 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [777] Hoffmann, A.L.; Slough, J.T. “Next Step in FRC Development.” p. 267 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993. [778] Katayama, H.; Sato, K. and Miyawaki, F. “A E X B Drift Type Direct Energy Converter for a D-3He Reactor.” In Seventh International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems in Makuhari, Chiba, Japan, 1993. [779] Kernbichler, W. “Synchrotron Radiation from High-Temperature Plasmas.” p. 289 In Second Wisconsin Symposium on 3He and Fusion Power edited by J.F. Santarius, published by Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, 1993.

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APPENDIX C

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APPENDIX III: Newspaper and Magazine Bibliography Appendix III is a listing of newspaper and popular magazine articles arranged alphabetically by author. [1] “Producing advanced fusion fuel on the moon.” Fusion, Sept. 1982, 23. [2] “Moon Needed for Energy Supply, Report Concludes.” Space News, Jan 29-Feb. 4 1990. [3] “Mining the Moon for Fusion Power.” HQBulletin, Sep. 17 1990, 1,5. [4] “Beyond Earth's Horizons: NASA Probes Moon-Base Possibilities.” Salt Lake Tribune, Jul 2 1989. [5] “The Moon is Made of. . . An Unlimited Energy Source?” Business Week, Nov. 8 1993, 99. [6] “University of Wisconsin's Helium-3 "Astrofuel" Idea Gaining Momentum.” Space Fax Daily, Oct. 19 1990. [7] “"Useless" Rocks Could Fuel Energy Needs.” Polish American Journal, Sep. 1986, 1. [8] “Mining the Moon?” The Milwaukee Journal, June 11 1986. [9] “Helium-3 Exports.” Avaition Week & Space Technology, Oct. 12 1987, 110. [10] “Astrofuel for the 21st century.” Perspective (UW-Madison), Summer 1988, 3. [11] “UW group unveils new space-mining vehicle.” Fort Atkinson, Jefferson Co. Union, March 4 1987. [12] “Scientists moon-mining machine.” Rhinelander Daily News, March 4 1987. [13] Aaron, J.; Gabris, E.A.; Sulzman, F.M.; Connors, M.M. and Pilcher, C. “Making a home in space.” Aerospace America, April 1989, 30-43. [14] Abrams, K. “Scientists say moon contains great fuel potential.” The Daily Cardinal, June 30 1988. [15] Ackerman, J. “Moon's helium holds promise as fuel.” The Boston Globe, March 2 1987, 40. [16] Allen, W. “Moon Mining: When Earth's Oil Runs Out, Energy Explorers May Look to Space.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Jan. 27 1991. [17] Asimov, I. “The Unlikely Source.” American Way, March 1 1987, 12-3. [18] Blake, E.M. “Lunar surface's He-3 seen as fuel source.” Nuclear News, July 1986, 60. [19] Boyer, W. “Cohen: NASA Needs to Attract Public Support.” Space News, 1990, [20] Curtis, A. “UW trying to make moonlight fuel Earth.” Milwaukee Sentinel, Oct. 21 1986, 1, pt. 4. [21] David, L. “Exotic fusion energy ideas pushed by Helium-3 fans.” Space News, Aug. 30 - Sept. 5 1993, 16. [22] David, L. “Lunar Paydirt.” Final Frontier, Oct. 31 1993, 37-45. [23] David, L. “Energy Department Ready for Role in Space Power Satellites.” Space News, Nov. 26-Dec. 2 1990, 10.

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[24] David, L. “Robots Must Precede Humans to Moon, Mars.” Space News, Nov. 12-18 1990, 12,14. [25] Eberhardt, A. “Energiequelle Mond.” Bruckenbauer, March 18 1992, 57. [26] Fanlund, L. “To the Moon and Beyond: Wisconsin's a Major Player in Space Research.” Wisconsin Ideas, Nov. 1990, 4-6. [27] Fletcher, S. “Mining the Moon.” InBusiness, June 1987, 44-50. [28] Freeman, M. “Mining Helium On the Moon To Power the Earth.” 21st Century, Summer 1990, 29-37. [29] Freeman, M. “Maglev and fusion energy for lunar development.” EIR, Jan. 9 1987, 22-29. [30] Freeman, M. “Two days to mars with fusion propulsion.” 21st Century Science & Technology, March-April 1988, 26-31. [31] Goldin, D. “The Future of Planetary Exploration.” Engineering & Science, Winter 1993, 15-31. [32] Graham, J. “Washington Report.” ANS News, Feb. 1988, 3. [33] Graham, J. “Washington Report.” ANS News, June 1986, 3. [34] Graham, J. “Advanced fusion concepts.” Nuclear News, Nov. 1987, 111-115. [35] Gregory, J. “Researcher floats new idea on fuel source.” Wisconsin Week, June 4 1986, 3. [36] Heidel, T. “Hydrogen Harvesting Without Helium-3.” MMM, Sept. 1993, 8. [37] Hoffmann, P. “Wisconsin U. Studies Lunar H-Fuel.” The Hydrogen Letter, May 1987, 2. [38] Isbell, D. “Moon-Mars Group Picks Seven Themes.” Space News, Nov 19-25 1990. [39] Kellam, S. “Wisconsin Sows its Space Cornucopia.” Washington Technology, Oct. 25 1990, 28-29. [40] Mackowski, M.J. “Des Tresors D'Energie Sur Le Sol Lunaire.” Science Illustree, Sep. 9 1990, 50-53. [41] Mackowski, M.J. “The Great Lunar Helium Rush.” Fianl Frontier, Aug. 1988, 56. [42] Mackowski, M.J. “Is Helium-3 hype, hyperbole or a hopeful fuel for the future? (lunar He-3 extraction/production for earth fusion reactors).” Ad Astra, July-Aug. 1989, 34-9. [43] McCann, H. “Magic of Astrofuel.” The Detroit News, Aug. 4 1988, D-1. [44] McDonald, K. “Novel Idea for Creating Nuclear-Fusion Energy May Require Mining the Moon for Rare Helium.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 14 1986, 6. [45] Nyenhuis, M. “Helium from the moon suggested as key to inexpensive power.” The Florida Times-Union, Dec. 17 1990, B-1, B-3. [46] Rains, L. “Lunar Material Touted As Alternative to Oil.” Space News, Sep. 3-9 1990, 8. [47] Sanford, R. “Mining the Moon for Energy.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Dec. 4 1990, D-1, 9. [48] Sanford, R. “Scientists see man mining on moon.” The Washington Times, Dec. 21 1990.

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