UWB Antenna for Cogntive Radio Application
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Transcript of UWB Antenna for Cogntive Radio Application
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Studies on Microstrip Patch Antennas for
Cognitive Radio
Bhanwar SinghPrateek BatlaPratik Kumar
(Under the Guidance of Prof. M. V. Kartikeyan)
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Overview
• Motivation and Scope• Problem Statement• Literature Survey• Work Done– Simulation– Hardware Realization
• Results and Discussions• Future Work• Publications
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MOTIVATION & SCOPE
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Cognitive Radio
• First proposed by Joseph Mitola III in 1998
• A radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on interaction with the environment in which it works.
• Currently under development
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Need for CR
• Available wireless bandwidth is limited and most of it is already allocated to different wireless services.
• But some of the allocated spectrum remains idle most of the time.
• Cognitive Radio makes use of spectrum when it is idle.
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Requisite for Antennas
• Monitoring of spectrum – To find out which part of spectrum is idle. Requires UWB antenna which can sense a broader bandwidth.
• Reconfigurablity – Change parameters to work in idle part of spectrum. Requires a narrowband reconfigurable antenna.
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Problem Statement
• To design, fabricate and test a UWB antenna for CR with following specifications –
• BW = 3.1 to 10.6 GHz• S11 < -10 dB• Gain < 5 dB• Pattern = Approximately Omni directional
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LITERATURE SURVEY
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Some implementation of CR
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UWB Antennas- Methods to improve BW
• Increase substrate height• Decrease permittivity• Introduce slots• Proper impedance matching• Unbalanced structure
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WORK DONE
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Process of Design
Design Specification
Initial Design
Parametric Analysis
Optimization
Final Parameter Selection
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Initial Design
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Initial Design….
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Substrate Selection
• Minimum Epsilon– Radiation Max.– Bandwidth Increase– But losses increase
PTFE(Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene) εr=2.5
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Feeding – Why CPW, not MS ?
• Mode purity• Truly planar structure, can easily be mounted.• Less radiation and dielectric loss.• Higher impedances can be realized, 30 -140 Ω.• Same impedance can be realized using
different feed gap and feed width
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Impedance Matching
• Input impedance should be close to 50 Ω.• Tapering – Changing feed width and gap.• Abrupt changes introduce parasitic reactive
elements which can be very high at higher frequencies, hence avoided.
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Parametric Analysis
• Investigate antenna by varying one parameter and keep all others constant.
• Results to notice are |S11| and input line impedance.
• Important parameters are dimensions of ellipse, gap between ellipse and ground, feed length and tapering parameters.
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Dimensions of ellipse
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Ground Line Length
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Gaps
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Feed Widths
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Optimization
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HARDWARE REALIZATION
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Hardware Realization
CST AutoCADCircuit Board Plotter
Confirm Dimensio
ns
Port Preparati
onMeasurem-ents
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Hardware Realization
• Export design to CAD.• Print antenna using dry etching.
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Antenna
Dimensions were confirmed using microscope
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S11 Measurement
• R&S VNA• CaliberationProcess
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Radiation Pattern Measurement
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Calculation of Gain
• Using Friis’s Transmission Equation
Where Pr = Received power
Pt = Transmitted powerG0t = gain of transmitting antennaG0r = gain of receiving antenna
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RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
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Results..
• An antenna can be looked as –1. A one port device2. An EM device
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S11
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S11
• The ripples in the experimental results are due to instrumental errors.
• Contact losses between the port and the antenna.
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Analytical Line Impedance
Close to 50 OhmsTapering was done to make it close to 50 ohms.Causes reflections.
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EM Behavior
Surface Current
Radiation Pattern
Electric Field
Gain
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Surface Current
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Surface Current Density
f= 3.46 GHz f=5.59 GHz f=6.5GHz
f = 8.46 GHz f=11 GHz
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3D Radiation Pattern
f= 3.46 GHz f=5.59 GHz f=6.5GHz
f = 8.46 GHz f=11 GHz
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Mode Coupling
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2D Radiation Pattern
E - Plane
H plane
f= 3.46 GHz f=5.5GHz
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2D Radiation Pattern
f= 11 GHz
E - Plane H plane
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Electric Field
f= 3.46 GHz f=5.59 GHz f=6.5GHz
f = 8.46 GHz f=11 GHz
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Gain
• Low frequencies -> Long Wavelength -> Standing Waves -> Oscillating mode -> Less Gain
• High frequencies -> Travelling mode -> More Gain
Frequency Simulated Gain Experimental Gain
3.46GHz 2.655dB 2.342dB
5.5GHz 4.076dB 3.985dB
11GHz 4.885dB 4.462dB
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Limitations
• Radiation pattern bandwidth of antenna is very short.
• Contact losses are very high at high frequencies as port is simply soldered to the antenna feeding system.
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Future Work
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Other Antennas Studied
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Publication Under Review
• National Conference on “RECENT TRENDS IN MICROWAVE TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS”, organized by “University of Rajasthan, Jaipur”
• A Planar Elliptical Monopole Antenna for UWB Applications ( Ref. No. MW1258)
• Antenna System for Cognitive Radio Application (Ref No. MW1257)
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Important References• Y. Tawk, and C. G. Christodoulou, Member, IEEE, A New Reconfigurable
Antenna Design for Cognitive Radio• Elham Ebrahimi, James R. Kelly, Peter S. Hall, Integrated Wide-Narrowband
Antenna for Multi-Standard Radio, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTEN-NAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 59, NO. 7, JULY 2011
• J. Liang, C Chiau, X. Chen and C.G. Parini, \Study of a Printed Circular Disc Monopole Antenna for UWB Systems", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, no. 11, November 2005, pp.3500-3504.
• C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory and Analysis, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1997 D. M. Pozar, Microwave and RF Design of Wireless System, Wiley, New York, 2001.
• CST’s user manual “www.cst.com”
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THANK YOU FOR
YOUR KIND ATTENTION