UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The …Arcos-Burgos, M., & Acosta, M. T. (2007). Tuning major...

UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl)

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

The creative brainSome insights into the neural dynamics of flexible and persistent creative processesBoot, N.C.

Link to publication

Creative Commons License (see https://creativecommons.org/use-remix/cc-licenses):Other

Citation for published version (APA):Boot, N. C. (2018). The creative brain: Some insights into the neural dynamics of flexible and persistent creativeprocesses.

General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s),other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, statingyour reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Askthe Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam,The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.

Download date: 07 Jun 2020

https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/the-creative-brain(2e9bd24d-a05b-421f-a13d-ca03c1afe834).html

157

References

References

158

Abraham, A., Beudt, S., Ott, D. V. M., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2012). Creative cognition and

the brain: dissociations between frontal, parietal-temporal and basal ganglia

groups. Brain Research, 1482, 55–70. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.007

Abraham, A., & Windmann, S. (2007). Creative cognition: The diverse operations and the

prospect of applying a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Methods, 42, 38–48.

doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.12.007

Abraham, A., Windmann, S., McKenna, P., & Güntürkün, O. (2007). Creative thinking in

schizophrenia: The role of executive dysfunction and symptom severity. Cognitive

Neuropsychiatry, 12, 235–258. doi:10.1080/13546800601046714

Abraham, A., Windmann, S., Siefen, R., Daum, I., & Güntürkün, O. (2006). Creative

thinking in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child

Neuropsychology, 12, 111–123. doi:10.1080/09297040500320691

Acar, S., & Sen, S. (2013). A multilevel meta-analysis of the relationship between

creativity and schizotypy. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7, 214–228.

doi:10.1037/a0031975

Acworth, I. N., During, M. J., & Wurtman, R. J. (1988). Tyrosine: Effects on catecholamine

release. Brain Research Bulletin, 21, 473–477.

Advokat, C. (2010). What are the cognitive effects of stimulant medications? Emphasis on

adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuroscience and

Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 1256–1266. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.006

Akil, M., Kolachana, B. S., Rothmond, D. A., Hyde, T. M., Weinberger, D. R., & Kleinman, J.

E. (2003). Catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype and dopamine regulation in the

human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 2008–2013. doi:23/6/2008 [pii]

Akinola, M., & Mendes, W. B. (2008). The dark side of creativity: Biological vulnerability

and negative emotions lead to greater artistic creativity. Personality & Social

Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1677–1686. doi:10.1177/0146167208323933

Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986). Parallel organisation of functionally

segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9,

357–381.

Alexander, J. K., Hillier, A., Smith, R. M., Tivarus, M. E., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2007). Beta-

adrenergic modulation of cognitive flexibility during stress. Journal of Cognitive

Neuroscience, 19, 468–478. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.3.468

Allen, A. P., & Thomas, K. E. (2011). A dual process account of creative thinking. Creativity

Research Journal, 23, 109–118. doi:10.1080/10400419.2011.571183

Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., Cogswell, A., Grandin, L. D., Hughes, M. E., …

Hogan, M. E. (2008). Behavioral approach system and behavioral inhibition system

References

159

sensitivities and bipolar spectrum disorders: prospective prediction of bipolar mood

episodes. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 310–322. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00547.x

Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Anckarsäter, H., Stahlberg, O., Larson, T., Hakansson, C., Jutblad, S. B., Niklasson, L., …

Rastam, M. (2006). The impact of ADHD and autistic spectrum disorders on

temperament, character, and personality development. American Journal of

Psychiatry, 163, 1239–1244. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.7.1239

Arcos-Burgos, M., & Acosta, M. T. (2007). Tuning major gene variants conditioning

human behavior: The anachronism of ADHD. Current Opinion in Genetics and

Development, 17, 234–238. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2007.04.011

Arden, R., Chavez, R. S., Grazioplene, R., & Jung, R. E. (2010). Neuroimaging creativity: A

psychometric view. Behavioural Brain Research, 214, 143–156.

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.015

Arnsten, A. F. T. (1998). Catecholamine modulation of prefrontal cortical cognitive

function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, 436–447.

Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex

structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 410–422.

doi:10.1038/nrn2648

Arnsten, A. F. T., & Dudley, A. G. (2005). Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical

cognitive function through alpha2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions:

Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1, 2. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-1-2

Aron, A. R., Dowson, J. H., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Methylphenidate

improves response inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Biological Psychiatry, 54, 1465–1468. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00609-7

Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive

affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106, 529–550.

doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.529

Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-

norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annual Review of

Neuroscience, 28, 403–450. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709

Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-

creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological

Bulletin, 134, 779–806. doi:10.1037/a0012815

References

160

Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2011). When prevention promotes creativity:

The role of mood, regulatory focus, and regulatory closure. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 100, 794–809. doi:10.1037/a0022981

Baas, M., Nijstad, B. A., Boot, N., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2016). Mad genius revisited:

Vulnerability to psychopathology, biobehavioral approach-avoidance, and creativity.

Psychological Bulletin, 142, 668–692. doi:10.1037/bul0000049

Baas, M., Roskes, M., Sligte, D., Nijstad, B. A., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2013). Personality and

creativity: The dual pathway to creativity model and a research agenda. Social and

Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 732–748.

Baas, M., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2015). De (on) mogelijkheid van een valide meting van

creatief potentieel voor selectiedoeleinden. Gedrag En Organisatie, 28, 78–97.

doi:10.5553/GenO/092150772015028002002

Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working Memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The psychology

of learning and motivation (8th ed., pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press.

doi:10.1126/science.1736359

Baer, J. (2015). The importance of domain-specific expertise in creativity. Roeper Review,

37, 165–178. doi:10.1080/02783193.2015.1047480

Baer, J. (2016). Creativity doesn’t develop in a vacuum. New Directions for Child and

Adolescent Development, 151, 9–20. doi:10.1002/cad.20151

Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., Kam, J. W. Y., Franklin, M. S., & Schooler, J. W.

(2012). Inspired by distraction: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation.

Psychological Science, 23, 1117–1122. doi:10.1177/0956797612446024

Barbato, G., Ficca, G., & Muscettola, G. (2000). Diurnal variation in spontaneous eye-

blink rate. Psychiatry Research, 93, 145–151. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00108-6

Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions:

Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94.

doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65

Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2011). The nature of executive function (EF) deficits in

daily life activities in adults with ADHD and their relationship to performance on EF

tests. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 137–158.

doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x

Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Kwasnik, D. (1996). Psychological adjustment and

adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1,

41–51.

Barr, N., Pennycook, G., Stolz, J. A., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2014). Reasoned connections: A

dual-process perspective on creative thought. Thinking & Reasoning, 21, 61–75.

References

161

doi:10.1080/13546783.2014.895915

Barron, F., & Harrington, D. M. (1981). Creativity, intelligence, and personality. Annual

Review of Psychology, 32, 439–476.

Baruch, I., Hemsley, D. R., & Gray, J. A. (1988a). Differential performance of acute and

chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task. Journal of Nervous and Mental

Disease, 176, 598–606.

Baruch, I., Hemsley, D. R., & Gray, J. A. (1988b). Latent inhibition and “psychotic

proneness” in normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 777–783.

Basadur, M., Runco, M. A., & Vega, L. A. (2000). Understanding how creative thinking

skills, attitudes and behaviors work together: A causal process model. Journal of

Creative Behavior, 34, 77–100.

Batey, M., & Furnham, A. (2008). The relationship between measures of creativity and

schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 816–821.

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.014

Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Silvia, P. J., & Schacter, D. L. (2016). Creative cognition and

brain network dynamics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20, 87–95.

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.004

Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Wilkins, R. W., Jauk, E., Fink, A., Silvia, P. J., … Neubauer, A. C.

(2014). Creativity and the default network: A functional connectivity analysis of the

creative brain at rest. Neuropsychologia, 64, 92–98.

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.019

Benedek, M., Beaty, R., Jauk, E., Koschutnig, K., Fink, A., Silvia, P. J., … Neubauer, A. C.

(2013). Creating metaphors: The neural basis of figurative language production.

NeuroImage, 90, 99–106. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.046

Benedek, M., Bergner, S., Könen, T., Fink, A., & Neubauer, A. C. (2011). EEG alpha

synchronization is related to top-down processing in convergent and divergent

thinking. Neuropsychologia, 49, 3505–3511.


Benedek, M., Franz, F., Heene, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2012). Differential effects of

cognitive inhibition and intelligence on creativity. Personality and Individual

Differences, 53, 480–485. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.014

Benedek, M., Jauk, E., Sommer, M., Arendasy, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2014). Intelligence,

creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of

executive functions in intelligence and creativity. Intelligence, 46, 73–83.

doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.007

Berk, M., & Dodd, S. (2005). Bipolar II disorder: A review. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 11–21.

References

162

Berridge, C. W., & Waterhouse, B. D. (2003). The locus coeruleus–noradrenergic system:

Modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain

Research Reviews, 42, 33–84. doi:10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00143-7

Bhattacharya, J., & Petsche, H. (2005). Drawing on mind’s canvas: Differences in cortical

integration patterns between artists and non-artists. Human Brain Mapping, 26, 1–

14. doi:10.1002/hbm.20104

Biederman, J., Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2000). Age-dependent decline of symptoms of

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact of remission definition and

symptom type. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 816–818.

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.816

Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Mick, E., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., Silva, J. M., …

Faraone, S. V. (2006). Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 167–179.

doi:10.1017/s0033291705006410

Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Evans, M., Small, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2010). How persistent is

ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Research,

177, 299–304. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.12.010

Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Fried, R., Kaiser, R., Dolan, C. R., Schoenfeld, S., … Faraone, S.

V. (2008). Educational and occupational underattainment in adults with attention-

deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69,

1217–1222. doi:10.4088/JCP.v69n0803

Bond, A., & Lader, M. (1974). The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings.

British Journal of Medical Psychology, 47, 211–218.

Boot, N., Baas, M., Mühlfeld, E., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Van Gaal, S. (2017a). Widespread

neural oscillations in the delta band dissociate rule convergence from rule

divergence during creative idea generation. Neuropsychologia, 104, 8–17.


Boot, N., Baas, M., Van Gaal, S., Cools, R., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2017b). Creative cognition

and dopaminergic modulation of fronto-striatal networks: Integrative review and

research agenda. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 78, 13–23.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.007

Boot, N., Nevicka, B., & Baas, M. (2017c). Creativity in ADHD: Goal-directed motivation

and domain-specificity. Journal of Attention Disorders.

Boot, N., Nevicka, B., & Baas, M. (2017d). Subclinical symptoms of attention-

deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with specific creative processes.

Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 73–81. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.050

References

163

Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the

structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121.

doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608

Bowden, E. M., Jung-Beeman, M., Fleck, J., & Kounios, J. (2005). New approaches to

demystifying insight. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 322–328.

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.012

Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). The brain’s default

network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of the New York

Academy of Sciences, 1124, 1–38. doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011

Burrell, B. (2005). Postcards from the brain museum: The improbable search for meaning in the

matter of famous minds. New York, NY: Broadway Books.

Buzsáki, G., & Draughn, A. (2004). Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science, 304,

1926–1930. doi:10.1126/science.1099745

Bymaster, F. P., Katner, J. S., Nelson, D. L., Hemrick-Luecke, S. K., Threlkeld, P. G.,

Heiligenstein, J. H., … Perry, K. W. (2002). Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels

of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: A potential mechanism

for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27,

699–711.

Cakic, V. (2009). Smart drugs for cognitive enhancement: Ethical and pragmatic

considerations in the era of cosmetic neurology. Journal of Medical Ethics, 35, 611–615.

doi:10.1136/jme.2009.030882

Campbell-Meiklejohn, D. K., Simonsen, A., Jensen, M., Wohlert, V., Gjerløff, T., Scheel-

Kruger, J., … Roepstorff, A. (2012). Modulation of social influence by

methylphenidate. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 1517–1525. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.337

Camps, M., Cortés, R., Gueye, B., Probst, A., & Palacios, J. M. (1989). Dopamine receptors

in human brain: Autoradiographic distribution of D2 sites. Neuroscience, 28, 275–

290.

Canesi, M., Rusconi, M. L., Isaias, I. U., & Pezzoli, G. (2012). Artistic productivity and

creative thinking in Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Neurology, 19, 468–472.

doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03546.x

Carson, S. H., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2003). Decreased latent inhibition is

associated with increased creative achievement in high-functioning individuals.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 499–506. doi:10.1037/0022-

3514.85.3.499

Carson, S. H., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2005). Reliability, validity, and factor

structure of the Creative Achievement Questionnaire. Creativity Research Journal, 17,

References

164

37–50.

Carter, C. S. (2014). Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior. Annual

Review of Psychology, 65, 17–39. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115110

Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and

affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319–333.

Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006).

Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive

Sciences, 10, 117–124. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.011

Cerruti, C., & Schlaug, G. (2009). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the

prefrontal cortex enhances complex verbal associative thought. Journal of Cognitive

Neuroscience, 21, 1980–1987. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21143

Chadick, J. Z., & Gazzaley, A. (2011). Differential coupling of visual cortex with default or

frontal-parietal network based on goals. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 830–832.

doi:10.1038/nn.2823

Chavez-Eakle, R. A., Del Carmen Lara, M., & Cruz-Fuentes, C. (2006). Personality: A

possible bridge between creativity and psychopathology? Creativity Research Journal,

18, 27–38. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1801_4

Chermahini, S. A., & Hommel, B. (2010). The (b)link between creativity and dopamine:

Spontaneous eye blink rates predict and dissociate divergent and convergent

thinking. Cognition, 115, 458–465. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.03.007

Chermahini, S. A., & Hommel, B. (2012). More creative through positive mood? Not

everyone! Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1–7. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00319

Chhabildas, N., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G. (2001). A comparison of the

neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal

Child Psychology, 29, 529–540. doi:10.1097/00004703-200204000-00015

Christoff, K., Gordon, A. M., Smallwood, J., Smith, R., & Schooler, J. W. (2009). Experience

sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to

mind wandering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America, 106, 8719–8724. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900234106

Clatworthy, P. L., Lewis, S. J. G., Brichard, L., Hong, Y. T., Izquierdo, D., Clark, L., …

Robbins, T. W. (2009). Dopamine release in dissociable striatal subregions predicts

the different effects of oral methylphenidate on reversal learning and spatial

working memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 4690–4696.

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3266-08.2009

Colzato, L. S., De Haan, A. M., & Hommel, B. (2014). Food for creativity: Tyrosine

References

165

promotes deep thinking. Psychological Research, 79, 709–714. doi:10.1007/s00426-

014-0610-4

Colzato, L. S., Jongkees, B. J., Sellaro, R., & Hommel, B. (2013). Working memory reloaded:

Tyrosine repletes updating in the N-back task. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7,

1–5. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00200

Cools, R. (2012). Chemical neuromodulation of goal-directed behavior. In P. M. Todd, T. T.

Hills, & T. W. Robbins (Eds.), Cognitive search: Evolution, algorithms, and the brain (pp.

111–124). Cambridge, MA.

Cools, R. (2015). The cost of dopamine for dynamic cognitive control. Current Opinion in

Behavioral Sciences, 4, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.05.007

Cools, R., Barker, R. A., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2001). Enhanced or impaired

cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease as a function of dopaminergic medication

and task demands. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 1136–1143.

Cools, R., & D’Esposito, M. (2011). Inverted-U-shaped dopamine actions on human

working memory and cognitive control. Biological Psychiatry, 69, e113-125.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.028

Cools, R., Sheridan, M., Jacobs, E., & D’Esposito, M. (2007). Impulsive personality

predicts dopamine-dependent changes in frontostriatal activity during component

processes of working memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 5506–5514.

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0601-07.2007

Cousins, D. A., Butts, K., & Young, A. H. (2009). The role of dopamine in bipolar disorder.

Bipolar Disorders, 11, 787–806. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00760.x

Cretenet, J., & Dru, V. (2009). Influence of peripheral and motivational cues on rigid-

flexible functioning: Perceptual, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. Journal of

Experimental Psychology: General, 138, 201–217. doi:10.1037/a0015379

Cropley, A. (2006). In praise of convergent thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 391–

404. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1803

Cunillera, T., Fuentemilla, L., Periañez, J., Marco-Pallarès, J., Krämer, U. M., Càmara, E.,

… Rodríguez-Fornells, A. (2012). Brain oscillatory activity associated with task

switching and feedback processing. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12,

16–33. doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0075-5

Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory during

reading. Journal Of Verbal Learning And Verbal Behavior, 19, 450–466.

doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6

Das, D., Cherbuin, N., Butterworth, P., Anstey, K. J., & Easteal, S. (2012). A population-

based study of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and associated

References

166

impairment in middle-aged adults. PLoS ONE, 7, 1–9.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031500

De Dreu, C. K. W., Baas, M., & Boot, N. C. (2015). Oxytocin enables novelty seeking and

creative performance through upregulated approach: Evidence and avenues for

future research. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 6, 409–417.

doi:10.1002/wcs.1354

De Dreu, C. K. W., Baas, M., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation level in

the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 739–756. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739

De Dreu, C. K. W., Baas, M., Roskes, M., Sligte, D. J., Ebstein, R. P., Chew, S. H., … Shamay-

Tsoory, S. G. (2014). Oxytonergic circuitry sustains and enables creative cognition in

humans. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1159–1165.

doi:10.1093/scan/nst094

De Dreu, C. K. W., & Kret, M. E. (2016). Oxytocin conditions intergroup relations through

upregulated In-group empathy, cooperation, conformity, and defense. Biological

Psychiatry, 79, 165–173. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.020

De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., & Baas, M. (2011). Behavioral activation links to creativity

because of increased cognitive flexibility. Social Psychological and Personality Science,

2, 72–80. doi:10.1177/1948550610381789

De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., Baas, M., Wolsink, I., & Roskes, M. (2012). Working

memory benefits creative insight, musical improvisation, and original ideation

through maintained task-focused attention. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin,

38, 656–669. doi:10.1177/0146167211435795

De Jongh, R., Bolt, I., Schermer, M., & Olivier, B. (2008). Botox for the brain:

Enhancement of cognition, mood and pro-social behavior and blunting of unwanted

memories. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 760–776.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.12.001

De Manzano, O., Cervenka, S., Karabanov, A., Farde, L., & Ullén, F. (2010). Thinking

outside a less intact box: thalamic dopamine D2 receptor densities are negatively

related to psychometric creativity in healthy individuals. PloS One, 5, e10670.


Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-

trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of

Neuroscience Methods, 134, 9–21.

Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality:

dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and

References

167

Brain Sciences, 22, 491–569.

Diamond, M. C., Scheibel, A. B., Murphy, G. M., & Harvey, T. (1985). On the brain of a

scientist: Albert Einstein. Experimental Neurology, 88, 198–204. doi:10.1016/0014-

4886(85)90123-2

Dietrich, A. (2004). The cognitive neuroscience of creativity. Psychonomic Bulletin &

Review, 11, 1011–1026.

Dietrich, A., & Kanso, R. (2010). A review of EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies of

creativity and insight. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 822–848. doi:10.1037/a0019749

Dijksterhuis, A., & Meurs, T. (2006). Where creativity resides: The generative power of

unconscious thought. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 135–146.

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.04.007

Dinn, W. M., Robbins, N. C., & Harris, C. L. (2001). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity

disorder: neuropsychological correlates and clinical presentation. Brain and

Cognition, 46, 114–121. doi:10.1016/S0278-2626(01)80046-4

Dodds, C. M., Clark, L., Dove, A., Regenthal, R., Baumann, F., Bullmore, E., … Müller, U.

(2009). The dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride modulates striatal BOLD

signal during the manipulation of information in working memory.

Psychopharmacology, 207, 35–45. doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1634-0

Dodds, C. M., Müller, U., Clark, L., van Loon, A., Cools, R., & Robbins, T. W. (2008).

Methylphenidate has differential effects on blood oxygenation level-dependent

signal related to cognitive subprocesses of reversal learning. The Journal of

Neuroscience, 28, 5976–5982. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1153-08.2008

Donaldson, Z. R., & Young, L. J. (2008). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of

sociality. Science, 322, 900–904.

Douglas, V. I., Barr, R. G., Desilets, J., & Sherman, E. (1995). Do high doses of stimulants

impair flexible thinking in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? Journal of the

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 877–885.

doi:10.1097/00004583-199507000-00011

Dreisbach, G., & Goschke, T. (2004). How positive affect modulates cognitive control:

Reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility. Journal of Experimental

Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 343–353. doi:10.1037/0278-

7393.30.2.343

Duncker, K. (1945). On problem solving. Psychological Monographs, 58(5).

Durstewitz, D., & Seamans, J. K. (2008). The dual-state theory of prefrontal cortex

dopamine function with relevance to catechol-o-methyltransferase genotypes and

schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 739–749. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.015

References

168

Egner, T., & Hirsch, J. (2005). Cognitive control mechanisms resolve conflict through

cortical amplification of task-relevant information. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1784–

1790. doi:10.1038/nn1594

Engel, A. K., Fries, P., & Singer, W. (2001). Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and

synchrony in top-down processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 704–716.

doi:10.1038/35094565

Erhard, K., Kessler, F., Neumann, N., Ortheil, H. J., & Lotze, M. (2014). Professional

training in creative writing is associated with enhanced fronto-striatal activity in a

literary text continuation task. NeuroImage, 100, 15–23.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.076

Ettinger, U., Meyhöfer, I., Steffens, M., Wagner, M., & Koutsouleris, N. (2014). Genetics,

cognition, and neurobiology of schizotypal personality: A review of the overlap with

schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 1–16. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00018

Falk, D., Lepore, F. E., & Noe, A. (2013). The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: A

description and preliminary analysis of unpublished photographs. Brain, 136, 1304–

1327. doi:10.1093/brain/aws295

Farah, M. J., Haimm, C., Sankoorikal, G., & Chatterjee, A. (2009). When we enhance

cognition with Adderall, do we sacrifice creativity? A preliminary study.


Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Doyle, A., Murray, K., Petty, C., Adamson, J. J., & Seidman, L.

(2006). Neuropsychological studies of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses of

adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1081–1087.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.060

Faraone, S. V, Biederman, J., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Seidman, L. J., Mick, E., & Doyle, A. E.

(2000). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: An overview. Biological

Psychiatry, 48, 9–20. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00889-1

Faraone, S. V, Kunwar, A., Adamson, J., & Biederman, J. (2009). Personality traits among

ADHD adults: implications of late-onset and subthreshold diagnoses. Psychological

Medicine, 39, 685–693. doi:10.1017/S0033291708003917

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical

power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior

Research Methods, 39, 175–191.

Faust-Socher, A., Kenett, Y. N., Cohen, O. S., Hassin-Baer, S., & Inzelberg, R. (2014).

Enhanced creative thinking under dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson disease.

Annals of Neurology, 75, 935–942. doi:10.1002/ana.24181

Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity.

References

169

Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 290–309.

Fink, A., & Benedek, M. (2014). EEG alpha power and creative ideation. Neuroscience &

Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 111–123. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.002

Fink, A., Benedek, M., Grabner, R. H., Staudt, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2007). Creativity

meets neuroscience: Experimental tasks for the neuroscientific study of creative

thinking. Methods, 42, 68–76. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.12.001

Fink, A., & Neubauer, A. C. (2006). EEG alpha oscillations during the performance of

verbal creativity tasks: Differential effects of sex and verbal intelligence.

International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62, 46–53. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.01.001

Finke, R. A. (1996). Imagery, creativity, and emergent structure. Consciousness and

Cognition, 5, 381–393. doi:10.1006/ccog.1996.0024

Fletcher, P. C., & Frith, C. D. (2009). Perceiving is believing: A Bayesian approach to

explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 10,

48–58. doi:10.1038/nrn2536

Folley, B. S., & Park, S. (2005). Verbal creativity and schizotypal personality in relation to

prefrontal hemispheric laterality: A behavioral and near-infrared optical imaging

study. Schizophrenia Research, 80, 271–282. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.06.016

Forstmann, B. U., Brass, M., Koch, I., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2006). Voluntary selection of

task sets revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Cognitive

Neuroscience, 18, 388–398. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.3.388

Foster, P. S., Williamson, J. B., & Harrison, D. W. (2005). The Ruff Figural Fluency Test:

Heightened right frontal lobe delta activity as a function of performance. Archives of

Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 427–434. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.09.010

Frank, M. J. (2005). Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: A

neurocomputational account of cognitive deficits in medicated and nonmedicated

Parkinsonism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 51–72.

doi:10.1162/0898929052880093

Frank, M. J., Loughry, B., & O’Reilly, R. C. (2001). Interactions between frontal cortex and

basal ganglia in working memory: A computational model. Cognitive, Affective &

Behavioral Neuroscience, 1, 137–160.

Frank, M. J., & O’Reilly, R. C. (2006). A mechanistic account of striatal dopamine function

in human cognition: psychopharmacological studies with cabergoline and

haloperidol. Behavioral Neuroscience, 120, 497–517. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.3.497

Fries, P. (2005). A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: Neuronal communication through

neuronal coherence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 474–480.

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.011

References

170

Funk, J. B., Chessare, J. B., Weaver, M. T., & Exbey, A. R. (1993). Attention deficit

hyperactivity disorder, creativity, and the effects of methylphenidate. Pediatrics, 91,

816–819.

Furnham, A., Batey, M., Anand, K., & Manfield, J. (2008). Personality, hypomania,

intelligence and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1060–1069.

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.035

Galang, A. J. R., Castelo, V. L. C., Santos, L. C., Perlas, C. M. C., & Angeles, M. A. B. (2016).

Investigating the prosocial psychopath model of the creative personality: Evidence

from traits and psychophysiology. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 28–36.

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.081

Gardner, H. (1993). Seven creators of the modern era. In J. Brockman (Ed.), Creativity (pp.

28–47). New York: Simon & Schuster.

Garfield, C. F., Dorsey, E. R., Zhu, S., Huskamp, H. A., Conti, R., Dusetzina, S. B., …

Alexander, G. C. (2012). Trends in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ambulatory

diagnosis and medical treatment in the United States, 2000-2010. Academic

Pediatrics, 12, 110–116. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2012.01.003

Geurts, H. M., Luman, M., & Van Meel, C. S. (2008). What’s in a game: The effect of social

motivation on interference control in boys with ADHD and autism spectrum

disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 848–857. doi:10.1111/j.1469-

7610.2008.01916.x

Gilhooly, K. J., Fioratou, E., Anthony, S. H., & Wynn, V. (2007). Divergent thinking:

Strategies for generating alternative uses for familiar objects. British Journal of

Psychology, 98, 611–625.

Gladwin, T. E., & De Jong, R. (2005). Bursts of occipital theta and alpha amplitude

preceding alternation and repetition trials in a task-switching experiment. Biological

Psychology, 68, 309–329. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.06.004

Gocłowska, M. A., Baas, M., Crisp, R. J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2014). Whether social schema

violations help or hurt creativity depends on need for structure. Personality & Social

Psychology Bulletin, 40, 959–971. doi:10.1177/0146167214533132

Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1992). Dopamine-mediated mechanisms of the prefrontal cortex.

Seminars in Neuroscience, 4, 149–159. doi:10.1016/1044-5765(92)90013-R

Gonen-Yaacovi, G., De Souza, L. C., Levy, R., Urbanski, M., Josse, G., & Volle, E. (2013).

Rostral and caudal prefrontal contribution to creativity: A meta-analysis of

functional imaging data. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1–22.

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00465

González-Carpio Hernández, G., & Serrano Selva, J. P. (2016). Medication and creativity in

References

171

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Psicothema, 28, 20–25.

doi:10.7334/psicothema2015.126

Gough, H. G. (1979). A creative personality scale for the Adjective Check List. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1398–1405. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.8.1398

Grabner, R. H., Fink, A., & Neubauer, A. C. (2007). Brain correlates of self-rated

originality of ideas: Evidence from event-related power and phase-locking changes

in the EEG. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121, 224–230. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.1.224

Greely, H., Sahakian, B., Harris, J., Kessler, R. C., Gazzaniga, M. S., Campbell, P., & Farah,

M. J. (2008). Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy.

Nature, 456, 702–705. doi:10.1038/456702a

Groman, S. M., James, A. S., Seu, E., Tran, S., Clark, T. A., Harpster, S. N., … Jentsch, J. D.

(2014). In the blink of an eye: Relating positive-feedback sensitivity to striatal

dopamine D2-like receptors through blink rate. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 14443–

14454. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3037-14.2014

Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444–454.

Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Gvirts, H. Z., Mayseless, N., Segev, A., Lewis, D. Y., Feffer, K., Barnea, Y., … Shamay-

Tsoory, S. G. (2016). Novelty-seeking trait predicts the effect of methylphenidate on

creativity. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31, 599–605.

doi:10.1177/0269881116667703

Haegens, S., Handel, B. F., & Jensen, O. (2011). Top-down controlled alpha band activity

in somatosensory areas determines behavioral performance in a discrimination task.

Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 5197–5204. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5199-10.2011

Harmony, T. (2013). The functional significance of delta oscillations in cognitive

processing. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7, 1–10. doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00083

Hase, A., Jung, S. E., & aan het Rot, M. (2015). Behavioral and cognitive effects of tyrosine

intake in healthy human adults. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 133, 1–6.

doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.008

Hedges, L. V, & Olkin, I. (2014). Statistical method for meta-analysis. New York, NY:

Academic press.

Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61,

569–598. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100416

Hines, T. (2014). Neuromythology of Einstein’s brain. Brain and Cognition, 88, 21–25.

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.04.004

Hipp, J. F., Engel, A. K., & Siegel, M. (2011). Oscillatory synchronization in large-scale

cortical networks predicts perception. Neuron, 69, 387–396.

References

172

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.027

Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequential rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian

Journal of Statistics, 6, 65–70.

Hommel, B. (2012). Convergent and divergent operations in cognitive search. In P. M.

Todd, T. T. Hills, & T. W. Robbins (Eds.), Cognitive Search: Evolution, algorithms, and

the brain (pp. 221–235). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2017). The social transmission of metacontrol policies:

Mechanisms underlying the interpersonal transfer of persistence and flexibility.

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.009

Ikemoto, S. (2007). Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral

midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex. Brain Research

Reviews, 56, 27–78. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004

Inzelberg, R. (2013). The awakening of artistic creativity and Parkinson’s disease.

Behavioral Neuroscience, 127, 256–261. doi:10.1037/a0031052

Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative

problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1122–1131. Retrieved

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3598858

Jann, K., Kottlow, M., Dierks, T., Boesch, C., & Koenig, T. (2010). Topographic

electrophysiological signatures of fMRI resting state networks. PLoS ONE, 5, 1–10.


Janssen, O. (2001). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships

between job demands, and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of

Management Journal, 44, 1039–1050.

Jauk, E., Benedek, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2012). Tackling creativity at its roots: Evidence

for different patterns of EEG alpha activity related to convergent and divergent

modes of task processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 84, 219–225.

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.02.012

Jauk, E., Neubauer, A. C., Dunst, B., Fink, A., & Benedek, M. (2015). Gray matter correlates

of creative potential: A latent variable voxel-based morphometry study. NeuroImage,

111, 312–320. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.002

Jensen, O., & Mazaheri, A. (2010). Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha

activity: Gating by inhibition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 1–8.

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00186

Johnson, S. L., Murray, G., Fredrickson, B., Youngstrom, E. A., Hinshaw, S., Bass, J. M., …

Salloum, I. (2012). Creativity and bipolar disorder: Touched by fire or burning with

questions? Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.001

References

173

Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2002). The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory

capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-

differences perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 637–671.

doi:10.3758/BF03196323

Kang, M.-S., Diraddo, A., Logan, G. D., & Woodman, G. F. (2014). Electrophysiological

evidence for preparatory reconfiguration before voluntary task switches but not

cued task switches. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 454–461. doi:10.3758/s13423-

013-0499-8

Kasof, J. (1997). Creativity and the breadth of attention. Creativity Research Journal, 10,

303–315.

Kaufman, J. C. (2012). Counting the muses: Development of the Kaufman Domains of

Creativity Scale (K-DOCS). Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6, 298–

308. doi:10.1037/a0029751

Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: The four c model of

creativity. Review of General Psychology, 13, 1–12. doi:10.1037/a0013688

Kaufman, J. C., Waterstreet, M. A., Ailabouni, H. S., Whitcomb, H. J., Roe, A. K., & Riggs,

M. (2010). Personality and self-perceptions of creativity across domains.

Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 29, 193–209. doi:10.2190/IC.29.3.c

Kehagia, A. A., Murray, G. K., & Robbins, T. W. (2010). Learning and cognitive flexibility:

Frontostriatal function and monoaminergic modulation. Current Opinion in

Neurobiology, 20, 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.01.007

Kellendonk, C., Simpson, E. H., Polan, H. J., Malleret, G., Vronskaya, S., Winiger, V., …

Kandel, E. R. (2006). Transient and selective overexpression of dopamine D2

receptors in the striatum causes persistent abnormalities in prefrontal cortex

functioning. Neuron, 49, 603–615. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.023

Kimberg, D. Y., D’Esposito, M., & Farah, M. J. (1997). Effects of bromocriptine on human

subjects depend on working memory capacity. Neuroreport, 8, 3581–3585.

doi:10.1097/00001756-199711100-00032

Kimko, H. C., Cross, J. T., & Abernethy, D. R. (1999). Pharmacokinetics and clinical

effectiveness of methylphenidate. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 37, 457–470.

Klimesch, W., Sauseng, P., & Hanslmayr, S. (2007). EEG alpha oscillations: The

inhibition-timing hypothesis. Brain Research Reviews, 53, 63–88.

doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.06.003

Kohls, G., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2009). Hyperresponsiveness to social

rewards in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD). Behavioral and Brain Functions, 5, 20. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-20

References

174

Kohn, N. W., & Smith, S. M. (2007). Collaborative fixation: Effects of others’ ideas on

brainstorming. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 1057–1075. doi:10.1002/acp

Kooij, J. J. S., Buitelaar, J. K., van den Oord, E. J., Furer, J. W., Rijnders, C. A. T., &

Hodiamont, P. P. G. (2005). Internal and external validity of attention-deficit

hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adults. Psychological

Medicine, 35, 817–827. doi:10.1017/S003329170400337X

Krug, R., Mölle, M., Dodt, C., Fehm, H. L., & Born, J. (2003). Acute influences of estrogen

and testosterone on divergent and convergent thinking in postmenopausal women.

Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1538–1545. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300200

Krugel, L. K., Biele, G., Mohr, P. N. C., Li, S.-C., & Heekeren, H. R. (2009). Genetic

variation in dopaminergic neuromodulation influences the ability to rapidly and

flexibly adapt decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United

States of America, 106, 17951–17956. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905191106

Kuczenski, R., & Segal, D. S. (1997). Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular

dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine: Comparison with amphetamine. Journal of

Neurochemistry, 68, 2032–2037. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68052032.x

Kühn, S., Ritter, S. M., Müller, B. C. N., van Baaren, R. B., Brass, M., & Dijksterhuis, A.

(2014). The importance of the default mode network in creativity—A structural MRI

study. Journal of Creative Behavior, 48, 152–163. doi:10.1002/jocb.45

Langley, K., Marshall, L., Van den Bree, M., Thomas, H., Owen, M., O’Donovan, M., &

Thapar, A. (2004). Association of the dopamine D4 receptor gene 7-repeat allele

with neuropsychological test performance of children with ADHD. American Journal

of Psychiatry, 161, 133–138.

Larey, T. S., & Paulus, P. B. (1999). Group preference and convergent tendencies in small

groups: A content analysis of group brainstorming performance. Creativity Research

Journal, 12, 165–173. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1203

Laruelle, M., Kegeles, L. S., & Abi-Dargham, A. (2003). Glutamate, dopamine, and

schizophrenia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1003, 138–158.

Leber, A. B., Turk-Browne, N. B., & Chun, M. M. (2008). Neural predictors of moment-to-

moment fluctuations in cognitive flexibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 13592–13597.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0805423105

Levy, F., Hay, D. A., McStephen, M., Wood, C., & Waldman, I. (1997). Attention-deficit

hyperactivity disorder: A category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale

twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36,

737–744. doi:10.1097/00004583-199706000-00009

References

175

Lewis, R., & Kupke, T. (1977). The Lafayette Clinic repeatable neuropsychological test

battery: Its development and research applications. In Annual Meeting of the

Southeastern Psychological Association. Hollywood, FL.

Liddle, E. B., Hollis, C., Batty, M. J., Groom, M. J., Totman, J. J., Liotti, M., … Liddle, P. F.

(2011). Task-related default mode network modulation and inhibitory control in

ADHD: effects of motivation and methylphenidate. Journal of Child Psychology and

Psychiatry, 52, 761–771. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02333.x

Lidow, M. S., Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Gallager, D. W., & Rakic, P. (1991). Distribution of

dopaminergic receptors in the primate cerebral cortex: Quantitative

autoradiographic analysis using [3H]raclopride, [3H]spiperone and [3H]SCH23390.

Neuroscience, 40, 657–671.

Linssen, A. M. W., Sambeth, A., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., & Riedel, W. J. (2014). Cognitive

effects of methylphenidate in healthy volunteers: A review of single dose studies.

International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 961–977.

doi:10.1017/S1461145713001594

Linssen, A. M. W., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., Sambeth, A., & Riedel, W. J. (2012).

Methylphenidate produces selective enhancement of declarative memory

consolidation in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 221, 611–619.

doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2605-9

Lucas, B. J., & Nordgren, L. F. (2015). People underestimate the value of persistence for

creative performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 232–243.

doi:10.1037/pspa0000030

Luman, M., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). The impact of reinforcement

contingencies on AD/HD: A review and theoretical appraisal. Clinical Psychology

Review, 25, 183–213. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.001

MacGregor, J. N., Ormerod, T. C., & Chronicle, E. P. (2001). Information processing and

insight: A process model of performance on the nine-dot and related problems.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 176–201.

MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation,

confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173–181.

doi:10.1023/A1026595011371

Magill, R. A., Waters, W. F., Bray, G. A., Volaufova, J., Smith, S. R., Lieberman, H. R., …

Ryan, D. H. (2003). Effects of tyrosine, phentermine, caffeine D-amphetamine, and

placebo on cognitive and motor performance deficits during sleep deprivation.

Nutritional Neuroscience, 6, 237–246. doi:10.1080/1028415031000120552

Maher, B. (2008). Poll results: Look who’s doping. Nature, 452, 674–675.

References

176

doi:10.1038/452674a

Malhotra, A. K., Kestler, L. J., Mazzanti, C., Bates, J. A., Goldberg, T., & Goldman, D.

(2002). A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene and performance on a test of

prefrontal cognition. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 652–4.

Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., & LaPadula, M. (1993). Adult outcome of

hyperactive boys: Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric

status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 565–576.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820190067007

Mansfield, E. L., Karayanidis, F., & Cohen, M. X. (2012). Switch-related and general

preparation processes in task-switching: Evidence from multivariate pattern

classification of EEG data. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 18253–18258.

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0737-12.2012

Marquand, A. F., De Simoni, S., O’Daly, O. G., Williams, S. C., Mourão-Miranda, J., &

Mehta, M. A. (2011). Pattern classification of working memory networks reveals

differential effects of methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and placebo in healthy

volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 1237–1247. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.9

Marsh, R. L., Ward, T. B., & Landau, J. D. (1999). The inadvertent use of prior knowledge

in a generative cognitive task. Memory & Cognition, 27, 94–105.

Martínez-Arán, A., Vieta, E., Reinares, M., Colom, F., Torrent, C., Sánchez-Moreno, J., …

Salamero, M. (2004). Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and

euthymic states in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 262–270.

Matsumoto, M., Weickert, C. S., Akil, M., Lipska, B. K., Hyde, T. M., Herman, M. M., …

Weinberger, D. R. (2003). Catechol O-methyltransferase mRNA expression in human

and rat brain: evidence for a role in cortical neuronal function. Neuroscience, 116,

127–137.

Mayseless, N., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. (2014). Unleashing creativity: The

role of left temporoparietal regions in evaluating and inhibiting the generation of

creative ideas. Neuropsychologia, 64, 157–168.


Mayseless, N., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. (2015). Enhancing verbal creativity: Modulating

creativity by altering the balance between right and left inferior frontal gyrus with

tDCS. Neuroscience, 291, 167–176. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.061

Mayseless, N., Uzefovsky, F., Shalev, I., Ebstein, R. P., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2013). The

association between creativity and 7R polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D4

gene (DRD4). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1–7. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00502

McNab, F., & Klingberg, T. (2008). Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to

References

177

working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 103–107. doi:10.1038/nn2024

Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review,

69, 220–232.

Mehta, M. A., Manes, F. F., Magnolfi, G., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2004).

Impaired set-shifting and dissociable effects on tests of spatial working memory

following the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride in human volunteers.


Mehta, M. A., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Mavaddat, N., Pickard, J. D., & Robbins, T. W.

(2000). Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal

and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 1–6.

Men, W., Falk, D., Sun, T., Chen, W., Li, J., Yin, D., … Fan, M. (2014). The corpus callosum

of Albert Einstein’s brain: Another clue to his high intelligence? Brain, 137, 1–8.

doi:10.1093/brain/awt252

Metuki, N., Sela, T., & Lavidor, M. (2012). Enhancing cognitive control components of

insight problems solving by anodal tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Brain Stimulation, 5, 110–115. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.002

Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., & Heinrichs, M. (2011). Oxytocin and

vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine.

Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 524–538. doi:10.1038/nrn3044

Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Kohn, P. D., Kolachana, B., Kippenhan, S., McInerney-Leo, A.,

Nussbaum, R., … Berman, K. F. (2005). Midbrain dopamine and prefrontal function

in humans: interaction and modulation by COMT genotype. Nature Neuroscience, 8,

594–596. doi:10.1038/nn1438

Miller, A. I. (2000). Insights of genius: Imagery and creativity in science and art. Cambridge,

MA: MIT Press.

Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function.

Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167–202.

Minzenberg, M. J., & Carter, C. S. (2008). Modafinil: A review of neurochemical actions

and effects on cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 1477–1502.

doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301534

Mitchell, J. T. (2010). Behavioral approach in ADHD: Testing a motivational dysfunction

hypothesis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13, 609–617.

Mohamed, A. D. (2016). The efects of modafinil on convergent and divergent thinking of

creativity: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Creative Behavior, 50, 252–267.

doi:10.1002/jocb.73

Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 134–140.

References

178

doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00028-7

Montag, T., Maertz, C. P., & Baer, M. (2012). A critical analysis of the workplace creativity

criterion space. Journal of Management, 38, 1362–1386.

doi:10.1177/0149206312441835

Mostert, J. C., Hoogman, M., Onnink, A. M. H., van Rooij, D., von Rhein, D., van Hulzen, K.

J. E., … Franke, B. (2015). Similar subgroups based on cognitive performance parse

heterogeneity in adults with ADHD and healthy controls. Journal of Attention

Disorders, 1–12. doi:10.1177/1087054715602332

Müller, J., Dreisbach, G., Goschke, T., Hensch, T., Lesch, K.-P., & Brocke, B. (2007).

Dopamine and cognitive control: The prospect of monetary gains influences the

balance between flexibility and stability in a set-shifting paradigm. European Journal

of Neuroscience, 26, 3661–3668. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05949.x

Müller, U., Rittman, T., Rowe, J. B., Robbins, T. W., Lewis, C., & Sahakian, B. J. (2013).

Effects of modafinil on non-verbal cognition, task enjoyment and creative thinking

in healthy volunteers. Neuropharmacology, 64, 490–495.

doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.009

Mumford, M. D., Baughman, W. A., Threlfall, K. V., Supinski, E. P., & Costanza, D. P.

(1996). Process-based measures of creative problem-solving skills: I. Problem

construction. Creativity Research Journal, 9, 63–76.

Murphy, K. R., Barkley, R. A., & Bush, T. (2001). Executive functioning and olfactory

identification in young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.

Neuropsychology, 15, 211–220.

Murphy, M., Runco, M. A., Acar, S., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2013). Reanalysis of genetic data

and rethinking dopamine’s relationship with creativity. Creativity Research Journal,

25, 147–148. doi:10.1080/10400419.2013.752305

Nácher, V., Ledberg, A., Deco, G., & Romo, R. (2013). Coherent delta-band oscillations

between cortical areas correlate with decision making. Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences, 110, 15085–15090. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314681110

Nijstad, B. A., De Dreu, C. K. W., Rietzschel, E. F., & Baas, M. (2010). The dual pathway to

creativity model: Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence.

European Review of Social Psychology, 21, 34–77. doi:10.1080/10463281003765323

Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2006). How the group affects the mind: A cognitive model of

idea generation in groups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 186–213.

doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003

O’Sullivan, N., Szczepanowski, R., El-Deredy, W., Mason, L., & Bentall, R. P. (2011). fMRI

evidence of a relationship between hypomania and both increased goal-sensitivity

References

179

and positive outcome-expectancy bias. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2825–2835.


Overbey, G. A., Snell, W. E., & Callis, K. E. (2011). Subclinical ADHD, stress, and coping in

romantic relationships of university students. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 67–

78. doi:10.1177/1087054709347257

Parker, J. D. A., Majeski, S. A., & Collin, V. T. (2004). ADHD symptoms and personality:

Relationships with the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 36,

977–987. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00166-1

Patton, J., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt

Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768–774.

Piray, P., den Ouden, H. E. M., Van der Schaaf, M. E., Toni, I., & Cools, R. (2015).

Dopaminergic modulation of the functional ventrodorsal architecture of the human

striatum. Cerebral Cortex, 27, 485–495. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv243

Plucker, J. A., & Renzulli, J. S. (1999). Psychometric approaches to the study of human

creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of Creativity (pp. 35–60). New York:

Cambridge University Press.

Polner, B., Nagy, H., Takáts, A., & Kéri, S. (2015). Kiss of the muse for the chosen ones: De

novo schizotypal traits and lifetime creative achievement are related to changes in

divergent thinking during dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Psychology

of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9, 328–339.

Prada, L., Barceló, F., Herrmann, C. S., & Escera, C. (2014). EEG delta oscillations index

inhibitory control of contextual novelty to both irrelevant distracters and relevant

task-switch cues. Psychophysiology, 51, 658–672. doi:10.1111/psyp.12210

Radel, R., Davranche, K., Fournier, M., & Dietrich, A. (2015). The role of (dis)inhibition in

creativity: Decreased inhibition improves idea generation. Cognition, 134, 110–120.

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.09.001

Ramsay, J. R. (2010). CBT for Adult ADHD: Adaptations and hypothesized mechanisms of

change. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24, 37–45. doi:10.1891/0889-8391.24.1.37

Reuter, M., Roth, S., Holve, K., & Hennig, J. (2006). Identification of first candidate genes

for creativity: A pilot study. Brain Research, 1069, 190–197.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.046

Richards, R. (2007). Everyday creativity: our hidden potential. In R. Richards (Ed.),

Everyday Creativity and New Views of Human Nature. (pp. 25–54). Washington, DC:

American Psychological Association.

Richards, R., Kinney, D. K., Lunde, I., Benet, M., & Merzel, A. P. C. (1988). Creativity in

manic-depressives, cyclothymes, their normal relatives, and control subjects.

References

180

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 281–288.

Rietzschel, E. F., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2007). Personal need for structure and

creative performance: The moderating influence of fear of invalidity. Personality &

Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 855–866. doi:10.1177/0146167207301017

Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (2007). Differential regulation of fronto-executive

function by the monoamines and acetylcholine. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 151–160.

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm066

Roskes, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2012). Necessity is the mother of invention:

Avoidance motivation stimulates creativity through cognitive effort. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 242–256. doi:10.1037/a0028442

Rubia, K., Halari, R., Cubillo, A., Mohammad, A.-M., Brammer, M., & Taylor, E. (2009).

Methylphenidate normalises activation and functional connectivity deficits in

attention and motivation networks in medication-naïve children with ADHD during

a rewarded continuous performance task. Neuropharmacology, 57, 640–652.

doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.013

Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657–687.

doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141502

Runco, M. A. (2008). Commentary: Divergent thinking is not synonymous with creativity.

Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2, 93–96. doi:10.1037/1931-

3896.2.2.93

Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity

Research Journal, 24, 92–96. doi:10.1080/10400419.2012.650092

Runco, M. A., Noble, E. P., Reiter-Palmon, R., Acar, S., Ritchie, T., & Yurkovich, J. M.

(2011). The genetic basis of creativity and ideational fluency. Creativity Research

Journal, 23, 376–380. doi:10.1080/10400419.2011.621859

Sagvolden, T., Johansen, E. B., Aase, H., & Russell, V. A. (2005). A dynamic developmental

theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly

hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28,

397–419. doi:10.1017/S0140525X05000075

Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in

cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403–428. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403

Santosa, C. M., Strong, C. M., Nowakowska, C., Wang, P. W., Rennicke, C. M., & Ketter, T.

A. (2007). Enhanced creativity in bipolar disorder patients: A controlled study.

Journal of Affective Disorders, 100, 31–39. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.013

Scatton, B., Javoy-Agid, F., Rouquier, L., Dubois, B., & Agid, Y. (1983). Reduction of

cortical dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites in Parkinson’s

References

181

disease. Brain Research, 275, 321–328. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90993-9

Schultz, W. (2002). Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron, 36, 241–263.

Seamans, J. K., & Yang, C. R. (2004). The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine

modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Progress in Neurobiology, 74, 1–58.

doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.05.006

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Adler, N., Aharon-Peretz, J., Perry, D., & Mayseless, N. (2011). The

origins of originality: The neural bases of creative thinking and originality.

Neuropsychologia, 49, 178–185. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.020

Shaw-Zirt, B., Popali-Lehane, L., Chaplin, W., & Bergman, A. (2005). Adjustment, social

skills, and self-esteem in college students with symptoms of ADHD. Journal of

Attention Disorders, 8, 109–120. doi:10.1177/1087054705277775

Shaw, G. A., & Giambra, L. (1993). Task-unrelated thoughts of college students diagnosed

as hyperactive in childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology, 9, 17–30.

doi:10.1080/87565649309540541

Silvia, P. J., Wigert, B., Reiter-Palmon, R., & Kaufman, J. C. (2012). Assessing creativity

with self-report scales: A review and empirical evaluation. Psychology of Aesthetics,

Creativity, and the Arts, 6, 19–34. doi:10.1037/a0024071

Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Willse, J. T., Barona, C. M., Cram, J. T., Hess, K. I., …

Richard, C. A. (2008). Assessing creativity with divergent thinking tasks: Exploring

the reliability and validity of new subjective scoring methods. Psychology of

Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2, 68–85. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.2.2.68

Simon, V., Czobor, P., Balint, S., Meszaros, A., & Bitter, I. (2009). Prevalence and

correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. The

British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 204–211. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827

Simonton, D. K. (2003). Scientific creativity as constrained stochastic behavior: The

integration of product, person, and process perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 129,

475–494. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.475

Sio, U. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2009). Does incubation enhance problem solving? A meta-

analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 94–120. doi:10.1037/a0014212

Smith, M. E., & Farah, M. J. (2011). Are prescription stimulants “smart pills”? The

epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal

healthy individuals. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 717–741. doi:10.1037/a0023825

Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2003). The dual pathway model of AD/HD: An elaboration of

neuro-developmental characteristics. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27,

593–604. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005

Srivastava, S., Childers, M. E., Baek, J. H., Strong, C. M., Hill, S. J., Warsett, K. S., … Ketter,

References

182

T. A. (2010). Toward interaction of affective and cognitive contributors to creativity

in bipolar disorders: A controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125, 27–34.

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.018

Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Handbook of creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Strakowski, S. M., Delbello, M. P., & Adler, C. M. (2005). The functional neuroanatomy of

bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings. Molecular Psychiatry, 10, 105–

116. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001585

Ströhle, A., Stoy, M., Wrase, J., Schwarzer, S., Schlagenhauf, F., Huss, M., … Heinz, A.

(2008). Reward anticipation and outcomes in adult males with attention-

deficit/hyperactivity disorder. NeuroImage, 39, 966–972.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.044

Swainson, R., Rogers, R. D., Sahakian, B. J., Summers, B. a., Polkey, C. E., & Robbins, T. W.

(2000). Probabilistic learning and reversal deficits in patients with Parkinson’s

disease or frontal or temporal lobe lesions: Possible adverse effects of dopaminergic

medication. Neuropsychologia, 38, 596–612. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00103-7

Swanson, J. M., Kinsbourne, M., Nigg, J., Lanphear, B., Stefanatos, G. A., Volkow, N., …

Wadhwa, P. D. (2007). Etiologic subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:

brain imaging, molecular genetic and environmental factors and the dopamine

hypothesis. Neuropsychology Review, 17, 39–59. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9019-9

Swart, J. C., Froböse, M. I., Cook, J. L., Geurts, D. E. M., Frank, M. J., Cools, R., & Den

Ouden, H. E. M. (2017). Catecholaminergic challenge uncovers distinct Pavlovian and

instrumental mechanisms of motivated (in)action. eLife, 6, e22169.

doi:10.7554/eLife.22169

Swerdlow, N. R., Stephany, N., Wasserman, L. C., Talledo, J., Sharp, R., & Auerbach, P. P.

(2003). Dopamine agonists disrupt visual latent inhibition in normal males using a

within-subject paradigm. Psychopharmacology, 169, 314–320. doi:10.1007/s00213-

002-1325-6

Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Hashizume, H., Sassa, Y., Nagase, T., Nouchi, R., & Kawashima, R.

(2012). The association between resting functional connectivity and creativity.

Cerebral Cortex, 22, 2921–2929. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr371

Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sassa, Y., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Fukushima, A., &

Kawashima, R. (2010a). Regional gray matter volume of dopaminergic system

associate with creativity: Evidence from voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 51,

578–585. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.078

Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sassa, Y., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Fukushima, A., &

Kawashima, R. (2010b). White matter structures associated with creativity: Evidence

References

183

from diffusion tensor imaging. NeuroImage, 51, 11–18.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.035

Thrash, T. M., Maruskin, L. A., Cassidy, S. E., Fryer, J. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Mediating

between the muse and the masses: Inspiration and the actualization of creative

ideas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 469–487. doi:10.1037/a0017907

Toner, M., O’Donoghue, T., & Houghton, S. (2006). Living in chaos and striving for

control: How adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder deal with their

disorder. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 53, 247–261.

doi:10.1080/10349120600716190

Toplak, M. E., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2005). Executive and motivational processes in

adolescents with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Behavioral and

Brain Functions, 1, 1–12. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-1-8

Tucha, L., Tucha, O., Sontag, T. A., Stasik, D., Laufkötter, R., & Lange, K. W. (2011).

Differential effects of methylphenidate on problem solving in adults with ADHD.

Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 161–173. doi:10.1177/1087054709356391

Unsworth, N., Heitz, R. P., Schrock, J. C., & Engle, R. W. (2005). An automated version of

the operation span task. Behavior Research Methods, 37, 498–505.

doi:10.3758/bf03192720

Van der Schaaf, M. E., Fallon, S. J., Huurne, N., Buitelaar, J., & Cools, R. (2013). Working

memory capacity predicts effects of methylphenidate on reversal learning.

Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 2011–2018. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.100

Van der Schaaf, M. E., Van Schouwenburg, M. R., Geurts, D. E. M., Schellekens, A. F. A.,

Buitelaar, J. K., Verkes, R. J., & Cools, R. (2014). Establishing the dopamine

dependency of human striatal signals during reward and punishment reversal

learning. Cerebral Cortex, 24, 633–642. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs344

Van Holstein, M., Aarts, E., Van der Schaaf, M. E., Geurts, D. E. M., Verkes, R. J., Franke,

B., … Cools, R. (2011). Human cognitive flexibility depends on dopamine D2 receptor

signaling. Psychopharmacology, 218, 567–578. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2340-2

Van Rhee, H. J., Suurmond, R., & Hak, T. (2015). User manual for Meta-Essentials:

Workbooks for meta-analysis (Version 1.0). Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Erasmus

Research Institute of Management. Retrieved from www.erim.eur.nl/research-

support/meta-essentials

Verheul, I., Block, J., Burmeister-Lamp, K., Thurik, R., Tiemeier, H., & Turturea, R. (2015).

ADHD-like behavior and entrepreneurial intentions. Small Business Economics, 45,

85–101. doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9642-4

Verheul, I., Rietdijk, W., Block, J., Franken, I., Larsson, H., & Thurik, R. (2016). The

References

184

association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms and self-

employment. European Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 793–801. doi:10.1007/s10654-016-

0159-1

Verstraeten, E., & Cluydts, R. (2002). Attentional switching-related human EEG alpha

oscillations. Neuroreport, 13, 681–684. doi:10.1097/00001756-200204160-00029

Vijayraghavan, S., Wang, M., Birnbaum, S. G., Williams, G. V, & Arnsten, A. F. T. (2007).

Inverted-U dopamine D1 receptor actions on prefrontal neurons engaged in working

memory. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 376–384. doi:10.1038/nn1846

Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., & Telang, F. (2011). Addiction:

Beyond dopamine reward circuitry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,

108, 15037–15042. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010654108

Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Newcorn, J. H., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Telang, F., …

Swanson, J. M. (2011). Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of

the dopamine reward pathway. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 1147–1154.

doi:10.1038/mp.2010.97

Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Telang, F., Maynard, L., Logan, J., … Swanson, J.

M. (2004). Evidence that methylphenidate enhances the saliency of a mathematical

task by increasing dopamine in the human brain. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161,

1173–1180. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1173

Wallace, D. L., Vytlacil, J. J., Nomura, E. M., Gibbs, S. E. B., & D’Esposito, M. (2011). The

dopamine agonist bromocriptine differentially affects fronto-striatal functional

connectivity during working memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 1–6.

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00032

Ward, T. B., Smith, S. M., & Finke, R. A. (1999). Creative cognition. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.),

Handbook of Creativity (pp. 189–212). New York: Cambridge University Press.

White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2006). Uninhibited imaginations: Creativity in adults with

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 40,

1121–1131. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.007

White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2011). Creative style and achievement in adults with attention-

deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 673–677.

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.015

White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2016). Scope of semantic activation and innovative thinking in

college students with ADHD. Creativity Research Journal, 28, 275–282.

doi:10.1080/10400419.2016.1195655

Wilmshurst, L., Peele, M., & Wilmshurst, L. (2011). Resilience and well-being in college

students with and without a diagnosis of ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 11–

References

185

17. doi:10.1177/1087054709347261

Zabelina, D. L., Colzato, L., Beeman, M., & Hommel, B. (2016a). Dopamine and the

creative mind: Individual differences in creativity are predicted by interactions

between dopamine genes DAT and COMT. Plos One, 11, e0146768.


Zabelina, D. L., Condon, D., & Beeman, M. (2014). Do dimensional psychopathology

measures relate to creative achievement or divergent thinking? Frontiers in

Psychology, 5, 1–11. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01029

Zabelina, D. L., O’Leary, D., Pornpattananangkul, N., Nusslock, R., & Beeman, M. (2015).

Creativity and sensory gating indexed by the P50: Selective versus leaky sensory

gating in divergent thinkers and creative achievers. Neuropsychologia, 69, 77–84.


Zabelina, D. L., & Robinson, M. D. (2010). Creativity as flexible cognitive control.

Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4, 136–143. doi:10.1037/a0017379

Zabelina, D. L., Saporta, A., & Beeman, M. (2016b). Flexible or leaky attention in creative

people? Distinct patterns of attention for different types of creative thinking.

Memory & Cognition, 44, 488–498. doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0569-4

Zald, D. H., Cowan, R. L., Riccardi, P., Baldwin, R. M., Ansari, M. S., Li, R., … Kessler, R. M.

(2009). Midbrain dopamine receptor availability is inversely associated with novelty

seeking traits in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 14372–14378.

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2423-08.2008.Midbrain

Zedelius, C. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2015). Mind wandering “Ahas” versus mindful

reasoning: alternative routes to creative solutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–13.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00834

Zhang, S., Zhang, M., & Zhang, J. (2014a). An exploratory study on DRD2 and creative

potential. Creativity Research Journal, 26, 115–123. doi:10.1080/10400419.2014.874267

Zhang, S., Zhang, M., & Zhang, J. (2014b). Association of COMT and COMT-DRD2

interaction with creative potential. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1–9.

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00216

187

Appendices

188

Appendix I: Alternate Names Task – Categories and examples

Category: Examples:

1. Planets verunus arctanus tronus

2. Brazilian music styles rumzao dorvao brinao

3. Flowers lunia fridia ezilia

4. Airlines Jimair Greenair Scanair

5. IKEA products Leksvik Nudik Rostik

6. Belgian villages Luizigem Wierdegem Sellegem

7. Rocks geradiet boniet terradiet

8. Arab oils states Raman Jibulan Urdan

9. Pain killers paradon maladon haptadon

10. STDs dafilus polipilus agridius

11. Indonesian dishes sendang warundang kresang

12. Dances salimba mueva dolsa

13. Bacteria robella kradella tremella

14 Balkan countries Girolië Tazinië Onardië

15. French cheeses mibrulain provurain chauvitain

16. Pasta fussilini krapi falucci

17. Cocktails domicita hawaiana passilada

18. Software companies Triddle Wubble Kimple

19. Surinam dishes ramoti baraseti misoti

20. Scandinavian lakes Holmö Arviksjö Kongebrö

21. Statistical tests denta chynia fischa

22. Pizza's sanadina aruviala buenarita

23. Spanish dishes comida rosilla ajola

24. Martial arts nikato kaido sadamo

25. Cleaning products Clearex Swipex Glamix

26. Wine grapes romignon armagnon blabignon

27. Polish delicacies poshniak balovniak zorniak

28. Fashion brands Tressordini Malucci Sardi

29. Japanese car manufacturers Daisuki Takeshi Mizatsi

30. Drugs polytomine sedoline fadoine

31.* Radioactive elements tortium ronium catalonium

32.* Greek islands Mianos Nikonos Presos

* practice trial

189

Appendix II: Exclusion criteria methylphenidate study

• (History of) psychiatric treatment;

• (History of) neurological treatment;

• (History of) endocrine treatment;

• (History of) cardiac or vascular diseases;

• (History of) endocrine/metabolic disease;

• (History of) obstructive respiratory disease;

• (History of) frequent autonomic failure (e.g., vasovagal reflex syncope);

• (History of) clinically significant renal or hepatic disease;

• (History of) epilepsy in adulthood;

• (History of) glaucoma;

• (History of) drug or alcohol dependence;

• One first degree or two second degree family members with a history of sudden

death or ventricular arrhythmia;

• First degree family member with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder;

• Abnormal hearing or (uncorrected) vision;

• Weekly use of psychotropic medication or recreational drugs over a period of at

least 3 months within the last 6 months;

• Use of recreational drugs within 4 weeks prior to participation;

• Use of alcohol within the last 24 hours before each test session;

• Uncontrolled hypertension (defined as diastolic blood pressure at rest > 95 mmHg

or systolic blood pressure > 180 mmHg);

• Irregular sleep/wake rhythm (e.g., regular nightshifts or cross timeline travel);

• Possible pregnancy or breastfeeding;

• Lactose intolerance.

191

Summary

Summary

192

Humans’ unique ability to generate original solutions for everyday

problems and to create beautiful pieces of art fascinates both scientists and non-

scientists. Decades of research have revealed valuable insights into the cognitive,

situational, and personality factors that are associated with creativity. For

example, one influential model of creativity proposes that creative ideas may

result from both flexible processes (e.g., switching between task approaches,

divergent thinking) and persistent processes (e.g., the thorough exploration of

possibilities along a certain line, convergent thinking) (De Dreu et al., 2008;

Nijstad et al., 2010). While we know quite a lot about the contextual factors and

individual differences that are associated with enhanced or reduced creativity

through flexibility and persistence, the neural mechanisms that underlie flexible

and persistent creative processes are still poorly understood. In the studies

presented in this dissertation, my collaborators and I set out to answer some of

the open questions regarding these neural mechanisms.

In Chapter 2, I described a new event-related task that my collaborators

and I developed to compare the neural dynamics of convergent and divergent

processes in idea generation. Studying these dynamics is challenging, because it

requires the repeated measurement of time-locked processes in many trials, as

well as the selection of a suitable comparison task. Our new task allowed us to

measure convergent and divergent processes simultaneously, while keeping the

context and task instructions constant, thereby increasing the comparability

between these processes. During this task, participants generated new names for

several items (e.g., IKEA products, martial arts), given three examples of possible

new names for each item that all ended with the same letter(s) to create an

implicit rule. From the names that participants generated, we created indices for

rule convergent thinking (the number of names with the same ending as the

examples), rule divergent thinking (the number of names with a different

ending), category repetitions (the number of consecutively generated names with

the same ending), and category switches (number of switches from one ending

to another). We measured EEG while participants performed this task and found

that rule divergent (vs. convergent) thinking and switching between endings (vs.

repeating an ending) was associated with widespread decreases in delta power.

Although these delta power differences are hard to interpret in terms of the

Summary

193

underlying neural mechanisms, this study contributes to advancing our

understanding of the neural underpinnings of creativity by addressing some

methodological challenges that characterize neuroscientific creativity research.

In Chapter 3, I presented a model of dopaminergic modulation of creativity

based on converging evidence indicating that the neurotransmitter dopamine

modulates both flexible and persistent creative processes (e.g., Chermahini &

Hommel, 2012; Zhang et al., 2014b). More specifically, this model proposes that

these flexible and persistent processes in creativity are modulated by the

nigrostriatal and mesocortical dopamine pathway, respectively, similar to the

dopaminergic modulation of flexibility and stability in cognitive control.

Dopamine in the striatum may facilitate creativity through flexibility by

supporting task switching and the flow of new information into working

memory. On the other hand, prefrontal dopamine may support creativity through

persistence by facilitating cognitive stability and the manipulation of

information in working memory. Furthermore, the relationship between (both

striatal and prefrontal) dopamine and these creative processes may follow an

inverted-U-shaped function, where moderate levels of dopamine benefit creative

performance, but both low and high levels of dopamine impair performance.

Because creative ideas presumably result from a combination of flexible and

persistent processes rather than one or the other, we propose that creativity also

requires a delicate balance between striatal and prefrontal dopamine. As direct

evidence for dopaminergic modulation of creativity is lacking at present, this

new model opens up a number of interesting avenues for future research.

Both Chapter 4 and 5 focused on creativity in ADHD, a neurodevelopmental

disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and

impulsivity. This disorder is often treated with drugs that affect dopamine levels

in the brain, suggesting that the dopaminergic system is involved in

development of the disorder. As a result of their distractibility, high energy, and

disinhibition, people with ADHD may be able to generate more original ideas

than people without the disorder. However, empirical evidence for enhanced

creativity in ADHD is mixed. In these two chapter, my collaborators and I

investigated several potential explanations for these mixed findings. In Chapter

4, I presented three studies in which we assessed the relationship between

Summary

194

subclinical symptoms of ADHD and flexible versus persistent creative processes

in healthy participants. We examined whether the relationship between ADHD

and creativity depends on the type of symptoms that people with ADHD

experience (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity, or both) and on the

specific (flexible or persistent) creative processes under investigation. We found

that ADHD symptoms in general were associated with enhanced self-reported

creative behavior, more publically recognized creative achievements in daily life,

enhanced divergent thinking, and with more original, but less practical,

reconstruction of complex problems (although effect sizes were small). Our

results also indicate that these relationships were mainly driven by hyperactive–

impulsive symptoms of ADHD, whereas inattention symptoms were less

consistently associated with creativity. In addition, we assessed whether

creativity was enhanced at a moderate degree of ADHD symptoms but impaired

at either a low or high level of symptoms, but we did not observe such a

curvilinear relationship for any of the creativity indicators.

Chapter 5 included two studies in which we extended these findings by

investigating creativity in people with clinical ADHD. In Study 5.1, we assessed

the role of intrinsic motivation, performance during early stages of the creative

process (i.e., problem reconstruction), and medication use as potential

explanations for the inconsistent findings on creativity in ADHD. In line with the

findings presented in Chapter 4, we showed that people with ADHD (vs. controls)

reported more real-world creative achievements. However, people with ADHD

did not outperform controls on a divergent thinking task and were not more

intrinsically motivated during this task. Although participants with ADHD (vs.

controls) selected fewer useful problem reconstructions, they were not more

original in reconstructing complex problems. Also, creative performance did not

differ between medicated and unmedicated participants with ADHD in this study.

In Study 5.2, we manipulated motivation during a divergent thinking task by

introducing competition between participants. During this task, participants

could win a bonus by generating more original ideas compared to another

participant. We found that people with ADHD generated more original ideas

under competition than in the absence of competition, while the originality of

ideas that were generated in the control group was not affected by competition.

Summary

195

Possibly, the prospect of winning money or beating an opponent motivated

people with ADHD to exert more effort during the idea generation processes,

leading to more original ideas. Indeed, competition increased participants’

motivation during idea generation, although motivation did not differ between

groups. We also found that people with ADHD reported higher creative abilities

than controls in the performance (e.g., acting in a play) and mechanical/scientific

domain (e.g., setting up an experiment), but not in everyday, artistic, or

scholarly domains. Possibly, people with ADHD do well in such domains because

these specific creative activities provide a structured framework (e.g., a script) to

guide performance. Together, the findings presented in Chapter 4 and 5 suggest

that directing people with ADHD (especially those that experience hyperactive–

impulsive symptoms) to relatively structured creative tasks and rewarding

creative performance on these tasks could help bring out the positive side of the

disorder.

In the study described in Chapter 6, we manipulated levels of dopamine and

noradrenaline in the brain using methylphenidate. This stimulant is increasingly

used by healthy people to enhance cognitive performance, but methylphenidate

may not have positive effects on all types of cognitive processes. While

methylphenidate may indeed facilitate cognitive stability and persistence, it may

impair people’s cognitive flexibility, including flexible creative processes. Also,

methylphenidate effects may be different for different individuals, depending on

their baseline dopamine levels. In this study, we assessed methylphenidate

effects on convergent and divergent creative processes in a sample of healthy

participants. In addition, we investigated the possibility that such effects depend

on individual differences in ADHD symptoms and working memory capacity,

which are both associated with differences in baseline dopaminergic functioning.

Contrary to our expectations, methylphenidate did not affect participants’

creative performance on any of the tasks, regardless of their hyperactivity–

impulsivity symptoms and baseline working memory capacity. Although

methylphenidate effects on creativity may be underestimated due to several

methodological factors that characterize the present study (e.g., suboptimal

power to detect effects), our findings do not suggest that methylphenidate

impairs people’s ability to be creative. The present study does not provide

Summary

196

support for the dopaminergic model that I presented in Chapter 3, but is in line

with our finding that the use of ADHD medication does not seem to affect

creative performance in adults with ADHD (Chapter 5).

Together, the studies presented in this dissertation contribute to our ability

to understand and measure the neural mechanisms of creativity in a number of

ways. First, the event-related task that we developed may help other researchers

to better investigate divergent and convergent processes in idea generation.

Second, our model of dopaminergic modulation of creativity may guide future

research on this topic. Our findings showing that methylphenidate does not

affect creative processes help to refine this dopaminergic model and contribute

to a growing collection of knowledge that allows people to make more informed

decisions about whether to use methylphenidate and other cognitive enhancers.

Finally, the studies on creativity in ADHD resolves some of the inconsistencies in

the literature and help us understand how to facilitate creativity in people with

(symptoms of) ADHD.

197

Samenvatting

Samenvatting

198

De unieke menselijke vaardigheid om originele oplossingen voor alledaagse

problemen te bedenken en indrukwekkende kunstwerken te creëren, fascineert

zowel wetenschappers als niet-wetenschappers. Decennialang onderzoek heeft

geresulteerd in waardevolle inzichten in de cognitieve, situationele en

persoonlijkheidsfactoren die met creativiteit geassocieerd zijn. Een invloedrijk

creativiteitsmodel, bijvoorbeeld, stelt dat creatieve ideeën kunnen ontstaan uit

zowel flexibele processen (zoals het wisselen tussen verschillende benaderingen

van de taak, divergent denken) als persistente processen (zoals het grondig

verkennen van mogelijkheden langs een bepaalde lijn, convergent denken) (De

Dreu, Baas, & Nijstad, 2008; Nijstad, De Dreu, Rietzschel, & Baas, 2010). Hoewel

we inmiddels veel weten over de contextuele factoren en individuele verschillen

die samenhangen met verhoogde of verminderde creativiteit via flexibiliteit en

persistentie, weten we nog relatief weinig over de neurale mechanismen die ten

grondslag liggen aan flexibele en persistente creatieve processen. In de

onderzoeken die in deze dissertatie beschreven worden, hadden mijn collega’s en

ik als doel om enkele openstaande vragen met betrekking tot deze neurale

mechanismen te beantwoorden.

In Hoofdstuk 2 beschrijf ik een nieuwe event-related taak die mijn collega’s

en ik ontwikkelden om de neurale mechanismen achter convergente en

divergente processen tijdens het genereren van ideeën te onderzoeken. Het

onderzoeken van deze mechanismen is een uitdaging, omdat het de herhaalde

meting van zorgvuldig getimede processen en een geschikte controletaak vereist.

Door middel van onze nieuwe taak konden we convergente en divergente

processen tegelijkertijd meten, terwijl we de context en taakinstructies constant

hielden, waardoor deze processen beter te vergelijken zijn. Tijdens de taak

genereerden deelnemers nieuwe namen voor verschillende items (bijvoorbeeld

IKEA-producten, vechtsporten) op basis van drie voorbeelden van mogelijke

nieuwe namen voor ieder item die allemaal met dezelfde letter(s) eindigden, om

zo een impliciete regel te creëren. Op basis van de namen die deelnemers

genereerden, berekenden we indices voor regel-convergent denken (het aantal

namen met hetzelfde einde als de voorbeelden), regel-divergent denken (het

aantal namen met een ander einde), herhalingen (het aantal opeenvolgend

gegenereerde namen met hetzelfde einde) en wisselingen (het aantal wisselingen

Samenvatting

199

van een einde naar een ander). We registreerden de hersenactiviteit van

deelnemers door middel van EEG terwijl deelnemers aan deze taak werkten en

vonden dat regel-divergent (vs. regel-convergent) denken en het wisselen tussen

verschillende eindes (vs. het herhalen van een einde) geassocieerd was met een

wijdverbreide daling in delta-activiteit. Hoewel de verschillen in delta-activiteit

lastig te interpreteren zijn in termen van de onderliggende neurale

mechanismen, draagt deze studie bij aan ons begrip van de neurale basis van

creativiteit, doordat het een aantal methodologische uitdagingen aankaart die

kenmerkend zijn voor neurowetenschappelijk creativiteitsonderzoek.

In Hoofdstuk 3 presenteerde ik een model van dopaminerge modulatie van

creativiteit op basis van convergerend bewijs dat erop duidt dat de

neurotransmitter dopamine zowel flexibele als persistente creatieve processen

moduleert (bijv. Chermahini & Hommel, 2012; Zhang, Zhang, & Zhang, 2014).

Specifiek stelt dit model voor dat deze flexibele en persistente processen in

creativiteit gemoduleerd worden door respectievelijk de nigrostriatale en

mesocorticale dopaminepaden, vergelijkbaar met de dopaminerge modulatie van

flexibiliteit en stabiliteit in cognitieve controle. Dopamine in het striatum

faciliteert flexibele creativiteit mogelijk doordat het wisselen tussen

verschillende taken en de instroom van nieuwe informatie in het werkgeheugen

ondersteunt. Aan de andere kant zou prefrontale dopamine persistente

creativiteit kunnen ondersteunen door cognitieve stabiliteit en de manipulatie

van informatie in het werkgeheugen te faciliteren. Daarnaast volgt de relatie

tussen (zowel striatale als prefrontale) dopamine en deze processen mogelijke

een omgekeerde U-curve, waarbij gemiddelde dopamineniveaus creatieve

prestaties verhogen, maar zowel lage als hoge dopamineniveaus prestaties

verminderen. Omdat creatieve ideeën waarschijnlijk voortkomen uit een

combinatie van flexibele en persistente processen in plaats van een van de twee,

stellen wij voor dat creativiteit ook een delicate balans tussen striatale en

prefrontale dopamine vereist. Omdat direct bewijs voor dopaminerge modulatie

van creativiteit momenteel ontbreekt, schept dit nieuwe model een aantal

interessante mogelijkheden voor toekomstig onderzoek.

Zowel Hoofdstuk 4 als Hoofdstuk 5 focusten op creativiteit in ADHD, een

ontwikkelingsstoornis die wordt gekarakteriseerd door aandachtsproblemen,

Samenvatting

200

hyperactiviteit en impulsiviteit. Deze stoornis wordt vaak behandeld met

medicatie die dopamineniveaus in de hersenen beïnvloedt, wat suggereert dat het

dopaminerge systeem betrokken is bij het ontstaan van deze stoornis. Als gevolg

van hun verhoogde afleidbaarheid, hyperactiviteit, en disinhibitie zijn mensen

met ADHD mogelijk in staat om originelere ideeën te bedenken dan mensen

zonder de stoornis. Empirisch bewijs voor verhoogde creativiteit in ADHD is

echter niet eenduidig. In deze twee hoofdstukken onderzochten mijn collega’s en

ik een aantal mogelijke verklaringen voor deze inconsistente resultaten. In

Hoofdstuk 4 presenteerde ik drie studies waarin we de relatie tussen subklinische

symptomen van ADHD en flexibele versus persistente creatieve processen

onderzochten in gezonde deelnemers. We gingen na of de relatie tussen ADHD en

creativiteit afhangt van het type symptomen dat mensen met ADHD ervaren (i.e.,

aandachtsproblemen, hyperactiviteit–impulsiviteit of beiden) en van de

specifieke (flexibele of persistente) creatieve processen die onderzocht worden.

We vonden dat ADHD-symptomen over het algemeen geassocieerd waren met

verhoogd zelfgerapporteerd creatief gedrag, meer publiekelijk erkende creatieve

prestaties in het dagelijks leven, verhoogd divergent denken en met originelere,

maar minder praktische, reconstructie van complexe problemen (hoewel de

effectgroottes klein waren). Onze resultaten wijzen er ook op dat deze relaties

voornamelijk gedreven werden door hyperactief–impulsieve symptomen van

ADHD, terwijl aandachtsproblemen minder consistent geassocieerd waren met

creativiteit. Daarnaast gingen we na of creativiteit verhoogd was bij een

gemiddelde mate van ADHD-symptomen, maar verlaagd bij zowel een lage als

hoge mate van symptomen. We vonden echter geen bewijs voor een dergelijke

curvilineaire relatie voor de verschillende creativiteitsindicatoren.

Hoofdstuk 5 omvatte twee studies waarin we deze bevindingen uitbreidden

door creativiteit in mensen met een ADHD-diagnose te onderzoeken. In Studie

5.1 onderzochten we de rol van intrinsieke motivatie, prestaties tijdens de vroege

fases van het creatieve proces (i.e., het herformuleren van complexe problemen)

en medicatiegebruik als mogelijke verklaringen voor de inconsistente

bevindingen met betrekking tot creativiteit in ADHD. In lijn met de bevindingen

in Hoofdstuk 4 toonden we aan dat mensen met ADHD (vs. gezonde controles)

meer creatieve prestaties in het dagelijks leven rapporteerden. Mensen met

Samenvatting

201

ADHD presteerden echter niet beter dan controles op een divergent denkentaak

en waren niet meer intrinsiek gemotiveerd tijdens deze taak. Hoewel deelnemers

met ADHD (vs. controles) minder bruikbare probleemreconstructies selecteerden,

waren ze niet origineler in het reconstrueren van complexe problemen. Prestaties

op een divergent denkentaak verschilden in deze studie niet tussen deelnemers

met ADHD die wel of geen medicatie gebruikten. In Studie 5.2 manipuleerden we

motivatie tijdens een divergent denkentaak door competitie tussen deelnemers te

introduceren. Tijdens deze taak konden deelnemers een bonus winnen door

originelere ideeën te genereren dan een andere deelnemer. We vonden dat

mensen met ADHD onder competitie meer originele ideeën genereerden dan in

de afwezigheid van competitie, terwijl de originaliteit van ideeën die in de

controlegroep werden bedacht niet werden beïnvloed door competitie. De

mogelijkheid om geld te winnen of een tegenstander te verslaan motiveert

mensen met ADHD mogelijk om meer moeite te doen tijdens het genereren van

ideeën, resulterend in meer originele ideeën. Competitie verhoogde inderdaad de

motivatie van deelnemers tijdens het genereren van ideeën, hoewel motivatie

niet verschilde tussen de groepen. We vonden ook dat mensen met ADHD hogere

creatieve vaardigheden rapporteerden dan controles in het uitvoerende domein

(bijvoorbeeld in een toneelstuk spelen) en het mechanisch/wetenschappelijke

domein (bijvoorbeeld het opzetten van een experiment), maar niet in de

alledaagse, artistieke of intellectuele domeinen. Mensen met ADHD doen het

mogelijk goed in dit soort domeinen doordat deze specifieke creatieve activiteiten

een gestructureerd kader (bijvoorbeeld een script) bieden dat gedrag kan sturen.

Samen suggereren de bevindingen die gepresenteerd worden in Hoofdstuk 4 en 5

dat het sturen van mensen met ADHD (vooral degenen die hyperactief–

impulsieve symptomen ervaren) naar relatief gestructureerde creatieve taken en

het belonen van creatieve prestaties op deze taken de positieve kant van deze

stoornis naar voren zou kunnen brengen.

In het onderzoek dat beschreven wordt in Hoofdstuk 6 manipuleerden we

dopamine- en noradrenalineniveaus in de hersenen door middel van

methylfenidaat. Dit stimulerende middel wordt steeds vaker door gezonde

mensen gebruikt om hun cognitieve prestaties te verhogen, maar methylfenidaat

beïnvloedt wellicht niet alle cognitieve processen positief. Hoewel methylfenidaat

Samenvatting

202

inderdaad cognitieve stabiliteit en persistentie zou kunnen faciliteren, zou het de

cognitieve flexibiliteit, inclusief flexibele creatieve processen, in de weg kunnen

zitten. Daarnaast zouden de effecten van methylfenidaat verschillend kunnen

zijn voor verschillende mensen, afhankelijk van hun basale dopamineniveaus. In

dit onderzoek gingen we de effecten van methylfenidaat op convergente en

divergente creatieve processen na in een steekproef van gezonde deelnemers.

Daarnaast onderzochten we de mogelijkheid dat zulke effecten afhangen van

individuele verschillen in ADHD-symptomen en werkgeheugencapaciteit –

beiden geassocieerd met verschillen in basale dopaminerge activiteit. Tegen onze

verwachten in had methylfenidaat geen invloed op de creatieve prestatie van

deelnemers op de verschillende taken, ongeacht de symptomen van

hyperactiviteit–impulsiviteit en de basale werkgeheugencapaciteit van

deelnemers. Hoewel de effecten van methylfenidaat op creativiteit in deze studie

mogelijk onderschat worden als gevolg van een aantal methodologische

tekortkomingen die deze studie kenmerken (zoals suboptimale power om

effecten te detecteren), wijzen onze bevindingen er niet op dat methylfenidaat

het vermogen om creatief te zijn in de weg zit. De huidige studie levert daarmee

geen bewijs voor het dopaminerge model dat ik in Hoofdstuk 3 presenteerde,

maar komt wel overeen met onze bevinding dat het gebruik van ADHD-medicatie

de creatieve prestaties van volwassenen met ADHD niet lijkt te beïnvloeden

(Hoofdstuk 5).

Samen dragen de onderzoeken in deze dissertatie op verschillende

manieren bij aan ons begrip van de neurale mechanismen achter creativiteit en

ons vermogen om deze mechanismen te meten. Allereerst zou de event-related

taak die we ontwikkelden andere onderzoekers kunnen helpen om divergente en

convergente processen tijdens het genereren van ideeën beter te meten. Ten

tweede kan ons model van dopaminerge modulatie van creativiteit toekomstig

onderzoek op dit gebied sturen. Onze bevindingen die aantonen dat

methylfenidaat creatieve processen niet beïnvloedt helpen dit dopaminerge

model te verfijnen en dragen daarnaast bij aan een groeiende verzameling van

kennis die mensen in staat stelt om beter onderbouwde beslissingen te nemen

over het wel of niet gebruiken van methylfenidaat en andere cognitieve enhancers.

Tot slot lossen de studies naar creativiteit in ADHD een aantal tegenstrijdigheden

Samenvatting

203

in de literatuur op en helpen ze ons te begrijpen hoe we creativiteit in mensen

met (symptomen van) ADHD kunnen faciliteren.

205

Dankwoord

Dankwoord

206

Eerlijk gezegd heb ik een groot deel van de afgelopen vier jaar uitgekeken

naar het moment waarop ik niet langer op ingewikkelde analyses zou hoeven

ploeteren en alinea’s voor de achtste keer zou moeten herschrijven, maar me

eindelijk zou kunnen richten op het belangrijkste deel van mijn proefschrift. Nu

het zover is, valt het schrijven van het dankwoord me vies tegen. Ik word

behoorlijk ongemakkelijk van dat sentimentele gedoe en vind het maar lastig om

in woorden te vatten wat de betreffende personen de afgelopen tijd voor me

betekend hebben, maar omdat jullie allemaal zo fantastisch zijn, doe ik toch een

poging.

Allereerst bedank ik uiteraard mijn begeleiders, alle drie briljante

wetenschappers bij wie ik me sinds minuut twee van het sollicitatiegesprek

enorm op mijn gemak voelde. Matthijs, bedankt voor je betrokkenheid,

creativiteit en optimisme! Meer dan eens kwam ik je kantoor binnen met een

schijnbaar gefaald project, om een half uur later weer naar buiten te lopen met

veelbelovende resultaten – jij had altijd een logische verklaring voor

onverwachte bevindingen. Carsten, je enthousiasme, je snelle denken en je

vermogen om the bigger picture te zien hebben mij van het begin af aan

geinspireerd en gemotiveerd. Simon, naast je neuro-expertise en humor heb ik

vooral veel gehad aan je directheid, waardoor ik ook altijd direct terug kon zijn.

Roshan, ik ben heel blij dat ik de kans heb gehad om samen te werken met

iemand met jouw ervaring en expertise. Bedankt voor de leerzame tijd in

Nijmegen! Yingying, thanks for all those memorable days that we spent in the

lab together. It sure wasn’t always easy, so it was great to have someone so

funny and smart around. I really hope we’ll meet again!

Natuurlijk ook heel veel dank aan mijn A&O-collega’s, bij wie ik me als

neuro-nerd toch heel erg heb thuisgevoeld. Barbara, thanks for the fun ADHD

collaborations and for your help with tricky data analyses. Femke, als

copromotor van mijn Siamese tweelingbroer toch een beetje mijn

adoptiebegeleider, dankjewel voor je hulp en de gezelligheid! Edwin, wanneer je

als beginnend AiO in het diepe wordt gegooid voor een groep studenten, is het

heel fijn om te weten dat er een onderwijscoördinator is bij wie je terechtkunt.

Bedankt voor alle wijze raad! Joke, het is al vaker gezegd, maar zonder jou zou

het een puinhoop zijn bij A&O. Bedankt voor al je organisatorische assistentie!

Dankwoord

207

In het bijzonder bedank ik mijn kantoorgenoten door de jaren: Hillie, Özüm,

Seval en natuurlijk mijn musketiers. Tim, hoewel sommigen waarschijnlijk

denken dat ik mijn project twee keer zo snel had afgerond als ik geen kantoor

met jou had gedeeld, is niets minder waar: zonder jou had ik het waarschijnlijk

nooit afgemaakt. Als het huilen me weer eens nader dan het lachen stond, wist je

me altijd op te beuren met petities en gephotoshopte onzinnigheden. Ik had me

geen betere partner in crime kunnen wensen! Yujie, another stable factor in my

PhD. Your ability to persevere when things don’t go as planned is inspiring and

without that, I’d have complained even more. Loes, als mijn vegan guru heb je

van alle collega’s waarschijnlijk de meest tastbare indruk op mij achtergelaten,

maar daarnaast word ik enom blij van je kinderlijke onbevangenheid. Florian, ik

ken geloof ik niemand die zo lief en bescheiden is als jij. Dank jullie wel voor de

geweldige tijd!

Manon, Nicky, Anouk, Roy, Liesbeth en alle mensen die zich in de loop der

jaren om jullie heen hebben verzameld: bedankt voor de ontelbare biertjes, de

ongepaste grappen, de sportsessies, het bankhangen en al die andere

spectaculaire momenten. Roy, toen we 13 jaar geleden in Oegstgeest aan het

lanterfanten waren, had niemand waarschijnlijk gedacht dat we anno 2017

elkaars paranimf zouden zijn – het kan raar lopen. Fijn dat je erbij bent op de

grote dag! Magdalena, Nynke, Laura – we don’t get to meet so often, but it’s

great to know I have some friends across the world! Ein großes Dankeschön also

to my friends east of the border, who made Germany feel like home long before I

actually moved there.

Mama, Ernst, Jonathan, Fabian en Sabine, ik ben heel blij dat jullie er zijn!

Ik had een aantal omwegen nodig om uiteindelijk mijn weg te vinden en dat was

niet altijd gezellig, maar doordat ik de ruimte kreeg om mijn eigen (juiste of

minder geslaagde) keuzes te maken, ben ik vandaag waar ik ben. Fab, ik ben blij

dat in ieder geval een van ons niet in paniek raakt bij een creatieve taak en even

snel een kaft in elkaar flanst op een doordeweekse middag. Dankjewel!

And of course Marc, my external self-confidence. Thank you for always

believing in my ability to do whatever I put my mind to – I have to admit you’ve

been right every time. It’s been an unlikely adventure so far and I’m looking

forward to what the future has in store for us.

209

The “Kurt Lewin Institute Dissertation Series” started in 1997. Since 2015 the

following dissertations have been published in this series:

2015-01: Maartje Elshout: Vengeance

2015-02: Seval Gündemir: The Minority Glass Ceiling Hypothesis: Exploring Reasons

and Remedies for the Underrepresentation of Racial-ethnic Minorities in

Leadership Positions

2015-03: Dagmar Beudeker: On regulatory focus and performance in organizational

environments

2015-04: Charlotte Koot: Making up your mind about a complex technology: An

investigation into factors that help or hinder the achievement of cognitive

closure about CCS

2015-05: Marco van Bommel: The Reputable Bystander: The Role of Reputation in

Activating or Deactivating Bystanders

2015-06: Kira O. McCabe: The Role of Personality in the Pursuit of Context-Specific

Goals

2015-07: Wiebren Jansen: Social inclusion in diverse work settings

2015-08: Xiaoqian Li: As time goes by: Studies on the subjective perception of the

speed by which time passes

2015-09: Aukje Verhoeven: Facilitating food-related planning. Applying

metacognition, cue-monitoring, and implementation intentions

2015-10: Jasper de Groot: Chemosignaling Emotions: What a Smell can Tell

2015-11: Hedy Greijdanus: Intragroup Communication in Intergroup Conflict:

Influences on Social Perception and Cognition

2015-12: Bart de Vos: Communicating Anger and Contempt in Intergroup Conflict:

Exploring their Relational Functions

2015-13: Gerdientje Danner: Psychological Availability. How work experiences spill

over into daily family interactions

2015-14: Hannah Nohlen: Solving ambivalence in context. The experience and

resolution of attitudinal ambivalence

2015-15: Stacey Sanders: Unearthing the Moral Emotive Compass: Exploring the Paths

to (Un)Ethical Leadership

210

2015-16: Marc Heerdink: Regulating deviance with emotions: Emotional expressions

as signals of acceptance and rejection

2015-17: Danny Taufik: "Can you feel it" The role of feelings in explaining pro-

environmental behavior

2015-18: Sarah Elbert: Auditory information and its parameters in health persuasion.

The development of a tailored smartphone application to support behavior

change

2016-01: Anna van ‘t Veer: Effortless morality — cognitive and affective processes in

deception and its detection

2016-02: Thijs Bouman: Threat by association: How distant events can affect local

intergroup relations

2016-03: Tim Theeboom: Workplace coaching: Processes and effects

2016-04: Sabine Strofer: Deceptive intent: Physiological reactions in different

interpersonal contexts

2016-05: Caspar van Lissa: Exercising Empathy: The Role of Adolescents' Developing

Empathy in Conflicts with Parents

2016-06: Marlon Mooijman: On the determinants and consequences of punishment

goals: The role of power, distrust, and rule compliance

2016-07: Niels van Doesum: Social mindfulness

2016-08: Leonie Venhoeven: A look on the bright side of an environmentally-friendly

life: Whether and why acting environmentally-friendly can contribute to

well-being

2016-09: Florien Cramwinckel: The social dynamics of morality

2016-10: Junhui Wu: Understanding Human Cooperation: The Psychology of Gossip,

Reputation, and Life History

2016-11: Elise C. Seip: Desire for vengeance. An emotion-based approach to revenge

2016-12: Welmer E. Molenmaker: The (un)willingness to reward cooperation and

punish non-cooperation

2016-13: Liesbeth Mann: On Feeling Humiliated. The Experience of Humiliation in

Interpersonal, Intragroup, and Intergroup Contexts

2016-14: Angela M. Ruepert: Working on the environment

2016-15: Femke Hilverda: Making sense of food risk information: The case of organic

food.

211

2016-16: Debora E. Purba: Antecedents of turnover, organizational citizenship

behavior, and workplace deviance: Empirical evidence from Indonesia.

2016-17: Maja Kutlaca: The Role of Values and Value-Identity Fit in Motivating

Collective Action

2016-18: Felicity Turner: A New Psychological Perspective on Identity content, its

Conceptualization, Measurement, and Application

2016-19: Tim W. Faber: When Imitation Falls Short: The Case of Complementary

Actions.

2016-20: Daniela Becker: Self-control conflict in the eating domain: A cognitive,

affective and behavioral perspective

2016-21: Zoi Manesi: Prosocial Behavior Under Surveillance: Understanding the Eye-

Images Effect

2017-01: Tracy Cheung: Turning vice into virtue - when low self-control states

facilitate goal-oriented behaviours

2017-02: Pum Kommattam: Feeling the Other: Emotion Interpretation in Intercultural

Settings

2017-03: Lotte Veenstra: Taming Tempers: A situated motivational approach to anger

management

2017-04: Jolien van Breen: The path of most Resistance: How groups cope with

implicit social identity threat

2017-05: Yuije Cheng: Creativity Under the Gun: How Threat Features and Personal

Characteristics Motivate Creative Responding

2017-06: Eftychia Stamkou: The dynamic nature of social hierarchies: The role of

norm violations and hierarchical concerns

2017-07: Anne Marthe van der Bles: Societal Discontent -- Deciphering the Zeitgeist

2017-08: Willem Sleegers: Meaning and Pupillometry: The Role of Physiological

Arousal in Meaning Maintenance

2017-09: Julia Sasse: More Than a Feeling: Strategic Emotion Expression in Intergroup

Conflicts

2017-10: Nils Köbis: Self-control and the slippery slope of corruption

2017-11: Tim de Wilde: Struggling to decide: Competition in group decision-making

2017-12: Nathalie Boot: The creative brain: Some insights into the neural dynamics of

flexible and persistent creative processes

Dissertatiereeks Kurt Lewin Instituut 2017-12

op vrijdag 16 februari

2018 om 14.00 uur in de

Agnietenkapel

Oudezijds Voorburgwal

te Amsterdam

Nathalie Boot

Paranimfen:

Roy de KleijnRoy de Kleijn

[email protected] de Wilde

[email protected]

231

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The …Arcos-Burgos, M., & Acosta, M. T. (2007). Tuning major...

Documents

Transcript of UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The …Arcos-Burgos, M., & Acosta, M. T. (2007). Tuning major...