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Peace education in the Moluccas, Indonesia: between global models and local interests

Amirrachman, R.A.

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Citation for published version (APA):Amirrachman, R. A. (2012). Peace education in the Moluccas, Indonesia: between global models and localinterests.

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Download date: 19 Jul 2019

https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/peace-education-in-the-moluccas-indonesia-between-global-models-and-local-interests(a4ae33f2-3160-4fc7-9136-36ddf877eccd).html

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Peace through Development (PTD) J I C A Community Empowerment Program-Pendidikan Orang Basudara (CEP-POB) School-Based Management - Pendidikan Orang Basudara (SBM-POW PEACE EDUCATION CURRICULUM The content of UNICEF's psychosocial curriculum The content of UNlCEF/PTD's Kurikulum Pendidikan Orang Basudara Maluku Membangun Budaya Damai JICA's curriculum SCRUTINISING THE PEACE EDUCATION PROJECTS CONCLUDING REMARKS

CHAPTER FIVE: EXPERIENCE OF THE CONFLICTS AND PEACE EDUCATION PROJECTS: IMPACT ON FOUR SCHOOLS 165 INTRODUCTION 165 SCHOOL 1 OF AMA ORY: BITTERLY EXPELLED, EMBRACING A NEW LIFE 167 New life in Ama Ory 169 JICA 's peace education project: Community Empowerment Program-Pendidikan Orang Basudara 171 SCHOOL 2 OFTELAGA KODOK: COUNTERING THE 'SPREAD' OF CHRISTIANITY 175 JICA's peace education project: CEP-POB 178 SCHOOL 3 OFAMBON: THE DIVIDED SCHOOL O F THE MIDDLE CLASS 180 UNICEF and UNDP peace education project: Pendidikan Orang Basudara and Sekolah Rekonsiliasi 183 SCHOOL 4 OF AMBON: RESISTING VIOLENCE, NURTURING PEACE AT SCHOOL 185 Bracing the conflict 187 UNICEF and USAID peace education project: Computer Training Centre 189 THE IMPACTS ON FOUR SCHOOLS 191

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xiii

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!"#$%&'()*+,%#'%)#()-.*+'&%/.0)1#'*'2')3/()4#526)17+5')8,$+6)-(('2')9/**6):/&#('2')3/()47&+6);#(2/)<&#5(6)=#/)>.#+6)?37((')8&7'&')@&7.):A+A+$*!"77$B);/(5/)C7D'(%7&E6)8&'(%/) 3/() %'&)1#(%'6) F./&/):,%6)-#.'')3/()%'()C7@)@&7.)G'):7(+'**7&#*!"77$B)HI)J7&."7,%+6)9'++')K/&+7E/L#&76)M7&('$$A)9/*#N%/&6):/&#'2')>!"&',&*6)F&'(');'&N7D)/(%)-(5/) @&7.) 8/+/3#/*!"77$I) ;"'A) E&73#%'%) .A) +"&'') !"#$%&'() L#+")L7&+"L"#$')$'/&(#(D)'OE'&#'(!'*)N'#(D)-.*+'&%/.'&*I)

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xiv

Acknowledgements

1

Chapter One

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+,-./012-3/,(

"/4(3-(5678,(

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2

Chapter One

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3

Chapter One

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4

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9

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10

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11

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12

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15

Chapter One

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16

Chapter One

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17

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18

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19

Chapter One

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20

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21

Chapter One

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Chapter One

I have hired two research assistants Muslim Ahmad and Christian Ronny who are both peace activists. Ahmad is a former Muslim combatant who hailed from Latu, a Muslim negeri, infamous for the hardcore Islamic terror network of some of its people. Ronny, on the other hand, is originally from Aboru of the island of Haruku, a Christian negeri, infamous for the hardcore RMS (Republik Muluku Selatan or South Moluccan ~ n d e ~ e n d e n c e ) ~ ~ movement of some of its people. Latu, in 1960, was allegedly attacked by RMS from Sapama island; but soldiers from Aboru are believed to have managed to help some people in Latu because Latu and Abom have a gundong relation. Nevertheless, Ahmad and Ronny never became close to one another, although they both worked for me. Indeed, they never worked together at the same time, but from time to time I invited them both to come to where I stayed at the same time to have a chat or so. During the fieldwork, I was with Ahmad when I visited the Muslim negeris and with Ronny when visiting Christian negeris. I also befriended Muslim teacher, Ismail, at Islamic School 3, who mostly accompanied me when I carried out research fieldwork at the school. Another teacher whom I befriended closely is Imelda, a Christian teacher who worked at the Islamic senior high school Muhammadiyah in Talake, also in the city of Ambon. She helped me arrange interviews and focus group discussions at the school, which helped me to see the wider picture aside from my focus on the four selected schools, which I will explain shortly.

I mostly travelled to the researched schools and other schools on my motorcycle. I arrived at the schools early in the morning and stayed for the whole day and often came home late in the evening because I had visited the families of the students. I also visited the offices of the local government, UNICEF, UNDP and JICA. As I was travelling around and building relations with people, I was amazed by

13 RMS was a self-proclaimed republic in the Moluccan island, which was established on 25 April 1950, five years after Indonesia declared independence from the Dutch in 1945. In November 1950, Indonesian forces defeated the RMS in Ambon, resulting in the formation of a government in exile in the Netherlands in the following year (see, e,g., Chauvel, 2008; Steijlen, 1999, 2008).

23

Chapter One

24

Chapter One

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25

Chapter One

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26

Chapter One

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27

Chapter One

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28

Chapter One

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29

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30

Chapter One

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31

Chapter One

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32

Chapter One

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33

Chapter Two

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34

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35

Chapter Two

36

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37

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38

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39

Chapter Two

!"#$%&'( #(%#)'#*&( +,-( $*.( "&#'&-(/&0#1#*$( 2,&3#-),45*-$6(7,1&8&-9(,*:&-( 4#-*$&.( +,5)'( :&-( -&"5!*#)*( $)( *:&( ;#-0#$)$)0( 4-,!&..( )&!&..#-<(+,-( .5!!&..+5"( !,#"$*$,)( ;5$"'$)06( 2&8&-#"( !,).&-8#*$8&( /5."$%.(&=4-&..&'(*:&(8$&1(*:#*(#(1,%#)(.:,5"'(),*(;&(&"&!*&'(4-&.$'&)*(#)'(&8&)( 4-,8,3&'( *:&(/5."$%( 45;"$!( ;<( '-#1$)0( #**&)*$,)( *,( *:&( "#-0&()5%;&-.( ,+( ),)>/5."$%.( 1$*:$)( ?@A>?6( 25;.&B5&)*"<9( C%$&)( D#$.(+-,%(?CE(1#.(&"&!*&'(.4&#3&-(,+(*:&(C..&%;"<(#)'(C3;#-(F#)'G5)0(,+( H,"3#-( *:&( 7,5.&6( C)'( +$)#""<9( #"%,.*>;"$)'( !"&-$!( C;'5--#:%#)(I#:$'( +-,%(?JK9(1:$!:( ,)"<( :#'( LLM(,+( *:&( .&#*.9(1#.( &"&!*&'( #.(4-&.$'&)*( #+*&-( :&( 1#.( 4-,4,.&'( ;<( #( !,#"$*$,)( ,+( %,'&-#*&( A."#%$!(4#-*$&.(3),1)(#.(*:&(N%$''"&(#=$.N(O!"#"$%&'()*+P6(2544,-*&-.(,+(?@A>?(1&-&(+5-$,5.(#)'(1&)*(,)(8$,"&)*('&%,).*-#*$,).($)(Q#3#-*#(#)'(%#)<(,*:&-( !$*$&.6(F:&()&=*('#<9( *,( *:&$-( -&"$&+9(/&0#1#*$(1#.( &"&!*&'(8$!&(4-&.$'&)*( #+*&-( '&+&#*$)0( !:#$-%#)( ,+( ???( 7#%R#:( 7#R6( S#*&-( *:&(

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40

Chapter Two

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41

Chapter Two

!"# $%&%'%&(# %)*# '+,# ,(--.,,# +)# /.0(+&*+)1# 2'.# !)-.# *.,2/!3.*#+)"/%,2/(-2(/.,# %"2./# 2'.# -!)"&+-2,4# %,# 5.&&# %,# 2'.# 0(/.%(-/%2+-#.67./+.)-.#!"#8,,%1%""#9:!;,%4#<==>4#77?#@@#A#<<B?<C

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42

Chapter Two

!"#$%&'()*'()$+, -)(., )(*, */0*"1/"+(, !"%"+(&'2)*'()$+, 3$2)%4, )+, *$#",32'%"*5, -'*, '2#$*(, )##"!)'("6, 3$2)()%'2, '!7"+(/&)*#, %'3)('2)*)+8, $+,&"2)8)$/*, '+!, "(.+)%, *"+()#"+(*5, %$/32"!, -)(., (.", -"'9"+"!, %"+(&'2,*('(", '+!, '+:)$/*, 2$%'2, 0/&"'/%&'(*, -.$, .'!, 2$*(, (.")&, 3'(&$+, -)(.,-.$#, (."4,."'7)24, !"3"+!"!,$+;,<$##/+'2, %$+=2)%(*, 2'("&, =$22$-"!,(.)*, '0&/3(,3$2)()%'2, $3"++"**, '+!, (.", 2$$*"+)+8,3$-"&,$=, (.",%"+(&'2,*('(";, >.)2", +$(, '22, 32'%"*, )+, (.", '&%.)3"2'8$, *'-, (.", ":32$*)$+, $=,%$##/+'2, 7)$2"+%"5, >"*(, ?'2)#'+('+5, (.", @$2/%%'*, AB#0$+C5,<"+(&'2, D/2'-"*), AE$*$C5, F$&(., @$2/%%'*, '+!, <"+(&'2, ?'2)#'+('+,0"%'#",(.",=2'*.,3$)+(*,$=,(.",=)8.()+8,0"(-""+,#"#0"&*,$=,(.")&,$-+,*$%)"()"*, AG'*'+5, HIIJK, D%./2(", F$&!.$2(5, HIILC;HM,>$&*", *()225, -)(.,(.", #/*.&$$#)+8, $=, *$%)"('2, '%()7)()"*5, 2$%'2, "2)("*, /()2)*"!, (.", *$N%'22"!, %)7)2, *$%)"(4, $&8'+)*'()$+*, ($, -$&9, =$&, (.")&, $-+, +'&&$-"!,)+("&"*(5,$=("+,'2$+8,&"2)8)$/*,$&,"(.+)%,2)+"*;,

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

%".,.'!, )(*,/+3&"%"!"+("!,'/($+$#4,'=("&,(.", 3"'%", '8&""#"+(, )+, HIIJ5,-)(.,]B@,'%()7)*(*, )+("8&'()+8, )+($, (.", +"-,8$7"&+#"+(,/+!"&, V+!$+"*)';,E'3/',-'*, '2*$,8&'+("!, '/($+$#4,0/(, 7)$2"+%", *()22, ('9"*,32'%", )+, (.",'&"';,

43

Chapter Two

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

44

Chapter Two

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47

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48

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50

Chapter Two

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51

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53

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58

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59

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61

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63

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64

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68

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69

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78

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79

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83

Chapter Three

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84

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85

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86

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87

Chapter Three

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88

Chapter Three

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89

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93

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94

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95

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96

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97

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98

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99

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107

Chapter Three

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108

Chapter Three

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109

Chapter Three

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111

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112

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113

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114

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115

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120

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121

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127

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128

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131

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132

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133

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136

Chapter Four

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139

Chapter Four

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140

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141

Chapter Four

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142

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143

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174

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175

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176

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182

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184

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185

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186

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187

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188

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Chapter Five

the school also became the venue of a computer course supported by UNICEF and USAID, which involved Muslim and Christian students from all over Ambon as I will explain below.

UNICEF and USAID peace education project: Computer Training Centre

UNICEF and USAID's Office of Transition Initiatives collaborated to conduct a computer-training centre for high school youth from both Muslim and Christian communities. The organisations involved two local NGOs {Lembaga Eksistensi Muslim Maluku and Yayasan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kristen) to execute the program. The objective was 'to overcome the effects of forcible Muslim-Christian segregation by promoting greater cooperation between children and women from different religious backgrounds' (UNICEF, 2002b). The training started in October 2001 in Maluku Library in the city of Ambon and ended in mid 2003. Later in early 2004, the program moved to School 4 and lasted until 2005. It was moved because the library had to resume its normal operation and School 4 was known to have been able to maintain teaching and learning activities during the conflict despite its religiously mixed students. Hence, the school was chosen because of its already established reputation to mitigate the conflict. The computer course participants were selected students from the two religious communities from all SMPs (junior high school) and SMAs {senior high school) in Ambon, and in Leihitu and Salahutu. The three-month computer course ran for one year, four courses were conducted in total.

The training was not specifically designed for the students of School 4, as the project only borrowed the school's building to use as the training venue. With only 20 computers available, only two to four students from School 4 were able to participate in each course since the rest had to be shared with other students from all over Ambon, Leihitu and Salahitu. UNICEF provided 150 million rupiahs every

Chapter Five

three months for the operational cost, which included the fee for the instructors etc, while USAID provided the computers and software, such as Microsoft Office. However, former coordinator Taslim did confirm that, during the riot in April 2004, the computer course was halted for about a week because many participants did not dare to leave their homes, despite the fact School 4 resiliently maintained its teaching and learning activities (Interview, 2 November 2009). This proves that the school was able to mitigate the effects of the conflict even without the existence of this computer course. It is because of this that I excluded this project from my main focus and focused more on the school itself.

Picture 10: School 4 and its students during end of the school ceremony.

Just like in the previous schools, in this school I am going to investigate similar aspects of school life: religious life and attitudes towards the 'other'; the issue of local tradition and the competing national, ethnic and religious identities; the issues of relationship

191

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197

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198

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199

Chapter Five

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200

Chapter Five

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201

Chapter Five

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203

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204

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205

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206

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207

Chapter Five

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213

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215

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218

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220

Chapter Five

221

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Chapter Five

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251

Chapter Six

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252

Chapter Six

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253

Chapter Six

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254

Chapter Six

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257

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261

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262

Chapter Six

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263

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264

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300

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301

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302

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305

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