UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl)

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

Homer and rhetoric in Byzantium: Eustathios of Thessalonike on thecomposition of the Iliad

van den Berg, B.

Publication date2016Document VersionFinal published version

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA):van den Berg, B. (2016). Homer and rhetoric in Byzantium: Eustathios of Thessalonike on thecomposition of the Iliad.

General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s)and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an opencontent license (like Creative Commons).

Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, pleaselet the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the materialinaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letterto: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Youwill be contacted as soon as possible.

Download date:02 Apr 2021

https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/homer-and-rhetoric-in-byzantium-eustathios-of-thessalonike-on-the-composition-of-the-iliad(10915e0d-d770-469f-a421-22ae362c8ccd).html

Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium:

Eustathios of Thessalonike on the Composition of the Iliad

ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor

aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam

op gezag van de Rector Magnificus

prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex

ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie,

in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit

op vrijdag 9 december 2016, te 11:00 uur

door Baukje van den Berg

geboren te Het Bildt

Promotiecommissie

Promotor: prof. dr. I.J.F. de Jong Universiteit van Amsterdam

Copromotor: dr. E.M. van Opstall Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Overige leden: prof. dr. G.J. Boter Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

prof. dr. I. Nilsson Universiteit Uppsala

prof. dr. I. Sluiter Universiteit Leiden

dr. M.P. de Bakker Universiteit van Amsterdam

dr. R.F. Regtuit Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen

This project was funded by:

iii

Contents

Acknowledgements vii

Note on Editions, Translations, and Abbreviations ix

Introduction 1

Eustathios of Thessalonike and the Parekbolai on the Iliad 2

Homer in Byzantium: Education, Scholarship, and Literature 6

The Intellectual Milieu of Komnenian Byzantium 10

Scope, Goals, and Method: Eustathios on the Composition of the Iliad 13

1. The Proem of the Parekbolai on the Iliad: Eustathios’ Hermeneutic

Programme

21

1.1 The Wise Homer and His Erudite Exegete 21

1.1.1 Homer’s enchantment: Homeric poetry as the song of Sirens and

a World Wonder

22

1.1.2 Homer’s authority and usefulness: the Poet as Ocean and host 28

1.1.3 Eustathios as erudite exegete: the Parekbolai as a lodging and

the exegete as a cook

33

1.2 Homer and Eustathios as Teachers of Rhetoric 39

1.2.1 The intended users of the Parekbolai on the Iliad 40

1.2.2 Rhetoric in Homeric poetry 42

1.2.3 The ‘table of contents’ of the Parekbolai on the Iliad 44

1.3 Eustathios on Myth and Allegory in Homeric Poetry 53

1.3.1 To amaze and teach: myth and history in Homeric poetry 54

1.3.2 Eustathios’ allegorical method 59

Conclusion 63

2. The Skilful Composition of the Iliad 67

2.1 Ancient Literary and Rhetorical Theory on Skilful Composition 68

2.1.1 Aristotle on the poetic plot 69

2.1.2 The scholia vetera on Homeric composition 71

2.1.3 Narrative arrangement in the progymnasmata 73

iv Contents

2.1.4 Ps.-Hermogenes on the expansion of narrative 75

2.2 Eustathios on Homeric Skilfulness: Selection and Arrangement of

Subject Matter

76

2.2.1 Selecting the subject matter: the Trojan War and Achilles 77

2.2.2 Arranging and elaborating the Iliad: οἰκονομία and διασκευή 84

2.3 Unravelling Homeric Skilfulness: Principles and Techniques of

Composition

91

2.3.1 Homeric variation and parenthetic episodes 93

2.3.2 Avoiding monotony and raising flatness: ἱστορίαι 98

2.3.3 Imparting and displaying knowledge: the simile 101

2.3.4 Soothing the pro-Greek listener: προαναφώνησις and προέκθεσις 106

2.3.5 Expectation, surprise, and novelty: the ‘spice’ of duels 110

2.3.6 Expanding the poem: διασκευαί and ‘causal questions’ 113

2.4 Eustathios on Homeric Composition: The Catalogue of Ships as a Case

Study

12o

2.4.1 Eustathios on Homeric similes 121

2.4.2 The place and function of the Catalogue of Ships 124

2.4.3 The arrangement of the Catalogue: Greeks, Trojans, and

Achilles

128

Conclusion 132

3. The Plausible Composition of the Iliad 133

3.1 Ancient Literary and Rhetorical Theory on Plausibility 135

3.1.1 Aristotle on the probability and necessity of the poetic plot 135

3.1.2 The scholia vetera on ‘authentication’ 137

3.1.3 Plausibility of fable and narrative in the progymnasmata 138

3.1.4 Hermogenes’ commentators on plausibility 140

3.2 Homeric Techniques of Plausibility (1): Plausible Content 142

3.2.1 The truth-loving Homer: plausibility through correspondence

with reality

142

3.2.2 Beyond truth: plausibility through internal consistency 147

3.2.3 Plausibility at risk (1): Homeric daring 151

3.3 Homeric Techniques of Plausibility (2): Presentation and Formulation 157

3.3.1 Plausible presentation: the power of detail 157

Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium v

3.3.2 Unambiguous formulation: plausibility and safety 161

3.3.3 Excursus: Eustathios on enargeia and the graphic quality of

Homer’s style

166

3.3.4 Plausibility at risk (2): daring ἐπιφωνήματα and metaphors 174

3.4 Eustathios on Plausibility: Priam’s Visit to Achilles as a Case Study 179

Conclusion 188

4. The Gods and the Composition of the Iliad 189

4.1 The Homeric Gods in Ancient and Byzantine Exegesis 191

4.1.1 Homeric allegoresis in antiquity: Cornutus, Heraclitus, Ps.-

Plutarch, Porphyry

192

4.1.2 The scholia vetera on the gods in Homer: poetic freedom and

allegorical interpretation

197

4.1.3 Homeric allegoresis in Byzantium: Psellos, Galenos, Tzetzes 200

4.2 The Gods in Bodily Form 205

4.2.1 The gods of poetry 205

4.2.2 Divine plans and the plausible course of events 212

4.2.3 Deliberately created difficulties and divine interventions 217

4.3 The Gods as Allegories of the Poet’s Mind 223

4.3.1 Zeus as the poet’s mind 224

4.3.2 The Muse as the poet’s knowledge 229

4.3.3 Athena as the poet’s prudence and skilfulness 232

4.3.4 Hermes as the poet’s eloquence 236

4.3.5 Hermes and Athena as the power of writing in Tztezes’

Allegories

237

4.4 The Gods as Anagogical Allegories 239

4.4.1 Eustathios’ allegorical interpretation of the gods and the

plausibility of the Iliad

240

4.4.2 Tzetzes’ allegorical interpretation of the gods and the true

meaning of the Iliad

246

Conclusion 251

General Conclusion: Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium 253

vi Contents

Appendix I: The Proem of the Parekbolai on the Iliad (in Il. 1.1-5.3 = 1.1.1-1.8.6) 261

Appendix II: Eustathios on Similes (in Il. 176.20-178.1 = 1.270.23-272.35 on Il.

2.87-93)

281

Appendix III: Eustathios on Muse-Invocations (in Il. 9.31-11.20 = 1.15.21-18.23

on Il. 1.1)

285

Glossary of Rhetorical and Literary Terms 291

Bibliography 301

Index locorum 325

Samenvatting 353

Summary 359

vii

Acknowledgements

I was introduced to Eustathios in 2010 by Irene de Jong when I wrote a course

paper on the Parekbolai on the Iliad and later my MA thesis under supervision of

Remco Regtuit at the University of Groningen. Back then, I was completely

unaware that our relationship would extend for the six years to follow (and

counting), surviving occasional struggles and frustrations, mainly due to

Eustathios’ tendency to communicate in obscure and intricate ways. I would not

have been able to deal with these struggles and write this thesis without the

continuous support of my promotors, Irene de Jong and Emilie van Opstall. Our

stimulating discussions, their meticulous comments on my writing, and their

patience with Eustathios and me were pivotal to the completion of this project. I

also wish to extend much gratitude to Ingela Nilsson for giving me the

opportunity to benefit from the lively academic environment of the Greek

seminar at Uppsala University for almost an entire year and for always being

available for advice. Research for this thesis was funded by the National Research

School in Classical Studies in the Netherlands (OIKOS) with a grant from the

Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). My first stay in Uppsala

was financially supported by the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds. I thank

Dumbarton Oaks Research Institute and Library for granting me a Short-term

Pre-doctoral Residency in the autumn of 2015.

During the four years of my PhD project, I have had the privilege of

sharing my ideas with many colleagues in the Netherlands and abroad as well as

benefiting from their expertise. In particular, I wish to thank Eric Cullhed, Adam

Goldwyn, Casper de Jonge, Heleen Keizer, Jacqueline Klooster, Courtney

Tomaselli, Nikolaos Zagklas, and the members of the Amsterdam

‘Hellenistenclub’ for commenting on my work and sharing their knowledge with

me in various capacities. I thank my officemates of ‘PCH 337’, Mònica Colominas

Aparicio, Aniek van den Eersten, Niels Koopman, Paul van Uum, and Rogier

Visser, the researchers at the Department of Linguistics and Philology at Uppsala

University and the Greek seminar in particular, and the fellows at Dumbarton

Oaks in the autumn of 2015 for significantly contributing to the pleasure of

working on the thesis on a daily basis. I thank Alexander Alexakis and Stratis

viii Acknowledgements

Papaioannou, as well as the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, for

teaching me much about Byzantine Greek and Byzantine literature. I am grateful

to the board and members of OIKOS for providing opportunities to follow courses

and meet colleagues. I also wish to acknowledge my gratitude to various scholars

who generously allowed me to read their work in an early stage of preparation,

and to Adam Goldwyn for correcting my English. Any errors that remain,

however, are entirely mine.

Completing this thesis would not have been possible without the help of

many others. I wish to thank my friends, old and new, for inspiration and

encouragement as well as most welcome distractions. Last but certainly not least,

I wish to extend endless gratitude to my parents and sisters for always being there.

Without their unremitting support and the limitless faith they have in me, I would

not be where I am now.

ix

Note on Editions, Translations, and Abbreviations

The text of the Parekbolai on the Iliad follows the edition by Van der Valk (1971-

1987). References to the Parekbolai on the Iliad refer to pages and lines of the editio

princeps by Niccolò Maiorano (Rome, 1542-1549), which are provided by Van der

Valk as well as by the editors of the Parekbolai on the Odyssey (Stallbaum 1825-

1826, Cullhed 2014). For the convenience of the reader, references to the

Parekbolai on the Iliad also give the volume, page, and line numbers of Van der

Valk’s edition, which are followed in the TLG. To give an example: the first line of

Eustathios’ Parekbolai on Iliad 1 is referred to as ‘Eust. in Il. 5.32 = 1.9.1’, the first

part (5.32) referring to the editio princeps, the second part (1.9.1) to Van der Valk’s

edition. References to the first two books of the Parekbolai on the Odyssey are to

the edition by Cullhed; references to the remaining books of the Parekbolai on the

Odyssey are to the edition by Stallbaum and give both the page and line numbers

of the editio princeps and the volume, page, and line numbers of Stallbaum’s

edition, which are followed in the TLG. Translations of Eustathios are my own

unless indicated otherwise. The text of the Iliad and Odyssey follows the edition

by Monro & Allen (1902-1912). Translations are taken, with adaptations, from the

revised Loeb editions by Murray (1995 and 1999). The list below includes editions

of texts quoted throughout the present study as well as editions of less common

texts. References to other texts are to standard editions. Translations are my own

unless indicated otherwise.

Abbreviations of ancient authors and texts generally follow LSJ (Liddell & Scott,

rev. Jones 1996); abbreviations of patristic authors and texts follow Lampe’s

lexicon (1995); abbreviations of Byzantine authors and texts are as listed below.

Following other studies in Byzantine literature, I have adopted a mixed system of

transliterating Greek names. Late-antique and Byzantine names (later than 330

AD) are anglicised and/or transliterated, following the Oxford Dictionary of

Byzantium (ed. Kazhdan 1991). Ancient names appear in their common Latinised

or anglicised form, following the Oxford Classical Dictionary (eds. Hornblower &

Spawforth 2012).

x Note on Editions, Translations, Abbreviations

Alex. Aphr. in Arist.

Metaph.

= Alexander of Aphrodisias, Commentary on Aristotle’s

Metaphysics. Ed. M. Hayduck. 1891. Alexandri Aphrodisiensis

in Aristotelis Metaphysica commentaria. Berlin: Reimer.

Alex. Aphr. in Arist.

Top.

= Alexander of Aphrodisias, Commentary on Aristotle’s

Topica. Ed. M. Wallies. 1891. Alexandri Aphrodisiensis in

Aristotelis topicorum libros octo commentaria. Berlin: Reimer.

Ann. Komn. = Anna Komnene, Alexiad. Eds. A. Kambylis & D.R. Reinsch.

2001. Anna Comnenae Alexias. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Anon. in Hermog. Id. = Anonymous, Commentary on Hermogenes’ On Types of

Style. Ed. C. Walz. 1968 [1834]. Rhetores Graeci, vol. 7.2: 861-

1087. Osnabrück: Zeller.

Anon. in Ps.-Hermog.

Inv.

= Anonymous, Commentary on Ps.-Hermogenes’ On

Invention. Ed. C. Walz. 1968 [1834]. Rhetores Graeci, vol. 7.2:

697-860. Osnabrück: Zeller.

Anon. Seg. = Anonymous Seguerianus, The Art of Rhetoric. Eds. M.R. Dilts

& G.A. Kennedy. 1997. Two Greek Rhetorical Treatises from the

Roman Empire, 1-73. Leiden: Brill.

Ar. Av. = Aristophanes, Birds. Ed. N. Dunbar. 1995. Aristophanes.

Birds. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Ar. Byz. fr. Nauck = Aristophanes of Byzantium, fragments. Ed. A. Nauck. 1963.

Aristophanis Byzantii grammatici alexandrini fragmenta.

Hildesheim: Olms.

Arat. Phaen. = Aratus, Phaenomena. Ed. D. Kidd. 1997. Aratus:

Phaenomena. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Arist. Metaph. = Aristotle, Metaphysics. Ed. W. Jaeger. 1957. Aristotelis

Metaphysica. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Arist. Ph. = Aristotle, Physics. Ed. W.D. Ross. 1956. Aristotelis Physica.

Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Arist. Po. = Aristotle, Poetics. Ed. R. Kassel. 1965. Aristotelis De arte

poetica liber. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Aphth. Prog. = Aphthonios, Progymnasmata. Ed. M. Patillon. 2008. Corpus

Rhetoricum, vol. 1: 49-162. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Bas. Leg. lib. gent. = Basil the Great, Address to Young Men on Reading Greek

Literature. Ed. F. Boulenger. 1935. Saint Basile. Aux jeunes gens

sur la manière de tirer profit des lettres Helléniques. Paris: Les

Belles Lettres.

Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium xi

Chrys. in Ev. Jo. = John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Gospel of John. Ed. J.-P.

Migne. 1857-1866. Patrologiae cursus completes (series graeca),

vol. 59: 23-482. Paris: Migne.

Chrys. in Act. Ap. = John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Acts of Apostles. J.-P.

Migne. 1857-1866. Patrologiae cursus completes (series graeca),

vol. 60: 13-384. Paris: Migne.

Clearch. fr. ed.

Wehrli

= Clearchus of Soli, fragments. Ed. F. Wehrli. 1948. Die Schule

des Aristoteles: Texte und Kommentar. Vol. 3: Klearchos. Basel:

Benno Schwabe.

Clem. Al. Paed. = Clement of Alexandria, Pedagogue. Eds. H-I Marrou, M.

Harl, C. Mondésert. 1960-1970. Clément d’Alexandrie: Le

pédagogue, 3 vols. Paris: Cerf.

Clem. Al. Strom. = Clement of Alexandria, Stromata. Eds. O. Stählin, L.

Früchtel, U. Treu. 1960-1970 [1906-1909]. Clemens

Alexandrinus, vol. 2-3. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Corn. ND = Cornutus, Compendium of Greek Theology. Ed. C. Lang. 1881.

Cornuti theologiae Graecae compendium. Leipzig: Teubner.

Cypr. fr. Bernabé = Cypria, fragments. Ed. A. Bernabé. 1996. Poetarum epicorum

graecorum testimonia et fragmenta, vol. 1: 43-64. Leipzig:

Teubner.

D. = Demosthenes, Orations. Ed. M.R. Dilts. 2002-2009.

Demosthenis Orationes, 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

D. Chr. Or. Dio Chrysostom, Orations. Ed. H. von Arnim. 1893-1896. Dionis

Prusaensis quem vocant Chrysostomus quae exstant omnia, 2

vols. Berlin: Weidmann.

Ps.-Demetr. Eloc. = Ps.-Demetrius, On Style. Ed. L. Radermacher. 1966 [1901].

Demetrii Phalerei qui dicitur de elocutione libellus. Leipzig:

Teubner.

D.H. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, various rhetorical works. Eds. L.

Radermacher & H. Usener. 1899-1929. Dionysii Halicarnasei

Opuscula, 2. vols. Leipzig: Teubner.

Ps.-D.H. Rh. = Ps.-Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ars Rhetorica. Eds. L.

Radermacher & H. Usener. 1904-1929. Dionysii Halicarnasei

Opuscula, vol. 2: 253-387. Leipzig: Teubner.

Diogenian. = Diogenianus, Proverbs. Eds. E.L. von Leutsch & F.G.

Schneidewin. 1965 [1839] Corpus Paroemiographorum

Graecorum, vol. 1: 1-175. Hildesheim: Olms; ed. E.L. von

xii Note on Editions, Translations, Abbreviations

Leutsch. 1965[1851]. Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum,

vol. 2: 1-52.

Doxapatr. in Aphth.

Prog.

= John Doxapatres, Commentary on Aphthonios’

Progymnasmata. Ed. H. Rabe. 1931. Prolegomenon Sylloge.

Rhetores Graeci, vol. 14: 80-155. Leipzig: Teubner.

E. = Euripides. Ed. J. Diggle. 1981-1994. Euripidis fabulae, 3 vols.

Oxford: Clarendon Press.

EM = Etymologicum Magnum. Ed. T. Gaisford. 1967 [1848].

Etymologicum magnum. Amsterdam: Adolf. M. Hakkert.

Eum. Makr. H&H = Eumathios Makrembolites, Hysmine & Hysminias. Ed. F.

Conca. 1994. Il romanzo bizantino del XII secolo, 499-687.

Turin: Unione tipografico-editrice torinese.

Eust. Capt. = Eustathios, The Capture of Thessalonike. Ed. S. Kyriakidis.

1961. Eustazio di Tessalonica. La espugnazione di Tessalonica.

Palermo: Istituto Siciliano di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici.

Eust. Emend. vit.

mon.

= Eustathios, Examination of Monastic Life. Ed. K. Metzler.

2006. Eustathii Thessalonicensis De emendanda vita

monachica. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Eust. Ep. = Eustathios, Letters. Ed. F. Kolovou. 2006. Die Briefe des

Eustathios von Thessalonike. Munich: Saur.

Eust. in Can. Jo. Dam. = Eustathios, Exegesis on the Iambic Canon for Pentecost by

John of Damascus. Eds. P. Cesaretti & S. Ronchey. Eustathii

Thessaloncensis Exegesis in Canonem iambicum

pentecostalem. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Eust. in Dion. Per. = Eustathios, Parekbolai on Dionysius Periegetes. Ed. K. Müller.

1861. Geographi Graeci minores, vol. 2: 201-407. Paris: Didot.

Eust. in Il. = Eustathios, Parekbolai on the Iliad. Ed. M.H.A.L.H. van der

Valk, 1971-1987. Eustathii Archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis

commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem pertinentes ad fidem codicis

Laurentiani editi, 4 vols. Leiden: Brill.

Eust. in Od. = Eustathios, Parekbolai on the Odyssey. Ed. J.G. Stallbaum.

1825-1826. Eustathii Archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis

Commentarii ad Homeri Odysseam ad fidem exempli Romani

editi, 2 vols. Leipzig: Weigel.

Eust. in Od. .... ed.

Cullhed

= Eustathios, Parekbolai on Odyssey 1-2. Ed. E. Cullhed. 2014.

Eustathios of Thessalonike. Parekbolai on Homer’s Odyssey 1-2.

Proekdosis. Dissertation, Uppsala University.

Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium xiii

Eust. in Pi. = Eustathios, Proem to the Parekbolai on Pindar. Ed. A.

Kambylis. 1991. Eustathios von Thessalonike, Prooimion zum

Pindarkommentar. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Eust. Opusc. = Eustathios, Opuscula. Ed. T.L.F. Tafel. 1832. Eustathii

Metropolitae Thessalonicensis Opuscula. Amsterdam: Adolf

M. Hakkert.

Eust. Op. min. = Eustathios, Opera minora. Ed. P. Wirth. 2000. Eustathii

Thessalonicensis Opera minora: magnam partem inedita.

Berlin: De Gruyter.

Eust. Quadr. = Eustathios, Orations on the Great Quadragesima. Ed. S.

Schönauer. 2006. Eustathios von Thessalonike: Reden auf die

Grosse Quadragesima: Prolegomena, Text, Übersetzung,

Kommentar, Indices. Frankfurt am Main: Beerenverlag.

Euth. Malak. Mon.

Eust.

= Euthymios Malakes, Monody on Eustathios of Thessalonike.

Ed. K.G. Bonis. 1937. Εὐθυμίου τοῦ Μαλάκη μητροπολίτου Νεῶν

Πατρῶν (Ὑπάτης) [δευτέρον ἥμισυ ιβʹ ἑκατ.] τὰ σωζόμενα, 78-83.

Athens: Theologikē Bibliothēkē.

Gr. Pard. in Ps.-

Hermog. Meth.

= Gregory Pardos, Commentary on Hermogenes’ On the

Method of Skilfulness. Ed. C. Walz. 1968 [1834]. Rhetores

Graeci, vol. 7.2: 1088-1352. Osnabrück: Zeller.

Gr. Nyss. Infant. = Gregory of Nyssa, On Infants’ Early Deaths. Ed. H. Hörner.

1986. Gregorii Nysseni opera, vol. 3.2: 67-97. Leiden: Brill.

Ps.-Hdn. Fig. = Ps.-Herodian, On Figures. Ed. K. Hajdù. 1998. Ps.-Herodian,

De figuris: Überlieferungsgeschichte und kritische Ausgabe,

103-38. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Heraclit. All. = Heraclitus, Allegories or Homeric Questions. Ed. F. Buffière.

1962. Héraclite: Allégories d’Homère. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Herm. in Phdr. = Hermias, Commentary on Plato’s Phaedrus. Ed. P. Couvreur.

1901. Hermeias von Alexandrien: In Platonis Phaedrum scholia.

Paris: Émile Bouillon.

Hermog. Id. = Hermogenes, On Types of Style. Ed. M. Patillon. 2012. Corpus

Rhetoricum, vol. 4: 22-234. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Ps.-Hermog. Inv. = Ps.-Hermogenes, On Invention. Ed. M. Patillon. 2012. Corpus

Rhetoricum, vol. 3.1: 1-130. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Ps.-Hermog. Meth. = Ps.-Hermogenes, On the Method of Skilfulness. Ed. M.

Patillon. 2014. Corpus Rhetoricum, vol. 5 : 1-92. Paris: Les Belles

Lettres.

xiv Note on Editions, Translations, Abbreviations

Ps.-Hermog. Prog. = Ps.-Hermogenes, Progymnasmata. Ed. M. Patillon. 2008.

Corpus Rhetoricum, vol. 1: 165-206. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Il. = Iliad. Eds. D.B. Monro & T.W. Allen. 1902-1912. Homeri opera,

vols. 1-2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Jo. Gal. All. Il. 4.1-4 = John Diakonos Galenos, Allegory of Iliad 4.1-4. Ed. H. Flach.

1970 [1876]. Glossen und Scholien zur hesiodischen Theogonie,

420-4. Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag.

Jo. Sard. in Aphth.

Prog.

= John of Sardis, Commentary on Aphthonios’ Progymnasmata.

Ed. H. Rabe. 1928. Ioannis Sardiani commentarium in

Aphthonii progymnasmata. Leipzig: Teubner.

Jo. Sik. Prol. in

Hermog. Id.

= John Sikeliotes, Prolegomena to Hermogenes’ On Types of

Style. Ed. H. Rabe. 1931. Prolegomenon Sylloge. Rhetores Graeci,

vol. 14: 393-420. Leipzig: Teubner.

Jo. Sik. in Hermog. Id. = John Sikeliotes, Commentary on Hermogenes’ On Types of

Style. Ed. C. Walz. 1834. Rhetores Graeci, vol. 6: 56-504.

Stuttgart: Cotta.

Jul. Or. in Sol. = Julian, Oration to the Sovereign Sun. Ed. C. Lacombrade.

1964. L'empereur Julien. Oeuvres complètes, vol. 2.2: 100-138.

Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

M. Chon. Or. = Michael Choniates, Orations. Ed. S.P. Lampros, 1879-1880.

Μιχαὴλ Ἀκομινάτου τοῦ χωνιάτου τὰ σωζόμενα, 2. vols. Athens.

M. Chon. Ep. = Michael Choniates, Letters. Ed. F. Kolovou. 2001. Michaelis

Choniatae Epistulae. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Men. Rh. = Menander Rhetor, On Epideictic Speeches. Eds. D.A. Russell

& N.G. Wilson. 1981. Menander Rhetor. Oxford: Clarendon

Press.

Nikol. Prog. = Nikolaos of Myra, Progymnasmata. Ed. J. Felten. 1913.

Rhetores Graeci, vol. 11: Nicolai progymnasmata. Leipzig:

Teubner.

Od. = Odyssey. Eds. D.B. Monro & T.W. Allen. 1902-1912. Homeri

opera, vols. 3-4. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Paus. Pausanias, Attic Lexicon. Ed. H. Erbse. 1950. Untersuchungen

zu den attizistischen Lexika. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Philostr. jun. Im. = Philostratus the Younger, Imagines. Ed. C.L. Kayser. 1964

[1871]. Flavii Philostrati opera, vol. 2: 390-420. Hildesheim:

Olms.

Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium xv

Phot. Bibl. = Photios, Bibliotheca. Ed. R. Henry. 1959-1991. Photius:

Bibliothèque, 9 vols. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Pi. fr. Pindar, fragments. Ed. H. Maehler. 1989. Pindarus, Pars II:

Fragmenta. Indices. Leipzig: Teubner.

Pl. Grg. = Plato, Gorgias. Ed. J. Burnet. 1963 [1903]. Platonis Opera, vol.

3. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Pl. Smp. = Plato, Symposium. Ed. J. Burnet. 1957 [1901]. Platonis Opera,

vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Pl. Tht. = Plato, Theaetetus. Eds. E.A. Duke et al. 1995. Platonis Opera,

vol. 1: 278-382. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Plu. Aud. poet. = Plutarch, How the Young Man Should Study Poetry. Eds. W.R.

Paton, I. Wegehaupt, M. Pohlenz, H. Gärtner. 1974. Plutarchi

Moralia, vol. 1: 28-75. Leipzig: Teubner.

Ps.-Plu. Vit. Hom. = Ps.-Plutarch, Life and Poetry of Homer. Ed. J.F. Kindstrand.

1990. [Plutarchi] De Homero. Leipzig: Teubner.

Porph. in Il. = Porphyry, Homeric Questions on the Iliad. Ed. H. Schrader.

1880-1882. Porphyrii quaestionum Homericarum ad Iliadem

pertinentium reliquias. Leipzig: Teubner.

Porph. Antr. = Porphyry, On the Cave of the Nymphs. Ed. A. Nauck. 1963

[1886]. Porphyrii philosophi Platonici Opuscula selecta, 55-81.

Hildesheim: Olms.

Porph. VP = Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras. Ed. A. Nauck. 1963 [1886].

Porphyrii philosophi Platonici Opuscula selecta, 17-52.

Hildesheim: Olms.

Prodr. Carm. hist. = Theodore Prodromos, Historical Poems. Ed. W. Hörandner.

1974. Theodoros Prodromos: historische Gedichte. Vienna:

Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Prokl. in Pl. Alc. I = Proklos, Commentary on Plato’s Alcibiades I. Ed. A.P.

Segonds. 1985-1986. Proclus: Sur le premier Alcibiade de Platon.

Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Prokl. in Pl. R. = Proklos, Commentary on Plato’s Republic. Ed. W. Kroll. 1965.

Procli Diadochi in Platonis Rem publicam commentarii, 2 vols.

Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.

Psell. Chron. = Michael Psellos, Chronographia. Ed. E. Renauld. 1926-1928.

Michel Psellos: Chronographie, 2 vols. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Psell. in. Arist. Ph. = Michael Psellos, Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics. Ed. L.G.

Benakis. 2008. Michael Psellos: Kommentar zur Physik des

xvi Note on Editions, Translations, Abbreviations

Aristoteles. Einleitung, Text, Indices. Athens: Academy of

Athens.

Psell. Or. pan. = Michael Psellos, Panegyrical orations. Ed. G.T. Dennis. 1994.

Michaelis Pselli orationes panegyricae. Leipzig: Teubner.

Psell. Phil. min. = Michael Psellos, Philosophica minora. J.M. Duffy & D.J.

O’Meara. 1989-1992. Michaelis Pselli philosophica minora, 2

vols. Leipzig: Teubner.

Psell. Synkrisis = Michael Psellos, Comparison of Heliodorus and Achilles

Tatius. Ed. A.R. Dyck. 1986. Michael Psellus. The Essays on

Euripides and George of Pisida and on Heliodorus and Achilles

Tatius. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der

Wissenschaften.

S. fr. = Sophocles, fragments. S.L. Radt. 1977. Tragicorum

Graecorum fragmenta, vol. 4: Sophocles. Göttingen:

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Schol. A, bT = A / bT scholia on the Iliad. Ed. H. Erbse. 1969-1988. Scholia

Graeca in Homeri Iliadem, 7 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Schol. D = D scholia on the Iliad. Ed. H. van Thiel. 2000. Scholia D in

Iliadem. Cologne (http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/1810).

Schol. D.T. = scholia on Dionysius’ Thrax, Ars grammatica. Ed. A. Hilgard.

1901. Grammatici Graeci, vol. 3.1: Scholia in Dionysii Thracis

Artem Grammaticam. Leipzig: Teubner.

Schol. vet. Pl. Tht. = scholia vetera on Plato’s Theaetetus. Ed. G.C. Greene. 1938.

Scholia Platonica, 18-40. Haverford: American Philological

Association.

Str. = Strabo, Geography. Ed. S.L. Radt. Strabons Geographika, 10

vols. 2002-2011. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Suda = Suda lexicon. Ed. A. Adler. 1928-1938. Suidae lexicon, 4 vols.

Leipzig: Teubner.

Syrian. in Hermog. Id. = Syrianos, Commentary on Hermogenes’ On Types of Style.

Ed. H. Rabe. 1892. Syriani in Hermogenem commentaria, vol. 1.

Leipzig: Teubner.

Theon, Prog. = Aelius Theon, Progymnasmata. Ed. M. Patillon. 1997. Aelius

Théon: Progymnasmata. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Trypho, Fig. = Trypho, On Figures. Ed. L. Spengel. Rhetores Graeci, vol. 3:

191-206.

http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/1810

Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium xvii

Tz. All. Il. = John Tzetzes, Allegories of the Iliad. Ed. J.F. Boissonade. 1851.

Tzetzae allegoriae Iliadis. Paris: Dumont.

Tz. All. Od. = John Tzetzes, Allegories of the Odyssey. Ed. H. Hunger. 1955.

Johannes Tzetzes, Allegorien zur Odyssee, Buch 13-24,

Kommentierte Textausgabe. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 48(1): 4-

48; H. Hunger. 1956. Johannes Tzetzes, Allegorien zur Odyssee,

Buch 1-12, Kommentierte Textausgabe. Byzantinische

Zeitschrift 49(2): 249-310.

Tz. Ex. = John Tzetzes, Exegesis of the Iliad. Ed. M. Papathomopoulos.

2007. Ἐξήγησις Ἰωάννου Γραμματικοῦ τοῦ Τζέτζου εἰς τὴν Ὁμήρου

Ἰλιάδα. Athens: Academy of Athens.

Tz. in Hes. Op. = John Tzetzes, Commentary on Hesiod’s Works and Days. Ed.

T. Gaisford. 1823. Poetae Minores Graeci, vol. 2: Scholia ad

Hesiodum. Leipzig: Kühn.

Tz. H. = John Tzetzes, Histories. Ed. P.A.M. Leone. 1968. Ioannis

Tzetzae Historiae. Naples: Libreria Scientifica.

Zen. = Zenobius, Proverbs. Eds. E.L. von Leutsch & F.G.

Schneidewin. 1965 [1839] Corpus Paroemiographorum

Graecorum, vol. 1: 1-175. Hildesheim: Olms.

Ps.-Zonar. = Ps.-Zonaras, Lexicon. Ed. J.A.H. Tittmann. 1967 [1808].

Iohannis Zonarae Lexicon ex tribus codicibus manuscriptis, 2

vols. Amsterdam: Adolf. M. Hakkert.