Uum Ppt 8 Diseases and Their Management

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DISEASES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

TOPICS

• Introduction to plant diseases• Nursery (10 examples)• Immature planting (11 examples)• Mature plantings(10 examples)• Basal stem rot and upper stem rot(including fungicide recommendations)

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DEFINATION OF PLANT DISEASE

• A disease is defined as any harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological processes

Or in layman terms….• A disease is any abnormal condition that

damages a plant and reduces its productivity or usefulness to man

HEALTHY UNHEALTHY (DISEASED)

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TYPES OF DISEASES• NON-INFECTIOUS (Abiotic)

– Caused by certain factors that produces abnormality. Non-infectious diseases are notcaused by any living organism, but are abiotic in nature.

• INFECTIOUS (Biotic)– Caused by organisms that attack plants

and get their nutrition from them. • Host – the affected plant• Pathogen – the organism causes the disease. It

can be spread from a diseased plant to a healthy plant

COMMON CAUSES OF DISEASE

scorching, bending of growing point

VisualSalt, air pollutants, herbicides contaminations etc.

Toxic Chemicals

Heat canker, sunscald, lightning injury, crown fracture

VisualTemperature, wind, rainfall etc.

MeterologicalConditions

Wilting, excessive number of spears, skirting of green frond

VisualDeficiency or excess of water

Moisture

Nitrogen deficiency, iron deficiency, zinc deficiency

Visual (no special equipment needed)

Deficiency or excess of essential elements

Nutrition Non-Infectious(Abiotic)

ExamplesSymptomDescriptionCauseType

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Yellowing of lower fronds caused by Mg deficiency - Nutrition

Suffocation of roots in flooding area - Moisture

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Crown Fracture –Meterological factor ( strong wind)

Toxic chemical – glyphosate herbicide phytotoxicity

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COMMON CAUSES OF DISEASESEquipmentHow They Re-

produceDescriptionCauseType

Microscope (naked eye for larger forms)

EggsMicroscopic worm-like organism

Nematodes

Electron microscope

Cell division (vegetative)

Very tiny organisms without a cell wall, no definite shape.

Phytoplasma

Electron microscope

Use host cells to multiply

Very tiny rod-shaped or spherical particles, composed of RNA with a protein coat.

Viruses

MicroscopeCell divisionSingle-celled organisms.

Bacteria

Microscope (occasionally a hand lens)

Spores, Cell division

Grow as tiny threadlike filaments; fruiting structures may develop from these filaments

FungiInfectious (Biotic)

FUNGUS / FUNGI – Ganoderma boninense

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BACTERIA

VIRUSES

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PHYTOPLASMA

NEMATODES

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DISEASE MANAGEMENT

• Prevent or delay the introduction of pathogens or reduce initial pathogen populations and retard their subsequent increase

• Four basic methods of infectious disease management: – Exclusion– Eradication– Host resistance– Protection (including the use of fungicides)

NURSERY DISEASES

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NURSERY DISEASES

BROWN GERM DISEASE not known; many fungi & bacteria

SCHIZOPHYLLUM SEED INFECTION Schizophyllum commune

EARLY LEAF DISEASESGlomerella cingulata, Botryodiplodia palmarum, Melanconium elaeidis

BLAST Pythium sp & Rhizoctonia sp

CURVULARIA LEAF SPOT Curvularia eragrostidis

HELMINTHOSPORIUM LEAF SPOT Drechslera ( Helminthosporium ) halodes

CORTICIUM LEAF SPOT Corticium solani

SPEAR OR BUD ROT Phytophthora sp; secondary infection of Fusarium spp

BROWN GERM DISEASE

cause : precise cause not known; many bacteria & fungisymptoms : radicle discoloration extend backwards,yellowish or greenish blue lesions with sporescontrol : maintain moisture < 17%; soak in 0.2% thiram solution for few minutes

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SCHIZOPHYLLUM SEED INFECTION

cause : Schizophyllum communesymptoms : small white patches of fungal growth on outer seed surfacecontrol : maintain moisture < 17%

SCHIZOPHYLLUM SEED INFECTION

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EARLY LEAF DISEASES

cause : Botryodiplodia sppsymptoms : dark brown lesions usually found on distal part of the leaves, and surrounded by pale brown halocontrol : spraying with thiram at 0.16% a.i.most commonly encountered leaf disease in nurseries

EARLY LEAF DISEASES

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EARLY LEAF DISEASES

cause : Melanconium sppsymptoms : dark brown lesions usually found on distal part of the leaves, and surrounded by pale brown halocontrol : spraying with thiram at 0.16% a.i.most commonly encountered leaf disease in nurseries

EARLY LEAF DISEASES

cause : Glomerella sppsymptoms : small brown water soaked spots develop between the veins; brown or black in colour bordered by pale yellow halocontrol : spraying with thiram at 0.16% a.i.most commonly encountered leaf disease in nurseries

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DRECHSLERA LEAF SPOT

cause : Drechslera halodessymptoms : bright yellow discoloration first appear in spear or youngest fully open fronds; pin point spots of brown colour which is pale turning to brown latercontrol : spray thiram at 0.16% a.i. ( Thiram 80 WP at 20 g per 10 litres water)

DRECHSLERA LEAF SPOT

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HELMINTHOSPORIUM LEAF DISEASE

cause : Helminthosporium sppsymptoms : bright yellow discoloration first appear in spear or youngest fully open fronds; lesions turning to brown latercontrol : spray thiram at 0.16% a.i. ( Thiram 80 WP at 20 g per 10 litres water)


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CURVULARIA LEAF SPOT

cause : Curvularia eragrostidissymptoms : early symptom is small , circular translucent yellow spots; enlarged into light brown spots with distinct yellow-orange halo control : spray propineb at 0.21% a.i. ( Antracol 70 WP at 30 g / 10 litres water )

spray Antracol 70 WP at 31 g per 10 litres water

CURVULARIA LEAF SPOTcausal agent : Curvularia eragrostidis

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dead, severe category

CORTICIUM LEAF ROT

cause : Corticium solanisymptoms : lesions are initially irregular, pale, olive-green patches bounded by a violet-brown zone, eventually becoming dark brown and dry spot control : normally no control is required

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CORTICIUM LEAF ROT

PESTALOTIOSIS LEAF SPOT

cause : Pestalotiopsis sppsymptoms : irregular shaped large orange-red lesions control - sanitation removal

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PESTALOTIOPSIS LEAF SPOT

BLAST

cause : co-infection of Pythium sp & Rhizoctonia solanisymptoms : whole plant dies and turning brown very quickly; affected roots showing vascular strands and the 'skin' control : adequate watering

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BLAST frond drying root decay

NURSERY SPEAR ROT

1) PhytopththoraDisease symptoms :localized rotten areas on median leaflets of spearmore dark brown rotting with no margin entire spear rotten away

Severity of damage :affect median leaflets only

Control recommendation :sanitation removal

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NURSERY SPEAR ROT2) non PhytophthoraDisease symptoms :• dark brown or water soaked lesion on exposed part

of spear• water soaked colourless lesions ; enlarge into pale

brown in colour with orange brown border• when frond opens up , affected areas are desiccated Severity of damage :• secondary infection after insect attackControl recommendation :• sanitation removal

NURSERY BUD ROTDisease symptoms :• early indication is closely packed basal leaflets

due to reduction in petiole growth• youngest leaf rots from base upwards• rotting of bud not related to spear rotSeverity of damage :• affected seedlings are killedControl recommendation :• no known control so far• sanitation removal

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DISEASES OF IMMATURE PLANTINGS

DISEASES OF IMMATURE PLANTINGS

HELMINTHOSPORIUM LEAF SPOTS Drechslera halodes

CURVULARIA LEAF SPOT Curvularia eragrostidis

CROWN DISEASE unknown

CHARCOAL BASE ROT Ustilina deusta

BASAL STEM ROT Ganoderma boninense

WITHER TIP DISEASE Fusarium sp

SOOTY MOULDS many fungi

CEPHALEUROS LEAF SPOT Cephaleurus virescens

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MARASMIUS INFECTION

cause : Marasmius sppsymptoms :

• lower fronds affected first ( brown colour dry fronds )

• appearance of whitish fungal growthPlacing EFB too close to the basal stem and generally wet conditions due to frequent raining

MARASMIUS INFECTION

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MARASMIUS INFECTION

severity : • Palm can be killed when fungus has grown into

the shoot apex

control : • remove EFB and create a gap 15 cm• cut and remove all infected fronds• spraying of fungicide ( traizoles )

HELMINTHOSPORIUM LEAF SPOTS

cause : Helminthosporium spp symptoms :

•early symptom is tiny pin size spots •later enlarged into small brown spots •from far the affected fronds are yellow to brown in colour

control : spray thiram at 0.16% a.i. ( Thiram 80 WP at 20 g per 10 litres water)

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Common leaf disease when palms suffer stress conditionsSeverely affected fronds turn brown and dry up

control : spray thiram at 0.16% a.i. ( Thiram 80 WP at 20 g per 10 litres water)

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cause : Helminthosporium spp symptoms : bright yellow discoloration appear in spear or youngest fully open frondscontrol : spray thiram at 0.16% a.i. ( Thiram 80 WP at 20 g per 10 litres water)


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SPEAR ROT and BUD ROT

• Disease symptoms :shorter inner frondsrotting of spear at the basespear killed quicklybud rot occur and apical growing point

destroyedpalm split can see rotting cavity and bad

smell liquid


Shorter inner frondsSpear rotting at base

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Severity of damage :localized importance and many affected

palms are killedControl recommendation :no known curesanitation removal

CROWN DISEASEcause : not known; physiological or geneticsymptoms :

• frond bending• rotting of leaf tissue in mid rib

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CROWN DISEASE

CROWN DISEASE

control : no action required; recover on its own at 2 - 3 years of age

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cause : Curvularia eragrostidissymptoms : early symptom is small , circular translucent yellow spots; enlarged into light brown spots with distinct yellow-orange halo


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control : spray propineb at 0.21% a.i. ( Antracol 70 WP at 30 g / 10 litres water )

BASAL STEM ROT

BASAL STEM ROT CAUSED BY FUNGAL PATHOGENS, GANODERMA SPP.NO EFFECTIVE CURE TODATEIMMATURE PALMS PLANTED IN DISEASE PRONE AREAS CAN BE INFECTED AND KILLEDSYMPTOMS

• 1 SIDE YELLOWING OF FRONDS• PALM GROWTH RETARDED• FRONDS SHOWING NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

CONTROL• SANITATION REMOVAL

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BASAL STEM ROT

YELLOWING AND DRYING OF FRONDS ON ONE SIDE OF PALM

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CHARCOAL BASE ROT

cause : Ustulina deustasymptoms :

• oldest fronds become yellow & die;• progressive all leaves affected and entire

canopy diecontrol : sanitation removal

CHARCOAL BASE ROT

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SOOTY MOULDS

cause : many fungisymptoms : patches of black fungal growthusually associated with sucking insectsOr mostly on the lower surface of the lower fronds (not associated with sucking insects )

SOOTY MOULDS

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SOOTY MOULDS

• spray Rogor 40 @ 12.5 ml per 10 litres water to control the sucking insects and the sooty moulds will disappear

• spraying with protective fungicide to control fungi

CEPHALEURUS LEAF SPOT

cause : Cephaleurus viresxcenssymptoms : reddish orange spots; reddish colour on severely infected fronds

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control :• generally no control required• spraying with a copper based fungicide

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DISEASES OF MATURE PLANTINGS

DISEASES OF MATURE PLANTINGSBASAL STEM ROT Ganoderma boninense

UPPER STEM ROTGanoderma boninensePhellinus noxius

CHARCOAL BASE ROT Ustilina deusta

BUNCH ROT Marasmius palmivorus

BUNCH STALK ROTBotryodiplodia theobromaeCeratocystis paradoxa

WITHER TIP DISEASE Fusarium sp

SOOTY MOULDS many fungi

CEPHALEUROS LEAF SPOT Cephaleurus virescens

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GANODERMA DISEASES

• BASAL STEM ROT• WORLDWIDE 15 SP of Ganoderma, LIKELY

CAUSAL AGENTS ( Turner, 1981)• PEN. MALAYSIA, G. boninense ( Ho &

Nawawi, 1985)• G. boninense, G. miniatocinctum,

G. zonatum, G. tornatum (Khairudin, 1990; Idris & Ariffin, 2004)

Ganoderma boninense

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BASAL STEM ROT

DRY ROT LESION

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PATHOGEN ISOLATION – GSM DEVELOPED BY MPOB

BASAL STEM ROT• Coastal estates – 85% kill at 25 years old ( Singh,

1991)• Severe yield loss of 46% from block with 67.3% BSR

compared to block with 10.9% BSR (Singh, 1991)• Estate in Perak, BSR increased from 5.4% to 44.1%

in 14 years (Khairudin, 1990)• Jawa soil series, 15 years old palm, BSR palm

produced 43% (1st) and 19% (2nd) FFB yield compared to healthy palm (Khairudin, 1995)

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BSR INLAND ESTATE

BSR

• Roots and part of basal stem killed• Visual symptoms : frond wilting &

malnutrition• Several unopened new fronds: wilting of

green fronds ‘skirt’• Fruiting bodies ; disease lesion ‘dry rot’• Trunk fracture; fallen palms

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UNOPENED NEW FRONDS

SMALL CANOPY / FROND FRACTURE ‘SKIRT’

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MALNUTRITION ‘YELLOWING’

FRUITING BODIES / SPOROPHORES

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FALLEN PALM

GANODERMA WORKSHOP

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BSR MANAGEMENT (I)

• No cure is available• Treatment of immature BSR palm ( Hakim

et. al. 1998) :1) remove diseased tissues & expose healthy tissues for 5 to 7 days2) burn the diseased tissues and bury the healthy tissues except the wound3) after 7 days, wound fully covered by green Trichoderma; completely cover with soil

• soil mounding in mature palm with BSR

SOIL MOUNDING

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BSR MANAGEMENT (II)• Pressure injection of fungicide developed by

MPOB – 10 litres of hexaconazole solution per palm

• Injection of Dazomet : fumigant moved systemically downwards

• Surgery to remove diseased tissues• Biological control : Trichoderma sp• Resistant planting materials : early stage of

research • Sanitation at replanting

Pressurized injection of fungicide(pictures supplied by Dr Idris MPOB)

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SURGERY

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AREAS WITH REPORTED INCIDENCE (I)

• First reported infecting tall palms (Thompson 1931)

• BSR = disease of older palms (Turner, 1981)1) high incidences in OP planted in ex

coconut planting2) low incidence in ex rubber plantings

– in disease prone areas % palm with BSR = 50 % or more at 20 to 25 years

COCONUT TO OIL PALM

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AREAS WITH REPORTED INCIDENCE (II)

• Replanting from oil palm to oil palm increases the risks of encountering BSR

• Serious incidences of BSR in peat areas – West Johore (Rao 1990)

• Serious incidences of BSR in inland lateritic areas – North Johore (Benjamim and Chee 1995)

• BSR reported in more areas in Sarawak & Sabah (Ariffin & Idris 2002, Hoong per com., Kwan per com.)

OP TO OP : UNDERPLANTING

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MODE OF SPREADING

MODE OF SPREADING – BY ROOT CONTACT

• Root contact with a source of inoculum (Turner 1981)

• Root contact is an important method of infection and spread to immature palms : results of several experiments planting indicator seedlings at close distances to diseased crop residues (Khairudin 1993, Hasan and Turner, 1998)

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INDICATOR SEEDLINGS PLANTED NEAR DISEASED STUMP

INDICATOR SEEDLINGS PLANTED NEAR DISEASED TRUNK

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FRUITING BODY ON SEEDLING KILLED

BASIDIOSPORES

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MODE OF SPREADING :ROOT CONTACT OR BASIDIOSPORES ?

• BSR can spread by root contact and spore germination – more research to determine their importance as major or minor factor.

• Root contact is acceptable major mode of spread for BSR : results of experiments

• Spore is responsible for spread of USR• Dispersal of spores by insects associated with

Ganoderma fruiting bodies.

INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH GANODERMA FRUITING BODIES

• Beetles, moth, ant, termite (Chung et al. 1998) • 10 out of 13 species of insect carried

basidiospores ; larvae of beetle, Episcapha 4-maculata feeds inside the fruiting bodies and 83% have basidiospores. (Idris and Ariffin 2004)

• Dispersal of spores by insects associated with Ganoderma fruiting bodies.

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INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH GANODERMA FRUITING BODIES

BSR : INOCULUM SOURCES ( RESIDUES OF NATIVE HOSTS OR PREVIOUS CROPS)

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BOLE STILL PRESENT AFTER 14 YEARS

BSR : IMMATURE PALM

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0102030405060708090

100

0 5 10 15 20 25

Palm age (years)

BSR

%

Poor SanitationGood Sanitation

BEFORE FELLING DURING REPLANTING

A1. 6 to 12 months before felling; carry out deboling of diseased stumps and vacantpoints; 2mx2mx1m

A2. Cut and slice the bole & root masses, fallen diseased trunk, into small pieces;leave exposed in the interrow areas

A3. Mark standing diseased palms and repeat above steps at time of felling

B. Mark out sub blocks or block with high incidence, carry out ploughing up to 60 cm depth

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BOLE PRESENT AFTER 14 YEARS

SIZE OF HOLE : 2M X 2M X 1M

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2M X 2M X 1M HOLE

FELLING DURING REPLANTING

1. Sanitation includes in replanting and land preparation contract

2. Mark BSR palms; carry out deboling; dig holes 2mx2mx1m; cut & slice diseased materials; leave in the interrow areas

3. Healthy palms : dig out bole and root masses; cut & slice crop residues ; leave in the interrow areas

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CUT & SLICE / LEAVE EXPOSED IN INTERROW AREAS

LAND PREPARATION DURING REPLANTING

1. Sub blocks or blocks with high incidence of BSR : carry out ploughing up to 60 cm depth

2. Sub blocks or blocks with high incidence of BSR : consider construction of wider & deeper drains to isolate disease prone areas

3. Establish good legume cover crops to speed up decay of crop residues

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HIGH INCIDENCE OF BSR

PLANT LEGUME COVER CROPS

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AT EXISTING PLANTINGS

1. Carry out census to identify and mark BSR palms2. Identified BSR by fruiting bodies & dry rot lesion3. Mark the first palm on the road side to indicate the

need to do sanitation4. Fell BSR palms; carry out deboling; dig holes 2m x

2m x 1m; cut & slice diseased materials; leave in the interrow areas

5. Frequency : 6 monthly (<10%) 4 monthly (>10%)

OTHER METHODS OF CONTROL

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Screening of beneficial microbesProf. Sareah Meon

Resistance screening. MPOB : Zaire x Cameroon crosses

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UPPER STEM ROTcausal agent : Phellinus noxious

Ganoderma boninense

UPPER STEM ROT

cause : Ganoderma spp / Phellinus noxiussymptoms :

• upper stem rotting; • appearing of fruiting bodiescontrol: usually not detected until too late

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DRY BASAL ROT

cause : Ceratocystis paradoxasymptoms : sudden and total rotting of all mature and immature fruit bunchescontrol: no known treatment

WHITHER TIP DISEASE

cause : Fusarium sppsymptoms :

• rotting of spear tip;• distal parts of fronds (1/3) are destroyed; • erect frond appearance.control:

• sanitation removal of affected parts• spraying with protective fungicide

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WITHER TIP DISEASE

STEM WET ROT

NUMBER OF POSSIBLE CAUSESNO KNOWN CONTROLSANITATION REMOVAL

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STEM WET ROT

SOOTY MOULDS

cause : many fungisymptoms : patches of black fungal growthusually associated with sucking insectscontrol:

• spray Rogor 40 @ 12.5 ml per 10 litres water to control the sucking insects and the sooty moulds will disappear

• spraying with protective fungicide

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SOOTY MOULDS


cause : Cephaleurus viresxcenssymptoms : reddish orange spots; reddish colour on severely infected frondscontrol :

• generally no control required• spraying with a copper based fungicide

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ALGAL LEAF SPOT

ALGAL LEAF SPOT

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BUNCH STALK ROT

cause :• Botryodiplodia theobromae• Ceratocystis paradoxasymptoms : twisting stalk; bunches fell to groundcontrol : no treatment required.

BUNCH STALK ROT

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MARASMIUS BUNCH ROT

cause : Marasmius palmivorussymptoms : whitish fungal growth; white mushroom grow on rotten bunchescontrol :

• improved pollination• improved sanitation• nutrition ( applying bunch ash )• fungicide spraying

MARASMIUS BUNCH ROT

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BUNCH FAILURE

cause :• inadequate pollination• hormonal herbicide• pathogenicsymptoms :

• fruit bunch loss of glossy appearance• fruits become desiccated & shriveledcontrol : no treatment

EXOTIC DISEASES OF OIL PALMS

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Exotic Oil Palm Diseases

Central America & South America

3Rhadinaphelenchuscocophilus 一nematode

Red ring disease


2,3Many causesFatal yellow disease


2probably PhytomonasSudden wither disease

Africa1,2,3Fusarium oxysporiumFusariumvascular wilt

Africa3Armillariella melleaArmillariella root & stem rot

Africa1Cercospora sppCercospora leaf spot

SEVERITITY OCCURANCECAUSAL AGENTS / SCIENTIFIC NAMESDISEASES

1 = seedlings , 2 = immature palms , 3 = mature palms

CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOTcause : Cercospora palmicola, C. elaeidissymptoms :

• 1stly,pin point hyaline spot on new fully opened fronds

• spots enlarged, somewhat depressed, changing to dark brown colour

• development of brightly colour brown halo control: improve nursery management; spraying of fungicideoccurring in Africa

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CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT

VASCULAR WILT DISEASE

cause : Fusarium oxysporiumsymptoms :

• dead of pinnae in a frond• lesion - yellow fronds• necrosis of vascular strands in stemcontrol: no proven cure treatmentoccurring in Africa

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VACSULAR WILT (fronds,rachis,stem)

RED RING DISEASE

cause : nematodes - Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus symptoms :

• red ring or red circular band discolration inside the stem red palm weevil is the vector , Rhynchophorus palmarumcontrol:

• mass trapping of weevils using pheromone traps• sanitation removal

occurring in South and Central Americas

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RED RING DISEASE OF OIL PALM

Oil palm

coconut

BUD & SPEAR ROT

• Occurring in Central & South America• Unknown causal agent• Symptoms :

spear rot - rotting at spear base; rachis and leaflets affected by rotting; bud rot - apical bud tissues affected; rotting tissues at stem apex (seen after splitting the stem); ultimate death of palm

• Panama, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Brazil

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CONCLUSION

MANY DISEASES AFFECTING OIL PALMS ARE RECORDEDBSR MOST IMPORTANTNURSERY DISEASES AND CURVULARIA LEAF DISEASE OF IMMATURE FIELDS SOMETIMES ARE PROBLEMATICFOREIGN EXOTIC DISEASES ARE DEADLY AND MUST BE EXCLUDED BY STRICT QUARANTINETRAINING OF PLANTATION PERSONNEL R, D & A TEAM TO WORK ON IMPORTANT DISEASES & SPECIFIC PROBLEM.

THANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTION

Uum Ppt 8 Diseases and Their Management

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