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Transcript of uu Iv Iu Iu 11111111
PERPUSTAKAAN UMP
uu Iv Iu Iu 11111111 0000080380
SELF-CLEANING SOLAR CELL MODULE WITH SUN TRACKING USING
MICROCONTROLLER FOR BATTERY CHARGER
FONG KONG HING
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
JUNE 2013
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the use of electric energy is increasing every day. The source of electric energy is commonly using generator that generate from burning the fossil fuel or coal. The solar energy is now starting to replace old convictional method and become important to our world. Solar energy is solar radiation from sun converting to electric by solar panel for common electric application. Usage of solar energy still small compare to older conventional ways. Energy converted by solar panel is depending on the angle between the positions of the sun and surface of solar panel. Solar energy will receive maximum when surface of solar panel is vertical 900 to the position of the sun. Besides that, the efficiency converts solar energy to electric by solar panel surface is depend on the cleanness. The dust is effected the ability of the solar panel to gain the sun irradiation form sun. It is because the dust will block the sunlight though the solar cell in solar panel. This project is design, construct and implement a tracker that has ability to track the sunlight during daylight and have ability self-cleaning. The system is use a microcontroller-based on solar tracking system which will process input data from sensor or instrument and produce output for motor to move the solar panel. As the result, a prototype of self-cleaning solar cell with sun tracking system is operated and able to achieve the objective or goal for this project.
ABSTRAK
Pada masa kini, penggunaan elektrik atau tenaga semakin meningkat. Sumber elektrik atau tenaga biasanya menggunakan penjana motor untuk menjana elektrik daripada membakar bahan api fosil atau arang batu. Kini, tenaga suria mula menggantikan penjana motor untuk menjana elektrik atau tenaga clan menjadi sangat penting kepada dunia kita. Tenaga sUria adalah pancaran cahaya daripada matahari ditukar kepada elektrik daripada panel suria untuk aplikasi elektrik biasa. Penggunaan tenaga suria masih kecil berbanding dengan cara-cara konvensional yang lebih tua. Walau bagaimanapun, tenaga ditukar oleh panel suria adalah bergantung kepada sudut antara kedudukan mataharj clan permukaan panel suria. Tenaga suria akan menerima maksimum apabila permukaan panel suria adalah menegak 900 kepada kedudukan matahari. Selain itu, kecekapan menukar tenaga suria kepada elektrik dengan menggunakan panel suria juga bergantung kepada habuk yang wujud di permukaannya. Habuk boleh menpengaruhi keupayaan panel suria untuk mendapatkan penyinaran cahaya daripda matahari. la adalah kerana habuk akan menghalang cahaya matahari kepada sel suria di panel suria. Dalam kes ini, satu projek untuk reka bentuk,dan membina sistem pengesan untuk mengesan cahaya dari pagi hingga malam clan mempunyai keupayaan membersihkan permukaan panel suria. Sistem mi adalah kawalan oleh mikrocontollor. Sistem pengesanan suria yang akan memproses data input dari sensor clan menghasilkan data output kepada motor untuk menggerak panel suria. Sebagai hasilnya, prototaip yang mempunyai keupayaan membersihkan permukaan panel suria dengan sistem pengesanan kedudukan cahaya daripada matahari dikendalikan untuk mencapai objektifatau matlamat untuk projek mi.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION
STUDENT DECLARATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES .xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction/Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objective of Study . 3
1.4 Scope of Study . 3
1.5 Thesis Organization 4
CHAPTER 2 . LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Type of Sun Tracker System Existing on This World? 6
2.3 Fixed Solar System or Moveable Solar System Which Perform Well? 8
2.4 Two Axis Solar Tracker System or One Axis Solar Tracker 10
System Which Performs Well?
2.5 What are The Parameters Affects the Performance of Solar Cell? 11
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Project Flowchart 13
3.3 Process Flow of Solar Tracking System 15
3.4 Process Flow of Self-Cleaning System 16
3.5 Design and Construct Mechanical Structure 17
3.6 Design and Construct Electrical Circuit 18
3.7 Hardware Overview 19
3.7.1 Solar Cell 19 3.7.2 Solar Tracking System 19 3.7.3 Light Sensor 20 3.7.4 Microcontroller 21 3.7.5 DC motor 22 3.7.6 PlC Microcontroller Start-Up Kit (SK40) 23 3.7.7 UICOOB USB ICSP PlC Programmer 24
3.8 Program Design 25
3.9 Mechanical Structural Design 27
3.10 Electric Circuit Design 28
3. 10.1 DC Motor Control Circuit 30 3.10.2 Sensor Circuit 30 3.10.3 Microcontroller Circuit 31 3.10.4 Voltage Regulator Circuit 32 3.10.5 Self-cleaning Circuit 32
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 LDR Sensor
4.3 Microcontroller 34
4.4 DC Geared Motor Controller 36
4.5 Solar Cell Module System 37
4.6 Self- Cleaning System 38
4.7 Prototype Test 39
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Conclusion 41
5.3 Recommendation 42
REFERENCE 43
APPENDICES 45
A Program Code 45
B List of Component 48
C List of Material 49
D Photo of Prototype 50
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Pages
2.1 Experimental average daily total solar radiation in MJ/m 2 . 9
2.2 The peck power of each condition 12
2.3 Comparison is between cooling system and non-cooling system 12
4.1 LDR sensor output voltage during hardware measurement 34
4.2 Operating Condition for Microcontroller 36
4.3 Motor Operating Condition 37
4.4 Specification of the dual axis solar tracking system 38
4.5 Data for solar panel during hardware testing 40
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Pages
2.1 Type of sun tracker 8
2.2 Results of 1A-3P tracking PV and fixed PV in March, 2010 9
2.3 Tracking solar panel versus fixed solar panel 10
2.4 Power generation comparison of fixed angle type and tracking systems 10
2.5 Variation of cell power with day time 10
3.1 Flowchart of the project 15
3.2 Process flow of solar tracking system 16
3.3 Process flow of self-cleaning system 17
3.4 Flowcharts for Design and construct mechanical structure 18
3.5 Flowchart of the Design and construct electrical circuit. 19
3.6 CdS photo transistor circuit 21
3.7 Shade balancing principle 22
3.8 Plc i 6F877A microcontroller 23
3.9 SPG30-300K DC geared motor 24
3.10 Plc Microcontroller Start-Up Kit (SK40C) 25
3.11 UICOOB USB ICSP PIC Programmer 25
3.12 Connection between UICOOB and SK40C 26
3.13 Flowchart for solar tracker system program. 27
3.14 Flowchart for self- cleaning system program 27
3.15 Isometric view solar tracking system desgin 28
3.16 Right view solar tracking system design 28
3.17 Top view solar tracking system design 29
3.18 Back view solar tracking system design 29
3.19 Block Diagram for designed system. 30
3.20 Overall circuit using ISIS Pro 30
3.21 DC motor Control Circuit 31
3.22 LDR sensor circuit 32
3.23 Microcontroller 32
3.24 Voltage regulator circuit 33
3.25 Schematic of solar panel and viper
33
4.1 LDR sensor circuit
35
4.2 Microcontroller circuit
36
4.3 DC Geared motor controller 38
4 • 4 Prototype of .designed system 39
4.5 Mechanical structure for self-cleaning system
39
4.6 Graph of electric power per hour curve for static solar panel system 41 and dual axis tracking solar panel system
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DC Direct Current
LDR Light Dependent Resistor
plc Peripheral Interface Controller
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the electricity was important to entire world. It is because the
electricity was main source to supply the factory, transportation, communication,
commercial building and residential house. Without the electricity will cause many
problems in daily life. The entire world now was faced short supplying electric power
due to not enough sources to generate electric. Usually source that uses to generate
energy or electric is not renewable source such as fossil. Besides that, using fossil will
lead to environment destruction to our planet such as global warming. The environment
issue was being regarded by most critical problem when using fossil to generate the
electricity. Therefore, the goal is to emphasize to obtain the clean energy supplies of the
electric energy. Renewable source is now an alternative solution to generate the electric
energy for example, sunlight. A free sunlight will produce energy that environmental
friendly.
In Malaysia, the climate is usually bright sunny day and raining day. The sun
radiation in Malaysia is high due to location of Malaysia on earth. The monthly solar
radiation is approximately around 400-600 MJ/m2 in Malaysia (Mekhilef et al., 2012).
Hence, using sun radiation to generate electric in Malaysia is very useful and suitable. A
solar electric system that mostly use in Malaysia is photovoltaic (PV) system.
Furthermore, mostly solar panel that install on residential house in Malysia is static
solar panel. Static solar panel is not generating high efficiency when converting solar
2
energy to electric energy. To maximum solar panel to generating electric using the sun
radiation, the solar panel must perpendicular to the light source (sunlight). So, a tracker
is needed to make the solar panel is follow location of sun. This is because the sun is
moving for one location to other location. So that, function of tracker is to make sure
that solar panel is always perpendicular with light source to produce maximum electric
in a day. Long period use solar panel will cause the existence of dust on the surface of
solar panel. Dust will block solar panel to get light source. This will affect the efficiency
of the solar panel to generate electric. So, the surface solar panel needs to always clean.
The cleaning function is added to solar panel system. So, it can make sure the surface
solar panel is always clean.
The innovation valUe for this project is the added function for the sun tracker
which is ability to self-cleaning. The self-cleaning for sun tracker for this project is
passed on the concept of the viper car. The self-cleaning is use to clear the dust on the
surface of the solar panel. By combine the concept of the viper car into the solar cell
with sun tracker, it is able to improve the efficiency for gain maximum solar energy to
generate the electric energy.
The solar cell with sun tracker is become common in this world. Besides that,
the self-cleaning is already available on the market. Usually existing self-cleaning
system is using the mini robot to cleaning the surface of solar panel. So, it is using the
electric energy is high and cause the output product to the user is low. Besides that, mini
robot moving is slow and block the sunlight may affect the efficiency of solar panel.
Second type of self-cleaning system is adding the chemical or addition component to
the solar cell. So, the solar cell can using solar energy to clean the dust and it is most
effective way to clean the dust but it is expensive. For this project, differentiates itself
from existing or matured technology is the addition of self-cleaning ability on the solar
Panel system with concept of viper car. Besides that, it is cheaper way to cleaning the
dust even not effective like other existing self-cleaning system in the market.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Mostly the solar panel use in commercial is static at a specific location to gain
the sunlight. The problem is a static solar panel only gain the sun irradiation w/m 2 at
specific location and direction. Therefore, the solar panel is not fully generating energy
from sun radiation for product maximum power. The second problem is long period
using solar panel will cause existence of dust on the surface of solar panel. The problem
that dust exists on surface solar panel is the solar cell in the solar panel gain the sunlight
become low and less effectiveness to generate the energy by solar cell. It is due to the
dust block the sunlight through to the solar cell in solar panel.
So, this project is to overcome the problems that occur. The solar tracking
systems have ability to detect the position of light source. Furthermore, the self-cleaning
ability is added on the solar tracking system can clear out the dust on the surface of the
solar panel. Hence, the solar panel able to generate optimum electric energy from
sunlight during daily.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
There are the objectives for the project:
To design and implement the solar system that able to tracking sunlight to gain
the optimum of the electric energy that transform from sunlight radiation.
To design and implement the solar cell module that able to charge the battery for
small electric apparatus.
To design and implement the solar cell module that has ability to clear the dust
on surface of solar panel.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
This project is focused to design and develop a solar cell module with sun
tracking using microcontroller for battery charger and have ability to clean up the dust
on surface of solar panel. Therefore, the project scopes are:
• Use microcontroller (16F877A) to rotate the DC motor.
-t
• Using DC geared motor (SPG30-300K)
• Using light Dependent Resister (LDR) as the sensor to detect the location of the
light source
. A solar tracker system which can detect the sunlight during daylight.
. A solar tracker system which can clean the dust on the surface of solar panel.
1.5 THESIS ORGANIZATION
This thesis has contained five chapters. It contains Induction, literature review,
methodology, result and discussion, and conclusion and recommendation. For this chapter,
it will discuss about introduction of project, problem statement for this project, objective
project, project scope, and thesis organization.
Chapter 2 is referring from several journals that related to this project. It will explain about
the best of the concept for solar tracking system use on solar panel and the parameter that
can cause the efficiency of the solar panel.
Chapter 3 includes the methodology for project. It will explain the procedure, and the way
to make sure how the project achieves the project goal on time. Additionally, this chapter
also discusses the process flow of the system, electrical circuit design, software design and
mechanical design for the project.
Chapter 4 is the result and discussion; it is containing the result for this project. It will
explain the sign gain from the light sensor to microcontroller and the output from
microcontroller, cooperation voltage value, current value, and power value between static
solar system and dual axis tracking solar system.
The last chapter is contained conclusion and recommendation. This chapter is concluding
the project and gives a recommendation to improve the project for future time.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REWIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Human has been used fossil fuel to generate electric energy for a long time ago but, the
supply of fossil fuel is become limited source for a day to other day. Fossil oil is one -
times non-renewable resource. Besides that, the combustion of fossil oil will cause large
amount of Carbon dioxide. It will cause large destruction of the environment in earth.
For example: Global warming. Therefore, human have been serious threat that use of
fossil oil. With development and research from sciences and engineering, clean, green
and saving energy has become a famous and hot topical issue for this era. One of the
green energy exist nowadays is solar energy. Hence, solar system is become wide use
in this world to generate electric energy. However, the solar system is not efficiency to
generate energy. Hence, many ways have been develop to increasing the efficiency to
generate energy. The most using control system for improve efficiency of solar system
is sun tracker system. There are several relevant question are connected and link to my
project. There are:
What type of sun tracker existing on this world?
Fixed solar system or moveable solar system which perform well?
Two axis solar system or one axis solar system which performs well?
What are the parameters affects the performance of solar cell?
The question will answer according the research paper, article, journal, or book that I
get from ScienceDirect and Google book.
2.2 WHAT TYPE OF SUN TRACKER SYSTEM EXISTING ON THIS
WORLD?
Sun tracker system usually divides to two main characteristic. There are active
(electrical) solar tracker and passive (mechanical) solar tracker. Sun tracker system that
existed is active tracker and passive trackers. (Poulek, and Libra, 1998). In a research
article by Mousazadeh et al. (2009), Main component for Passive solar tracker is
thermal expansion of a matter (usually Freon) or on shape memory alloys. The active
solar trackers are Microprocessor with electro-optical sensor based, date and time based
control by PC, auxiliary bifacial solar cell based and a combination of these three
systems (Mousazadeh et al., 2009). There are several research paper that been develop
and design the passive sun tracker. N, J. G et al. (2004) have developed a simple,
efficient smart sun tracking mechanism (SSTM) using SMA actuators. Poulek and Libra
(1998) have developed a low-cost single axis passive solar tracker based on a shape
memory alloy (SMA) actuators. The following researchers that have been develop the
active tracker system. Huang et al. (2011) have design, and build a 1 axis -3 position
(1A-3P) sun tracking PV. Abdallah and Nijmeh (2004) have developed a two axes sun
tracking system with PLC control, Afaruirazi et al. (2011) have design and develop an
automatic solar tracker Robot using Microcontroller. Suwandi (n.d.) has design and
implement dual axis sun tracking system with PV Panel as the sensor. Praveen (2012)
has design the automatic Dual-axis Solar Tracker using Microcontroller. The figure 2.1
is show the type of sun tracker in this world. For this project, the type of trucker use is
microprocessor and electro-optical sensor based active tracker.
I Type of Sun trackers
One axis tracking
\raI4xs{Azimut1i tiuckei) I inclined axis
N-Sisctt NI-S axis set aL
mcltnatioo l ink latitude inclination
Mnxrniurn 611v \h'iimuin Eiim angle: 9p
beam rnSmn rridi ui r so!4tr t Y poir trcbing
noon;
Two axis; 0=0; —z
Portatlic, &ivatoriai(o) - Gl UvatiOn I a) indepemdent t1inith fi it H1Qata14i iackcr &tn1e and angle cquat to
Positions latitude angle.
htl k IN-S horizontL axiE-
(901111 Mir 11 at ̂ 1110)
W tIing
Sun a114 116c, Surface twkingi Ti*kmg wi th a Tricking for maimurn tiaLking z for maximum cxitnt roltio1ia1 Will iindance.
beam irradiance
Figure 2.1: Type of sun tracker.
Source: Mousazadeh et al. 2009
100
80
70
F0 I 30
20
10
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
a600
400
200
2.3 FIXED SOLAR SYSTEM OR MOVEABLE SOLAR SYSTEM WHICH
PERFORM WELL?
The fixed solar system is the solar panel is not moving, where moveable solar
system is the system that using sun tracker to moving the solar panel to gain maximum
efficiency. In a research article by Huang et al. (2011), Monthly-total power generation
was increasing between 18.5% and 25.8 % using 1A-3P sun tracking PV. The result for
this article is show in' figure 2.2. The following five research article attempts to support
and demonstrative the hypothesis. In a research article by Abdallah et al. (2004), total
daily collection for using two axes tracking surfaces was increasing about 41.34% when
compare with the 32 0 tilted fixed surfaces. Table 2.1 is indicates the daily measured
solar energy on the two axes tracking system and fixed solar system.
01 0 3/1 3/3 3/3 3/7 0/9 3111 3/13 3/15 3117 3/19 0121 3120 3/15 3121 3/29 3101
date (2010)
Figure 2.2: Results of 1A-3P tracking PV and fixed PV in March, 2010.
Source: Huang etal. 2011.
Table 2.1: Experimental average daily total solar radiation in MJ/m2.
Date of day Two axes tracking Fixed ® 32 latitude % Gain 0710512001 41.266 27.746 48.73 10/05/2001 27.49 20.73 32.61 11/05/2001 34.534 23.661 45.95 12105/2001 36.057 26.11 38.09Average 34.83675 24.56175 41.34
Source: Abdallah et al., 2004
T — Pr3
-
1900 Tin", A 3001,21M INOO 1440 1500 la"
Figure 2.3: Tracking solar panel versus fixed solar panel.
2
I1
The average power using moveable solar system can increased up to 19.72
percent compare to fixed solar system (Afaruirazi et al., 2011). The result from this
article is show in figure 2.3. The efficiency solar system with solar tracking is higher
than with fixed angle solar system about 6.7 percent. (Huang et al, 2009). Figure 2.4 is
show the result of this research article. In a research paper by Praveen (2012), the
results (figure 2.5) indicates that the output power for the dual axis Sun-tracking system
that compared with the fixed PV system is overall increase about 30-45%.
Source: Afarulrazi, A. B., et al., 2011.
Fi1 aDITJin
2O IOM I0,30 llO 110V INO 123 13:00 I3) I4)) 1430 ISM 130 Toe
I-FM -iI
Figure 2.4: Power generation comparison of fixed angle type and tracking systems.
Source: Huang, Y. J., et al, 2009.
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i1,w1 ?4zdf
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cavrww thufl
Figure 2.5: Variation of cell power with day time.
Source: Praveen, C., 2012
2.4 TWO AXIS SOLAR TRACKER SYSTEM OR ONE AXIS SOLAR
TRACKER SYSTEM WHICH PERFORMS WELL?
In a research article by Taylor et al. (2010), the vertical-axis tracker is receives
18%, tilted (horizontal) —axis is receives 11%, and two axis is receives 30% more
annual solar radiation than the fixed-tilt system. Besides that, a research article by
Abdallah et al. (2004), The results indicate that the north—south, vertical, east—west
tracking, and two axes tracking were increases in daily measured solar energy up to
19.7%, 23.3% ,24.5%,and 41.34% as compared with the fixed surface inclined 32_ to
the south respective. Both of the researcher is show the two-axis sun tracker is more
efficient that one axis solar tracker system. There are two of research article is given the
result of the efficiency one axis solar tracker system. Chin et al. (2011) was show the
efficiency using one axis tracker system is 20%. Afarulrazi et al (2011) show that the
average power compares to static solar system is increased up to 19.27 percent. For the
result for two research article, we can conclude that the improvement of efficiency using
one-axis sun tracker is almost 20%. So, both of the research article is support the
research article by Taylor (2010), and Abdallah et al. (2004). One of the research
articles is show the efficiency when using two-axis sun tracker. In a research article by
Praveen (2012), overall increase of output power for the dual axis Sun-tracking system
compared to the fixed PV system is about 30-45%. But, one of the research article by
-i-i-
Huang et al. (2011), the 1A-3P tracking PV generates electricity about 3 0-45% than the
fixed PV.
2.5 WHAT ARE THE PARAMETERS AFFECTS THE PERFORMANCE OF
SOLAR CELL?
In a research paper by Sulaiman et al., (2011), performance of solar PV panel
can effect by the dust. The peak power that generate by solar panel can be reduce up to
18% (Table 2.2). The following research article is support this hypothesis. In a research
paper by Ibrahim, A. (2011), Short circuit current, Isc and open circuit voltage, Voc of
the solar cell when under deposited dust through field exposure were decreased 2.78%
and 0.863% respectively. Besides that, this research article is also given other parameter
which is shadow. Short circuit current Isc is more decreased in a high percent than open
loop voltage Voc for the solar cell under shadow, so the other solar cell parameters will
be decreased (Ibrahim, 2011). The other effect of the solar cell is heat. According to
Suwandi (n.d.), the cooling system could reduce 10 °C to 20°C depending on the
temperature difference between PV cell and the surrounding (Table 2.3).
Table 2.2: The peck power of each condition.
Pak power (W) ,Condition
255 Dm' 301 W/,n' 340 U7rn
No plastic 4.25 4.12 3.62
Clean plastic 4.25 3.75 3.16
Mud 3.48 3.43 3.49
Talcum 3.55 3.22 1.73
Source: Sulaiman, S. A., et al., 2011.
Table 2.3: Comparison is between cooling system and non-cooling system.
TEMP Voc 1 TEMP 2 voc 1
CooLiNG 43°C 2.12v 50°C NA
SYSTEM
N0NC00UNG 53°C 1.90v 70°C 1.80V SYSTEM
12
Source: Suwandi, F. W., n.d..
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will explain the flow work or the method for the project to achieve
the objective. Besides that, this chapter explains the process flow for sun tracking
system and self-cleaning system. Additionally, this chapter briefly explains the basic
theory of some important component using in this project. Furthermore, this chapter
also explains the hardware development, electrical circuit development, and software
development.
3.2 PROJECT FLOWCHART
This project is dividing several steps to design, construct the prototype of self-
clearing solar cell module with sun tracking system. Flow of the project to archive the
objective or goal of study is show in figure 3.1.
Firstly, the mechanical structure or part is designed. This is making sure that the
design of the mechanical part is suitable and able to support the system for a long time.
Next, simulate and design for the electrical circuit for the project. Electrical
circuit is simulated and design by using development software ISIS Proteus).
Next, design the program for microcontroller use in this project. The software
development is use to design and create the program for this project is MicroC.
ESU
Next, construct and test the electrical circuit for this project. All electronic
components use in this project is taken from laboratory and buy direct from electric
shop.
After that, install the program to microcontroller. To install the program to
microcontroller is need development software. The development software is PICkit2. it
will take the Hex file to install in the microcontroller.
Next, the mechanical structure is constructed and test for this project. it used to
make sure that the mechanical structure that produce is same to the design drawing.
Next, combine the mechanical structure, and electrical structure to final the
prototype for this project.
Lastly, testing and improve the prototype. It is to make sure the prototype can
work and able to achieve the target.
Figure 3A: Flowchart of the project.