UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR

PREPARED BY MUHAMMAD AAMIR MANZOORNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCINCES AND TECHNOLOGY, ISLAMABAD

GROUP MEMBERS MUHAMMAD AAMIR

MANZOOR HASEEB ULLAH KHAN HAFIZ TAIMOOR EJAZ SHAIRYAR SHOUKAT SHAKIR KHURSHID

SYED SADAF ABBAS KAZMI

ZIA ULLAH SUHAIL AHMED ARSALAN MALIK IBRAHIM KAMAL

CONTENTS

OVERVIEW OF ZONES AND SUBZONES FALSE VALUES OF ORIGIN IDENTIFICATION OF 100*100KM SQ. REGION AND SUB-REGIONS IDENTIFICATION SUMMARY

DETAILED DESIGN OF EACH ZONE AND OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT

ASPECTS WITH DIAGRAM

60 zones Numbered from 1-60 6 degrees of longitude wide. 80° S to 84° N In the Polar Regions

Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) is used Note that there are a few exceptions to zone width in

Northern Europe to keep small countries in a single zone.

UTM ZONES

Zone 1 extends from 180° W to 174° W and is centered on 177° W.

Zone 2 extends from 174° W to 168° W and is centered on 171° W.

Zone 3 extends from 168° W to 162° W and is centered on 165° W.

Zone 4 extends from 162° W to 156° W and is centered on 159° W. And so on…

UTM ZONES

Zone Central Meridian Longitude Zone Central

Meridian Longitude

1 177W 180W-174W 31 3E 0-6E

2 171W 174W-168W 32 9E 6E-12E

3 165W 168W-162W 33 15E 12E-18E

4 159W 162W-156W 34 21E 18E-24E

5 153W 156W-150W 35 27E 24E-30E

6 147W 150W-144W 36 33E 30E-36E

7 141W 144W-138W 37 39E 36E-42E

8 135W 138W-132W 38 45E 42E-48E

9 129W 132W-126W 39 51E 48E-54E

10 123W 126W-120W 40 57E 54E-60E

11 117W 120W-114W 41 63E 60E-66E

12 111W 114W-108W 42 69E 66E-72E

13 105W 108W-102W 43 75E 72E-78E

14 99W 102W-96W 44 81E 78E-84E

15 93W 96W-90W 45 87E 84E-90E

16 87W 90W-84W 46 93E 90E-96E

17 81W 84W-78W 47 99E 96E-102E

18 75W 78W-72W 48 105E 102E-108E

19 69W 72W-66W 49 111E 108E-114E

20 63W 66W-60W 50 117E 114E-120E

21 57W 60W-54W 51 123E 120E-126E

22 51W 54W-48W 52 129E 126E-132E

23 45W 48W-42W 53 135E 132E-138E

24 39W 42W-36W 54 141E 138E-144E

25 33W 36W-30W 55 147E 144E-150E

26 27W 30W-24W 56 153E 150E-156E

27 21W 24W-18W 57 159E 156E-162E

28 15W 18W-12W 58 165E 162E-168E

29 9W 12W-6W 59 171E 168E-174E

30 3W 6W-0 60 177E 174E-180E

20 subzones Littered Alphabetically Each zone is divided into horizontal bands spanning 8

degrees of latitude. These bands are lettered, south to north, beginning at 80° S with the letter C and ending with the letter X at 84° N. The letters I and O are skipped to avoid confusion with the numbers one and zero. The band lettered X spans 12° of latitude.

UTM SUBZONES

EASTINGS ANDA NORTHINGS WITHIN A ZONE

A single grid zone measures about 20,000km tall and only about 700km wide. So the above diagram has been compressed in the vertical axis by about 15X. The eastern and western zone boundaries are truly much straighter

A square grid is superimposed on each zone. It's aligned so that vertical grid lines are parallel to the center of the zone, called the central meridian.

UTM grid coordinates are expressed as a distance in meters to the east, referred to as the "easting", and a distance in meters to the north, referred to as the "northing".

UTM easting coordinates are referenced to the center line of the zone known as the central meridian. The central meridian is assigned an easting value of 500,000 meters East. Since this 500,000m value is arbitrarily assigned, eastings are sometimes referred to as "false eastings"

An easting of zero will never occur, since a 6° wide zone is never more than 674,000 meters wide.

Minimum and maximum easting values are: 160,000 mE and 834,000 mE at the equator 465,000 mE and 515,000 mE at 84° N

EASTING

UTM northing coordinates are measured relative to the equator. For locations north of the equator the equator is assigned the northing value of 0 meters North. To avoid negative numbers, locations south of the equator are made with the equator assigned a value of 10,000,000 meters North.

Some UTM northing values are valid both north and south of the equator. In order to avoid confusion the full coordinate needs to specify if the location is north or south of the equator. Usually this is done by including the letter for the latitude band.

If this is your first exposure to the UTM coordinate system you may find the layout of zones to be confusing. In most land navigation situations the area of interest is much smaller than a zone. The notion of a zone falls away and we are left with a simple rectangular coordinate system to use with our large scale maps.

 

NORTHING

FALSE VALUES OF ORIGIN OF GRID SYSTEM &

NUMBERING OF GRID LINES

https://www.maptools.com/images/28ad74e.png

GRID SYSTEM

GRID SYSTEM

The north-south lines in a grid system are called Eastings and increase in value from west to east.

The east-west lines in a grid system are called Northings and their value increases from south to north.

The numerical value of an Easting and Northing are referenced to a specific origin.

GRID SYSTEM OF A ZONE OF UTM

WHY DO WE NEED A FALSE ORIGIN?

WHY DO WE NEED A FALSE ORIGIN?

• Designation of the central meridian as the reference y-axis (i.e. Easting = 0) of the coordinate system within each zone would result in negative Easting values For this reason, the central meridian is assigned an arbitrary value of 500000 meters called False Easting

• The equator is designated as the horizontal reference axis for UTM Northing coordinates and is assigned a value of 0 meters North (0m N) ,the equator is assigned a value of 10,000,000 meters for referencing Northing This is called False Northing

EXAMPLES

Examples

FALSE ORIGIN AND FALSE COORDINATES

False Origin and False coordinates

DIVISION OF ZONE INTO SUB-ZONES

SUBZONE(QUADRANT) DIVISION

NOMENCLATURE

IDENTIFICATION OF 100,000 SQUARE METER

WHAT IS 100*100 KM SQ. INTRODUCTION MGRS

Used by U.SA. Military & NATO

DIVISION OF SUBZONE

Divided into 6*10 Each 100 km * 100 km Further division

Each 100 km * 100 km square is further divided into 10*10 boxes

Each square has an area of 10 km * 10 km

WHY WE DIVIDE A SUBZONE

Area vary form 1,000,000 to 15,000,000 not sufficient to tell a specific point To determine exact position, a subzone is

divided into squares and these squares are further divided.

NAMING OF SQUARES Square resulting from intersection of columns

and rows. Column and row names alphabetically Column & Rows are lettered from A to Z

(omitting I & O) Starts from equator (up & down) First column then row gets the name Columns can be stagger but rows do not stagger

EXAMPLE 3PTR means the point is located in

subzone 3P within the square tr

NAMING OF SQUARES

REGIONS AND SUB-REGIONS

REGION

Definition: A region is defined as an area with common features that set it apart from other areas. Regions can vary in size from very small to half of the earth's surface.

WORLD REGIONS

Whole earth is divided into regions on the basis of common features they possess some of them are ; Physical regions Climate regions Cultural regions Political regions Economic regions

POLITICAL REGIONS:

The area contained and set up by government for political & administrative reasons.

The physical features, culture and climate conditions might be different within the region for example: United States of America, China and Pakistan.

PHYSICAL REGIONS: Regions defined by earths natural features or

topography. Physical regions have common landforms like

continents , mountains and plains etc. For example : Rocky mountains and coastal plains

etc.

CLIMATE REGIONS :

Based on weather pattern of an area over long period of time common features are rainfall totals , temperature averages for example :

Climate at the equator is hot and humid and climate at north pole is cold and snowy.

CULTURAL REGIONS: The language, religion and ethnic heritage of a group of

people. Common features are groups with common languages, religions and nationalities.

For example: Latin America is a cultural region, it includes South America, Central America and the Caribbean islands. Most people speak Spanish, Portuguese or French, most people are Roman Catholic In faith so it puts together wide range of people together with similar characteristics.

POLITICAL REGIONS:

The area contained and set up by government for political & administrative reasons.

The physical features, culture and climate conditions might be different within the region for example: United States of America, China and Pakistan.

ECONOMIC REGION :

An economic region is an area in which particular types of commerce take place based on administrative or geographical boundaries. These boundaries come in the form of state lines, international borders or natural geographic landmarks.

SUB REGION :

A sub region is a part of a larger region or continent and is usually based on location.

Cardinal directions, such as south or southern, are commonly used to define a sub region.

For exampleAsia is a region further divided into sub regions like Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southeastern

Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia. Like divisions of Regions, sub-regions also follows

the same pattern for sub-divisions i.e. Administrative, cultural and geographical etc.

SUB-REGION

CONCLUSIONS

DIVISION OF ZONES AND SUBZONES IN UTM PROJECTION

•

EASTING & NORTHINGS

FALSE ORIGIN OF EASTINGS AND NORTHINGS

SUBZONES AND THEIR DIVISIONS

•

NOMENCLATURE IN SUBZONES

•

MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM (MGRS) AND HOW REGIONS ARE LOCATED (WHOLE TO POINT.)

WORLD REGIONS, SUBREGIONS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE