Ust Gn 2011 Civil Law
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CIVIL LAW GOLDEN NOTES 2011 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW MANILA
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Transcript of Ust Gn 2011 Civil Law
Academic Year 20112012
CIVIL LAW STUDENT COUNCIL
Lester John A. Lomeda President Wilfredo T. Bonilla, Jr. VicePresident
Raissa S. Saipudin Secretary
Bernadette Faustine C. Balao Treasurer Marc Mikhaele J. Santos Auditor
Victor Lorenzo L. Villanuea Public Relations Officer
TEAM: BAROPS 2011
Carlo Artemus V. Diaz ViceChairperson
Mary Grace L. Javier Secretary
Ronn Robby D. Rosales Logistics Committee Head
Mark Arthur M. Catabona Asst. Logistics Committee Head
Angeli P. Albaña Finance Committee Head
Vicente Jan O. Platon III Hotel Accommodations Head
Kimverly A. Ong Asst. Hotel Accommodations Head
The UST GOLDEN NOTES is a student-edited work of the University of Santo Tomas, Faculty of Civil Law. It is updated annually. Communications regarding the NOTES should be addressed to the Academics Committee of the Team: Bar-Ops.
ADDRESS: Team Bar-Ops Academics Committee Faculty of Civil Law University of Santo Tomas España, Manila 1008
TEL. NO.: (02) 731-4027 (02) 4061611 loc. 8578
Lester Jay Alan E. Flores II Chairperson
Karen Joy G. Sabugo ViceChair for Academics John Henry C. Mendoza ViceChair for Academics
Jeanelle C. Lee ViceChair for Administration and Finance
Theena C. Martinez ViceChair for Layout and Design
Earl Louie M. Masacayan ViceChair for Layout and Design
CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE
Karen Feliz G. Supnad Asst. Civil Law Committee Head
Lamberto L. Santos III Asst. Civil Law Committee Head
Paul Elbert E. Amon Member Alston Anarna Member
Ozan J. Fulleros Member Cecilio M. Jimeno, Jr. Member Ismael Sarangaya, Jr. Member
Loise Rae G. Naval Contributor Monica Jucom Contributor
ADVISER
Atty. ARTHUR B. CAPILI Faculty Secretary
Atty. ELGIN MICHAEL C. PEREZ
Legal Counsel UST Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion Legal Aid Clinic
Judge PHILIP A. AGUINALDO
Mentors & Inspiration
Atty. Rene B. Gorospe
Atty. Teofilo
R. Ragadio
and helping us understand the intricate
sphere of Civil Law.
this material shall be borne solely
by the user.
November 13, 2011 (Second Sunday, Morning)
I. Effect and Application of Laws – New Civil Code
A. When law takes effect………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 1
B. Ignorance of the Law…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
C. Retroactivity of Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
D. Mandatory or Prohibitory Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
E. Waiver of Rights ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
F. Repeal of Laws……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
G. Judicial Decisions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
I. Presumption and Applicability of Custom…………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
J. Legal Periods………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
L. Conflict of Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
II. Human Relations – New Civil Code
A. NCC Art. 1922, relative to breach of promise to marry……………………………………………………………... 9
B. Independent Civil Actions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
C. Prejudicial Questions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
B. Domicile and residence of person, NCC 5051…………………………………………………………………………… 14
II. Marriage
B. Effect of Marriage celebrated abroad and foreign divorce………………………………………………………….. 18
C. Void and Voidable marriages……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
III. Legal Separation
A. Grounds, Art. 55, Republic Act. 9262, AntiViolence Against Women and Children……………………. 31
B. Defenses……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33
D. Reconciliation efforts………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
F. Effects of Filing Petition……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
G. Effects of pendency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
H. Effects of legal separation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….36
I. Reconciliation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
A. Essential Obligations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..39
B. Family domicile …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39
E. Effect of neglect of duty………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
F. Exercise of profession………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40
V. Property Relations of the Spouses
A. Marriage Settlements………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
D. Absolute Community of property………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
E. Conjugal Partnership of Gains……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48
F. Separation of Property of the Spouses and Administration
of Common Property by One Spouse During the Marriage…………………………………………………………. 51
G. Regime of Separation of Property………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
H. Property Regime of Unions Without Marriage …………………………………………………………………………. 52
VI. The Family
B. The Family Home………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
VII. Paternity and Filiation
A. Legitimate Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
C. Illegitimate Children……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………62
D. Legitimated Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
B. The Law on Inter Country Adoption (RA 8043) …………………………………………………………………………. 67
IX. Support
C. Support during marriage litigation……………………………………………………………………………………………… 70
D. Amount……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71
B. Substitute and Special Parental Authority…………………………………………………………………………………. 75
C. Effect of Parental Authority upon the Persons of the Children………………………………………………….. 75
D. Effects of Parental Authority upon the Property of the Children……………………………………………….. 76
E. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority……………………………………………………………………… 77
XI. Emancipation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
XIII. Final Provisions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 78
XVI. Absence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
B. Declaration of Absence………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83
C. Administration of the Property of the Absentee………………………………………………………………………… 83
D. Presumption of Death………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
XVII. Civil Registrar
B. RA 9048; Clerical errors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
C. Rule 108, Rules of Court……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
C. By Object…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101
D. By Owner…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104
E. By Nature…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 105
B. Modes of acquiring ownership…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
C. Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..110
B. General Rules……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
V. Quieting of title to/interest in and removal/prevention of cloud over title to/interest in real property
A. Requirement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115
B. Distinction between quieting title and removing/preventing a cloud………………………………………… 115
C. Prescription/nonprescription of action…………………………………………………………………………………….. 115
VI. Coownership
D. Termination/extinguishment……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 120
D. Loss or Unlawful Deprivation of a Movable………………………………………………………………………………… 130
E. In concept of owner, holder, in one’s own name, in name of another……………………………………….. 132
F. Rights of the possessor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132
G. Loss/termination……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 134
D. Rights of the owner……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
E. Extinction/termination………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 141
X. Nuisance……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 151
XII. Modes of Acquiring Ownership
A. Occupation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
B. Donation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
D. Action to quiet title if plaintiff in possession……………………………………………………………………………….. 171
E. Void contracts ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 171
A. To recover movables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..171
B. To recover immovables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
C. Other actions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
IV. Classification of Obligations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 174
V. Sources of Obligations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 175
VI. Nature and Effect of obligations
A. Obligation to give………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 178
B. Obligation to do or not to do……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 179
C. Breaches of obligations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 180
D. Remedies available to creditor in cases of breach………………………………………………………………………. 186
VII. Kinds of civil obligations
A. Pure……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 188
B. Conditional…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 188
D. Alternative or Facultative ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 193
VIII. Joint and Solidary obligation
A. Joint (divisible) obligation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 195
B. Joint Indivisible Obligation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
C. Solidary obligation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
E. Obligations with a Penal Clause………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
IX. Extinguishment of Obligations
A. Payment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 198
B. Loss of Determinate Thing Due or Impossibility or difficulty of performance……………………………… 205
C. Condonation or Remission of Debt……………………………………………………………………………………………… 206
III. Formality ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217
IV. Defective Contracts
SALES
B. Essential Requisites of a Contract of Sale…………………………………………………………………………………… 230
C. Stages of Contract of Sale …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 231
D. Obligations Created …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 235
F. Sale Distinguished From Other Contracts……………………………………………………………………………………. 236
G. Contract of Sale/Contract to Sell…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 237
II. Parties to a Contract of Sale
A. Capacity of parties …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 238
B. Absolute incapacity……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..238
D. Special disqualifications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………240
B. Particular kinds………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 241
IV. Obligations of the Seller to Transfer Ownership
A. Sale by a person not the owner at time of delivery ……………………………………………………………………. 242
B. Sale by a person having a voidable title……………………………………………………………………………………… 243
V. Price
B. Requisites for a valid price ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 243
C. How price is determined……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 243
D. Inadequacy of price……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
E. When no price agreed…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
F. Manner of payment must be agreed upon………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
G. Earnest money vs. option money……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
VI. Formation of Contract of Sale……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 231
VII. Transfer of Ownership
B. When delivery does not transfer title……………………………………………………………………………………….. 248
C. Kinds of delivery ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 249
D. Double Sales……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….251
VIII. Risk of Loss
A. General rule ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..252
C. When loss occurred at time of perfection ……………………………………………………………………………………252
D. When loss occurred after perfection but before delivery…………………………………………………………….252
E. When ownership is transferred ……………………………………………………………………………………………………247
IX. Documents of Title
C. Negotiable documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………………253
D. Nonnegotiable documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………253
E. Warranties of seller of documents of title…………………………………………………………………………………….253
F. Rules on levy/garnishment of goods…………………………………………………………………………………………….253
X. Remedies of an Unpaid Seller
A. Definition of unpaid seller……………………………………………………………………………………………………………254
B. Remedies of unpaid seller…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….254
XI. Performance of Contract
B. Payment of price………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…256,257
XII. Warranties
E. Buyer’s options in case of breach of warranty ……………………………………………………………………………..262
XIII. Breach of Contract
B. Recto Law: Sale of Movables on Installment………………………………………………………………………………..258
C. Remedies of the Buyer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………263
XIV. Extinguishment of the Sale
A. Causes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………264
C. Exercise of the right to redeem ……………………………………………………………………………………………………265
D. Conventional redemption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….265
E. Legal redemption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………265
F. Equitable mortgage ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..266
XV. The Law on Sale of Subdivision and Condominium (PD 957)…………………………………………………………………268
XVI. The Condominium Act (RA 4726)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………272
B. Succession occurs at the moment of death………………………………………………………………………………….280
C. Kinds of Successors ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..282
II. Testamentary Succession
A. Wills…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….284
D. Conditional Testamentary Dispositions and Testamentary Dispositions with a Term ………………….305
E. Legitime ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………306
A. General Provisions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………321
IV. Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession
A. Right of Accretion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….324
B. Capacity to Succeed by Will or Intestacy ……………………………………………………………………………………..325
C. Acceptance and Repudiation of the Inheritance ………………………………………………………………………….328
D. Collation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..329
PARTNERSHIP
E. Partnership term………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….335
G. Partnership by estoppels……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..340
H. Partnership v. Joint Venture………………………………………………………………………………………………………..340
I. Professional partnership……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….341
III. Rights and obligations of partners among themselves……………………………………………………………………………344
IV. Obligations of partnership/partners to third persons…………………………………………………………………………….347
V. Dissolution……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..348
VI. Limited partnership
A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….353
C. Rights and obligations of a limited partner…………………………………………………………………………………..354
AGENCY
II. Powers …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..360
B. Exception …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….362
VI. Agency couched in general terms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..365
VII. Agency requiring special power of attorney………………………………………………………………………………………….365
VIII. Agency by operation of law…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………366
IX. Rights and Obligations of Principal………………………………………………………………………………………………………..366
X. Irrevocable agency …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………369
COMPROMISE
B. Obligations of Bailor and Bailee……………………………………………………………………………………………………380
C. Interest and the suspension of Usury Law……………………………………………………………………………………383
II. Deposit……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………386
B. Effects of guaranty
D. Legal and judicial bonds……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….399
IV. Pledge
F. Perfection ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………407
G. Foreclosure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………408
I. Distinguished from Chattel Mortgage …………………………………………………………………………………………..409
V. Real Mortgage
B. Essential requisites………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………410
B. Obligations of antichretic creditor……………………………………………………………………………………………….422
VII. Chattel Mortgage
B. Registration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….419
A. Meaning of concurrence and preference……………………………………………………………………………………..424
B Classification of credits………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….424
C. Preferred Credits on Specific Movables
D. Preferred Credit on Specific Immovables……………………………………………………………………………………..424
E. Exempt Property………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….425
X. Insolvency Law
C. Voluntary insolvency……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………430
D. Involuntary insolvency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………431
II. Lease of work or services………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..445
III. Lease of rural and urban lands……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….446
A. Qualified persons…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………447
VI. Household service………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...451
A. Obligation in case of death/injury of laborers………………………………………………………………………………452
VIII. Contract for piece of work……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………452
LAND TITLES AND DEEDS
I. Torrens System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..454
II. Regalian Doctrine
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….460
B. Effects………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….460
III. Citizenship Requirement
IV. Original Registration
B. Registration process and requirements..………………………………………………………………………………………466
C. Remedies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..479
VII. Dealings with Unregistered Lands…………………………………………………………………………………………………………493
TORTS AND DAMAGES
B. Unjust Enrichment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….500
D. Acts Contrary to Law……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………501
E. Acts Contrary to Morals……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….501
II. Classification of Torts
A. According to manner of commission: intentional, negligent and strict liability…………………………….502
B. According to scope: general or specific………………………………………………………………………………………..502
III. The Tortfeasor
B. Persons Made Responsible for Others………………………………………………………………………………………….503
C. Joint Tortfeasors (Art. 2194, Civil Code)……………………………………………………………………………………….511
IV. Act of Omission and Its Modalities
A. Concept of Act………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....511
V. Proximate Cause
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….511
C. Legal Cause………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….512
VI. Legal Injury
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….524
C. Violation of Right or Legal Injury………………………………………………………………………………………………….514
D. Classes of Injury…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..514
VII. Intentional Torts
A. General………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..515
C. Interference with relations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..515
VIII. Negligence
B. Good Father of a Family or Reasonably Prudent Man…………………………………………………………………..530
C. Standard of Care………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….531
D. Unreasonable risk of Harm…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..532
E. Evidence……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….532
G. Defenses………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………533
A. General………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..535
D. Violation of Constitutional Rights…………………………………………………………………………………………………537
E. Violation of Rights Committed by Public Officers………………………………………………………………………….537
F. Provinces, Cities and
CIVIL LAW STUDENT COUNCIL
Lester John A. Lomeda President Wilfredo T. Bonilla, Jr. VicePresident
Raissa S. Saipudin Secretary
Bernadette Faustine C. Balao Treasurer Marc Mikhaele J. Santos Auditor
Victor Lorenzo L. Villanuea Public Relations Officer
TEAM: BAROPS 2011
Carlo Artemus V. Diaz ViceChairperson
Mary Grace L. Javier Secretary
Ronn Robby D. Rosales Logistics Committee Head
Mark Arthur M. Catabona Asst. Logistics Committee Head
Angeli P. Albaña Finance Committee Head
Vicente Jan O. Platon III Hotel Accommodations Head
Kimverly A. Ong Asst. Hotel Accommodations Head
The UST GOLDEN NOTES is a student-edited work of the University of Santo Tomas, Faculty of Civil Law. It is updated annually. Communications regarding the NOTES should be addressed to the Academics Committee of the Team: Bar-Ops.
ADDRESS: Team Bar-Ops Academics Committee Faculty of Civil Law University of Santo Tomas España, Manila 1008
TEL. NO.: (02) 731-4027 (02) 4061611 loc. 8578
Lester Jay Alan E. Flores II Chairperson
Karen Joy G. Sabugo ViceChair for Academics John Henry C. Mendoza ViceChair for Academics
Jeanelle C. Lee ViceChair for Administration and Finance
Theena C. Martinez ViceChair for Layout and Design
Earl Louie M. Masacayan ViceChair for Layout and Design
CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE
Karen Feliz G. Supnad Asst. Civil Law Committee Head
Lamberto L. Santos III Asst. Civil Law Committee Head
Paul Elbert E. Amon Member Alston Anarna Member
Ozan J. Fulleros Member Cecilio M. Jimeno, Jr. Member Ismael Sarangaya, Jr. Member
Loise Rae G. Naval Contributor Monica Jucom Contributor
ADVISER
Atty. ARTHUR B. CAPILI Faculty Secretary
Atty. ELGIN MICHAEL C. PEREZ
Legal Counsel UST Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion Legal Aid Clinic
Judge PHILIP A. AGUINALDO
Mentors & Inspiration
Atty. Rene B. Gorospe
Atty. Teofilo
R. Ragadio
and helping us understand the intricate
sphere of Civil Law.
this material shall be borne solely
by the user.
November 13, 2011 (Second Sunday, Morning)
I. Effect and Application of Laws – New Civil Code
A. When law takes effect………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 1
B. Ignorance of the Law…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
C. Retroactivity of Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
D. Mandatory or Prohibitory Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
E. Waiver of Rights ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
F. Repeal of Laws……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
G. Judicial Decisions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
I. Presumption and Applicability of Custom…………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
J. Legal Periods………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
L. Conflict of Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
II. Human Relations – New Civil Code
A. NCC Art. 1922, relative to breach of promise to marry……………………………………………………………... 9
B. Independent Civil Actions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
C. Prejudicial Questions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
B. Domicile and residence of person, NCC 5051…………………………………………………………………………… 14
II. Marriage
B. Effect of Marriage celebrated abroad and foreign divorce………………………………………………………….. 18
C. Void and Voidable marriages……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
III. Legal Separation
A. Grounds, Art. 55, Republic Act. 9262, AntiViolence Against Women and Children……………………. 31
B. Defenses……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33
D. Reconciliation efforts………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
F. Effects of Filing Petition……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
G. Effects of pendency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
H. Effects of legal separation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….36
I. Reconciliation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
A. Essential Obligations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..39
B. Family domicile …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39
E. Effect of neglect of duty………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
F. Exercise of profession………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40
V. Property Relations of the Spouses
A. Marriage Settlements………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
D. Absolute Community of property………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
E. Conjugal Partnership of Gains……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48
F. Separation of Property of the Spouses and Administration
of Common Property by One Spouse During the Marriage…………………………………………………………. 51
G. Regime of Separation of Property………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
H. Property Regime of Unions Without Marriage …………………………………………………………………………. 52
VI. The Family
B. The Family Home………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
VII. Paternity and Filiation
A. Legitimate Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
C. Illegitimate Children……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………62
D. Legitimated Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
B. The Law on Inter Country Adoption (RA 8043) …………………………………………………………………………. 67
IX. Support
C. Support during marriage litigation……………………………………………………………………………………………… 70
D. Amount……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71
B. Substitute and Special Parental Authority…………………………………………………………………………………. 75
C. Effect of Parental Authority upon the Persons of the Children………………………………………………….. 75
D. Effects of Parental Authority upon the Property of the Children……………………………………………….. 76
E. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority……………………………………………………………………… 77
XI. Emancipation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
XIII. Final Provisions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 78
XVI. Absence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
B. Declaration of Absence………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83
C. Administration of the Property of the Absentee………………………………………………………………………… 83
D. Presumption of Death………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
XVII. Civil Registrar
B. RA 9048; Clerical errors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
C. Rule 108, Rules of Court……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
C. By Object…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101
D. By Owner…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104
E. By Nature…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 105
B. Modes of acquiring ownership…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
C. Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..110
B. General Rules……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
V. Quieting of title to/interest in and removal/prevention of cloud over title to/interest in real property
A. Requirement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115
B. Distinction between quieting title and removing/preventing a cloud………………………………………… 115
C. Prescription/nonprescription of action…………………………………………………………………………………….. 115
VI. Coownership
D. Termination/extinguishment……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 120
D. Loss or Unlawful Deprivation of a Movable………………………………………………………………………………… 130
E. In concept of owner, holder, in one’s own name, in name of another……………………………………….. 132
F. Rights of the possessor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132
G. Loss/termination……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 134
D. Rights of the owner……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
E. Extinction/termination………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 141
X. Nuisance……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 151
XII. Modes of Acquiring Ownership
A. Occupation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
B. Donation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
D. Action to quiet title if plaintiff in possession……………………………………………………………………………….. 171
E. Void contracts ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 171
A. To recover movables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..171
B. To recover immovables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
C. Other actions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
IV. Classification of Obligations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 174
V. Sources of Obligations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 175
VI. Nature and Effect of obligations
A. Obligation to give………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 178
B. Obligation to do or not to do……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 179
C. Breaches of obligations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 180
D. Remedies available to creditor in cases of breach………………………………………………………………………. 186
VII. Kinds of civil obligations
A. Pure……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 188
B. Conditional…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 188
D. Alternative or Facultative ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 193
VIII. Joint and Solidary obligation
A. Joint (divisible) obligation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 195
B. Joint Indivisible Obligation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
C. Solidary obligation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
E. Obligations with a Penal Clause………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
IX. Extinguishment of Obligations
A. Payment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 198
B. Loss of Determinate Thing Due or Impossibility or difficulty of performance……………………………… 205
C. Condonation or Remission of Debt……………………………………………………………………………………………… 206
III. Formality ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217
IV. Defective Contracts
SALES
B. Essential Requisites of a Contract of Sale…………………………………………………………………………………… 230
C. Stages of Contract of Sale …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 231
D. Obligations Created …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 235
F. Sale Distinguished From Other Contracts……………………………………………………………………………………. 236
G. Contract of Sale/Contract to Sell…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 237
II. Parties to a Contract of Sale
A. Capacity of parties …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 238
B. Absolute incapacity……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..238
D. Special disqualifications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………240
B. Particular kinds………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 241
IV. Obligations of the Seller to Transfer Ownership
A. Sale by a person not the owner at time of delivery ……………………………………………………………………. 242
B. Sale by a person having a voidable title……………………………………………………………………………………… 243
V. Price
B. Requisites for a valid price ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 243
C. How price is determined……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 243
D. Inadequacy of price……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
E. When no price agreed…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
F. Manner of payment must be agreed upon………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
G. Earnest money vs. option money……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
VI. Formation of Contract of Sale……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 231
VII. Transfer of Ownership
B. When delivery does not transfer title……………………………………………………………………………………….. 248
C. Kinds of delivery ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 249
D. Double Sales……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….251
VIII. Risk of Loss
A. General rule ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..252
C. When loss occurred at time of perfection ……………………………………………………………………………………252
D. When loss occurred after perfection but before delivery…………………………………………………………….252
E. When ownership is transferred ……………………………………………………………………………………………………247
IX. Documents of Title
C. Negotiable documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………………253
D. Nonnegotiable documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………253
E. Warranties of seller of documents of title…………………………………………………………………………………….253
F. Rules on levy/garnishment of goods…………………………………………………………………………………………….253
X. Remedies of an Unpaid Seller
A. Definition of unpaid seller……………………………………………………………………………………………………………254
B. Remedies of unpaid seller…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….254
XI. Performance of Contract
B. Payment of price………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…256,257
XII. Warranties
E. Buyer’s options in case of breach of warranty ……………………………………………………………………………..262
XIII. Breach of Contract
B. Recto Law: Sale of Movables on Installment………………………………………………………………………………..258
C. Remedies of the Buyer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………263
XIV. Extinguishment of the Sale
A. Causes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………264
C. Exercise of the right to redeem ……………………………………………………………………………………………………265
D. Conventional redemption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….265
E. Legal redemption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………265
F. Equitable mortgage ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..266
XV. The Law on Sale of Subdivision and Condominium (PD 957)…………………………………………………………………268
XVI. The Condominium Act (RA 4726)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………272
B. Succession occurs at the moment of death………………………………………………………………………………….280
C. Kinds of Successors ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..282
II. Testamentary Succession
A. Wills…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….284
D. Conditional Testamentary Dispositions and Testamentary Dispositions with a Term ………………….305
E. Legitime ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………306
A. General Provisions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………321
IV. Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession
A. Right of Accretion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….324
B. Capacity to Succeed by Will or Intestacy ……………………………………………………………………………………..325
C. Acceptance and Repudiation of the Inheritance ………………………………………………………………………….328
D. Collation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..329
PARTNERSHIP
E. Partnership term………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….335
G. Partnership by estoppels……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..340
H. Partnership v. Joint Venture………………………………………………………………………………………………………..340
I. Professional partnership……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….341
III. Rights and obligations of partners among themselves……………………………………………………………………………344
IV. Obligations of partnership/partners to third persons…………………………………………………………………………….347
V. Dissolution……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..348
VI. Limited partnership
A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….353
C. Rights and obligations of a limited partner…………………………………………………………………………………..354
AGENCY
II. Powers …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..360
B. Exception …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….362
VI. Agency couched in general terms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..365
VII. Agency requiring special power of attorney………………………………………………………………………………………….365
VIII. Agency by operation of law…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………366
IX. Rights and Obligations of Principal………………………………………………………………………………………………………..366
X. Irrevocable agency …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………369
COMPROMISE
B. Obligations of Bailor and Bailee……………………………………………………………………………………………………380
C. Interest and the suspension of Usury Law……………………………………………………………………………………383
II. Deposit……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………386
B. Effects of guaranty
D. Legal and judicial bonds……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….399
IV. Pledge
F. Perfection ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………407
G. Foreclosure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………408
I. Distinguished from Chattel Mortgage …………………………………………………………………………………………..409
V. Real Mortgage
B. Essential requisites………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………410
B. Obligations of antichretic creditor……………………………………………………………………………………………….422
VII. Chattel Mortgage
B. Registration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….419
A. Meaning of concurrence and preference……………………………………………………………………………………..424
B Classification of credits………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….424
C. Preferred Credits on Specific Movables
D. Preferred Credit on Specific Immovables……………………………………………………………………………………..424
E. Exempt Property………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….425
X. Insolvency Law
C. Voluntary insolvency……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………430
D. Involuntary insolvency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………431
II. Lease of work or services………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..445
III. Lease of rural and urban lands……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….446
A. Qualified persons…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………447
VI. Household service………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...451
A. Obligation in case of death/injury of laborers………………………………………………………………………………452
VIII. Contract for piece of work……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………452
LAND TITLES AND DEEDS
I. Torrens System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..454
II. Regalian Doctrine
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….460
B. Effects………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….460
III. Citizenship Requirement
IV. Original Registration
B. Registration process and requirements..………………………………………………………………………………………466
C. Remedies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..479
VII. Dealings with Unregistered Lands…………………………………………………………………………………………………………493
TORTS AND DAMAGES
B. Unjust Enrichment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….500
D. Acts Contrary to Law……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………501
E. Acts Contrary to Morals……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….501
II. Classification of Torts
A. According to manner of commission: intentional, negligent and strict liability…………………………….502
B. According to scope: general or specific………………………………………………………………………………………..502
III. The Tortfeasor
B. Persons Made Responsible for Others………………………………………………………………………………………….503
C. Joint Tortfeasors (Art. 2194, Civil Code)……………………………………………………………………………………….511
IV. Act of Omission and Its Modalities
A. Concept of Act………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....511
V. Proximate Cause
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….511
C. Legal Cause………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….512
VI. Legal Injury
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….524
C. Violation of Right or Legal Injury………………………………………………………………………………………………….514
D. Classes of Injury…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..514
VII. Intentional Torts
A. General………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..515
C. Interference with relations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..515
VIII. Negligence
B. Good Father of a Family or Reasonably Prudent Man…………………………………………………………………..530
C. Standard of Care………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….531
D. Unreasonable risk of Harm…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..532
E. Evidence……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….532
G. Defenses………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………533
A. General………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..535
D. Violation of Constitutional Rights…………………………………………………………………………………………………537
E. Violation of Rights Committed by Public Officers………………………………………………………………………….537
F. Provinces, Cities and