Using Weather Data Earth Science Unit II What Is AIR? Air is a mixture of colorless, odorless gases...

Using Weather DataUsing Weather Data

Earth ScienceEarth Science

Unit IIUnit II

What Is AIR?What Is AIR?

Air is a mixture of colorless, odorless gases Air is a mixture of colorless, odorless gases that surrounds the Earth. that surrounds the Earth. – 78 % Nitrogen78 % Nitrogen

Plants need nitrogen to grownPlants need nitrogen to grown

– 21% Oxygen21% Oxygen Living things need oxygen to surviveLiving things need oxygen to survive

– Plants give off oxygenPlants give off oxygen

– 1% Carbon dioxide1% Carbon dioxide Plants take in carbon dioxide to make food.Plants take in carbon dioxide to make food.

– Animals give of carbon dioxideAnimals give of carbon dioxide22


The layer of gases that surrounds the Earth The layer of gases that surrounds the Earth is called the atmosphere.is called the atmosphere.– The atmosphere holds in heat from the sun The atmosphere holds in heat from the sun

keeping the Earth’s surface at a comfortable keeping the Earth’s surface at a comfortable temperature. temperature.

– The atmosphere protects living things from The atmosphere protects living things from harmful rays given off by the sun. harmful rays given off by the sun.


Air takes up space and has weight.Air takes up space and has weight.– The weight of the air that presses down is called The weight of the air that presses down is called

air pressure.air pressure. A barometer is and instrument that measures air A barometer is and instrument that measures air

pressure.pressure.


The atmosphere has four layers:The atmosphere has four layers:– Troposphere – ground to 6 miles.Troposphere – ground to 6 miles.

This were Earth’s weather occurs.This were Earth’s weather occurs.– Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a certain Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a certain

place and time. place and time.

– Stratosphere – 6 miles to 30 milesStratosphere – 6 miles to 30 miles– Mesosphere – 30 miles to 50 milesMesosphere – 30 miles to 50 miles– Thermosphere – 50 miles – 430 milesThermosphere – 50 miles – 430 miles


Gases in the atmosphere keep Earth warm Gases in the atmosphere keep Earth warm by letting in light and heat from the sun.by letting in light and heat from the sun.– This natural heating of Earth is called the This natural heating of Earth is called the

greenhouse effect.greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect is the processes by which heat Greenhouse effect is the processes by which heat

from the dun builds up near the Earth’s surface and from the dun builds up near the Earth’s surface and is trapped there by the atmosphere. is trapped there by the atmosphere.

http://maps.grida.no/library/files/storage/greenhouse_effect.png

SummarizeSummarize

What is air?

The atmosphere is a blanket of air that surrounds Earth. The air is thinner higher in the atmosphere.

Air is made of nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases. Living things need air to survive.

The atmosphere acts as a natural greenhouse that keeps Earth warm.

How does the water cycle affect How does the water cycle affect weather?weather?

Three states of water:Three states of water:– Solid (ice)Solid (ice)– Liquid (water)Liquid (water)– Gas (water vapor)Gas (water vapor)


Liquid water + Heat Energy = Water vapor (gas)

Evaporation

Water vapor (gas) – Heat Energy = water (Liquid)

Condensation

Liquid water - Heat Energy = Ice (solid)

Freezing (0C or 32F)

Ice (solid) + Heat Energy = Water (Liquid)

Melting


The water cycleThe water cycle – is the movement of water – is the movement of water into the air as water vapor and back to into the air as water vapor and back to Earth’s surface as precipitation.Earth’s surface as precipitation.

PrecipitationPrecipitation is any form of water that falls is any form of water that falls from clouds to Earth’s surfacefrom clouds to Earth’s surface

CloudsClouds form when water vapor in the air form when water vapor in the air condenses. A cloud that forms close to the condenses. A cloud that forms close to the ground is ground is fog.fog.


Precipitation

Condensation Cloud Formation

Evaporation Liquid to gas

Gas to Liquid

Water droplets

attach to dust particles

Rain, snow, Sleet, hail


CloudsClouds form when water vapor in the air form when water vapor in the air condenses. A cloud that forms close to the condenses. A cloud that forms close to the ground is ground is fog.fog.


Cumulus: fluffy – fair weather

Stratus: Low level – bring steady rain

Cirrus: Thin, feathery clouds

made of ice crystals – fair

Cumulonimbus fluffy and tall –

bring thunderstorms

http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/atmosphere/clouds/stratus_NOAA_wea02047.jpg


Forms of PrecipitationForms of Precipitation– Rain – Rain – falling drops of waterfalling drops of water– Sleet – Sleet – frozen rainfrozen rain– Snow – Snow – forms when the temperature in forms when the temperature in

clouds is below freezing forming ice crystals clouds is below freezing forming ice crystals known as snowflakes.known as snowflakes.

– Hail - Hail - Rain freezes wind carries up higher in Rain freezes wind carries up higher in the cloud and more cumulates more ice the cloud and more cumulates more ice when the hailstones are too heavy they fallwhen the hailstones are too heavy they fall


Rain Sleet

Hail Snow

SummarizeSummarize

How does the water cycle affect

weather?

The water cycle is the movement of

water into the air as water vapor and back to Earth as

precipitation.

Water exists in three states: solid ice, liquid water, and water vapor.

Different types of clouds bring pleasant weather or precipitation.

What causes weather? What causes weather?

Weather involves all of the conditions of the Weather involves all of the conditions of the atmosphere at a certain time and place.. atmosphere at a certain time and place..


Weather Conditions include:Weather Conditions include:– Temperature: How hot or cold the air isTemperature: How hot or cold the air is

A thermometer measures the temperature of the airA thermometer measures the temperature of the air

– Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the atmosphereHumidity: The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere A rain gauge measures the amount of precipitation that has A rain gauge measures the amount of precipitation that has

fallen.fallen.

– Wind speed and direction: The movement of airWind speed and direction: The movement of air An anemometer measures wind speedAn anemometer measures wind speed A weather vane and wind sock measure wind directionA weather vane and wind sock measure wind direction

– Air pressure: The weight of air as it pressed down on Air pressure: The weight of air as it pressed down on Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface. A barometer measures air pressure. A barometer measures air pressure.

What causes weather? What causes weather? Thermometer

Rain Gauge

Anemometer

Barometer


Wind is the movement of air.Wind is the movement of air.– Air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of Air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of

low pressure.low pressure. During the day, cool ocean breezes move toward the During the day, cool ocean breezes move toward the

land.land. At night, cool air above the land moves toward the At night, cool air above the land moves toward the

ocean.ocean.


An air mass is a large body of air that about An air mass is a large body of air that about the same temperature, air pressure, and the same temperature, air pressure, and moisture throughout.moisture throughout.– Air masses are described by two conditionsAir masses are described by two conditions

Warm or ColdWarm or Cold Moist or DryMoist or Dry


Air masses that form near the equator are Air masses that form near the equator are usually warm.usually warm.

Air masses that form near the poles are Air masses that form near the poles are usually cold.usually cold.

Air masses that form over the oceans are Air masses that form over the oceans are usually moist.usually moist.

Most changes in weather occur when one Most changes in weather occur when one air mass moves into an area and pushes out air mass moves into an area and pushes out another air mass. another air mass.


The rotation of the Earth they bump into The rotation of the Earth they bump into each other.each other.– The causes the air masses to move.The causes the air masses to move.– As they move, place where two air masses As they move, place where two air masses

meet is called a front.meet is called a front.– Most storms and precipitation take place Most storms and precipitation take place

along fronts.along fronts.


Two types of fronts:Two types of fronts:– Cold Front: Cold air mass moves under a Cold Front: Cold air mass moves under a

warm air mass, pushing it up.warm air mass, pushing it up. Thunderstorms often strike along cold fronts.Thunderstorms often strike along cold fronts.

– Warm Front: Warm air mass moves over a Warm Front: Warm air mass moves over a cold air mass.cold air mass. Layers of gray clouds and steady precipitation Layers of gray clouds and steady precipitation

are common along warm fronts.are common along warm fronts.


Cold F

ront

War

m F

ront


A meteorologist is a scientists who studies weather.A meteorologist is a scientists who studies weather.– Studying weather involves:Studying weather involves:

Measuring conditions near Earth’s surface and high in the Measuring conditions near Earth’s surface and high in the atmosphere.atmosphere.

– Scientist gather data from many sources including:Scientist gather data from many sources including: RadarRadar SatellitesSatellites

Using data collected to:Using data collected to:– Identify kinds of air masses over an areaIdentify kinds of air masses over an area– Predict what kind of front will form and where it will move to.Predict what kind of front will form and where it will move to.– Produce weather maps.Produce weather maps.– Make forecasts – a prediction of what the weather will be for a particular Make forecasts – a prediction of what the weather will be for a particular

day, week, or longer. day, week, or longer.

www.weather.comwww.weather.com

http://www.weather.com/


Hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, and Hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, and snowstorms are examples of severe, snowstorms are examples of severe, dangerous weather. dangerous weather. – Meteorologists study storms using satellites in Meteorologists study storms using satellites in

space and weather instruments on the ground.space and weather instruments on the ground.– Meteorologists issue warnings when severe Meteorologists issue warnings when severe

weather approaches which can save lives. weather approaches which can save lives.

SummarizeSummarize

What causes weather?

Earth’s surface heats unevenly,

causing air masses to form. Fronts form where air

masses collide.

Weather factors include

temperature moisture, air

pressure, and wind.

Meteorologists gather and study weather data. They use this data to make forecasts and track severe weather.

Number 16 on TestNumber 16 on Test

Using Weather Data Earth Science Unit II What Is AIR? Air is a mixture of colorless, odorless gases...

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