Using the Semantic Web, and Contributing to it
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Using the Semantic Web,and Contributing to it
Mathieu d’Aquin KMi, The Open University – [email protected]
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Semantic Web
A large scale, heterogenous collection of formal, machine processable, ontology-based statements (semantic metadata) about web resources and other entities in the world, expressed in a XML-based syntax
<rdf:RDF> <owl:Ontology rdf:about=""> <owl:imports rdf:resource="http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#"/> </owl:Ontology> <j.1:Organization rdf:ID="KMi"> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" >The Knoledge Media Institute of the Open University, Milton Keynes UK</rdfs:comment> </j.1:Organization> <j.1:Document rdf:ID="KMiWebSite"> …
<rdf:RDF> <owl:Ontology rdf:about=""> <owl:imports rdf:resource="http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#"/> </owl:Ontology> <j.1:Organization rdf:ID="KMi"> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" >The Knoledge Media Institute of the Open University, Milton Keynes UK</rdfs:comment> </j.1:Organization> <j.1:Document rdf:ID="KMiWebSite"> … <rdf:RDF>
<channel rdf:about=“http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk/blog”><title>Elementaries - The Watson Blog</title><link>http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/blog/</link><description>"Oh dear! Where the Semantic Web is going to go now?" -- imaginary user 23</description><language>en</language><copyright>Watson team</copyright><lastBuildDate>Thu, 01 Mar 2007 13:49:52 GMT</lastBuildDate><generator>Pebble (http://pebble.sourceforge.net)</generator><docs>http://backend.userland.com/rss</docs>…
<rdf:RDF><channel rdf:about=“http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk/blog”><title>Elementaries - The Watson Blog</title><link>http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/blog/</link><description>"Oh dear! Where the Semantic Web is going to go now?" -- imaginary user 23</description><language>en</language><copyright>Watson team</copyright><lastBuildDate>Thu, 01 Mar 2007 13:49:52 GMT</lastBuildDate><generator>Pebble (http://pebble.sourceforge.net)</generator><docs>http://backend.userland.com/rss</docs>…
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Metadata
UoD
<rdf:RDF><channel rdf:about=“http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk/blog”><title>Elementaries - The Watson Blog</title><link>http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/blog/</link><description>"Oh dear! Where the Semantic Web is going to go now?" -- imaginary user 23</description><language>en</language><copyright>Watson team</copyright><lastBuildDate>Thu, 01 Mar 2007 13:49:52 GMT</lastBuildDate><generator>Pebble (http://pebble.sourceforge.net)</generator><docs>http://backend.userland.com/rss</docs>…
<rdf:RDF><channel rdf:about=“http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk/blog”><title>Elementaries - The Watson Blog</title><link>http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/blog/</link><description>"Oh dear! Where the Semantic Web is going to go now?" -- imaginary user 23</description><language>en</language><copyright>Watson team</copyright><lastBuildDate>Thu, 01 Mar 2007 13:49:52 GMT</lastBuildDate><generator>Pebble (http://pebble.sourceforge.net)</generator><docs>http://backend.userland.com/rss</docs>…
<rdf:RDF> <foaf:Image rdf:about='http://static.flickr.com/132/400582453_e1e1f8602c.jpg'> <dc:title>Zen wisteria</dc:title> <dc:description></dc:description> <foaf:page rdf:resource='http://www.flickr.com/photos/xcv/400582453/'/> <foaf:topic rdf:resource='http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/vittelgarden/'/> <foaf:topic rdf:resource='http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/wisteria/'/> <dc:creator> <foaf:Person><foaf:name>Mathieu d'Aquin</foaf:name> …
<rdf:RDF> <foaf:Image rdf:about='http://static.flickr.com/132/400582453_e1e1f8602c.jpg'> <dc:title>Zen wisteria</dc:title> <dc:description></dc:description> <foaf:page rdf:resource='http://www.flickr.com/photos/xcv/400582453/'/> <foaf:topic rdf:resource='http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/vittelgarden/'/> <foaf:topic rdf:resource='http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/wisteria/'/> <dc:creator> <foaf:Person><foaf:name>Mathieu d'Aquin</foaf:name> …
<rdf:RDF> <owl:Ontology rdf:about=""> <owl:imports rdf:resource="http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#"/> </owl:Ontology> <j.1:Organization rdf:ID="KMi"> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" >The Knoledge Media Institute of the Open University, Milton Keynes UK</rdfs:comment> </j.1:Organization> <j.1:Document rdf:ID="KMiWebSite"> …
<rdf:RDF> <owl:Ontology rdf:about=""> <owl:imports rdf:resource="http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#"/> </owl:Ontology> <j.1:Organization rdf:ID="KMi"> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" >The Knoledge Media Institute of the Open University, Milton Keynes UK</rdfs:comment> </j.1:Organization> <j.1:Document rdf:ID="KMiWebSite"> …
FOAF
DCRSS TAP
WORDNET
NCI Galen
Music
…… …
…
…
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OK, nice… but what’s the reality?
2007 2008 2009
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So, Using the Semantic Web?• Many research and development efforts in
– Supporting the design of ontologies (methodologies, toolkits, editors, etc.)
– Supporting the annotation Web resources (natural language processing, information extraction, etc.)
– Supporting the publication of semantic data and information online (linking open data, `semantification’ of legacy information systems
– …
• Resulting in an explosion of the amount of machine processable knowledge online.
• Now the question is: What to do with it? How to exploit it? What are the missing infrastructure components necessary to develop Semantic Web application?
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Next Generation Semantic Web Applications
NG SW Application Semantic WebSmart Features
Able to exploit the SW at large
– Dynamically retrieving the relevant semantic resources
– Combining several, heterogeneous Ontologies
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Next Generation Semantic Web Applications
Dynamically retrieving, exploiting and combining relevant semantic resources from the SW, at large
Need for a Gateway to the Semantic Web
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Watson: a Gateway to the Semantic Web
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Architecture
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Interface
http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk
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But the important part is: the APIs
• Provide Semantic Web application developers with the ability to efficiently:
– Locate (find) Semantic Web documents online using advanced search functions
– Explore the documents, automatically extracted metadata and content
– Query the documents, to exploit online knowledge in an homogeneous way
• In a set of lightweight APIs, and without having to download the data or use any other dedicated infrastructure.
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Some Applications We Developed
Ontology Reuse:The Watson Plugin
Question Answering:PowerAqua
Semantic Browsing:PowerMagpie
Semantic Relation Discovery:Scarlet
Folksonomy Enrichment
And also:Word sense disambiguationQuery ExpansionSynonym Discovery…
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Example: The Watson Plugin
Chose an entity to search
Get entities from online ontologies
Integrate statements Into the edited ontology
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Example: Scarlet
ka2.rdf
Researcher AcademicStaff
Sem
anti
c W
eb
Researcher
AcademicStaff
⊆
⊆
ISWC SWRCHam SeaFood
Sem
anti
c W
eb
HamSeaFood
Meat
Meat
SeaFood
Agrovoc NALT
⊆
€
⊥
€
⊥
€
⊥
pizza-to-go
wine.owl
NALT
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Example: Scarlet
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Example: PowerAqua
Natural language question
Answers from online semantic data
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Example: FLOR
Can the Semantic Web provide the structure needed to improve search and navigation of tagged spaces?
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Search in Tag Spaces
5/24 ≈ 21% relevant
Dog Dog
DogDog
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Tiger
Tiger
Tiger
Tiger
CatLandscape
Landscape
Landscape
Let’s find photos of “animals which live in the water”
Query: Animal Water
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Bring in the SW…
Dolphin
Seal
Marine Mammal
Mammal
Sea
livesIn
Whale
Body of Water
Ocean
Sea Elephant
FishlivesIn
Animal
FreshwaterFish
SaltwaterFish
livesIn
Animal Water
<Animal livesIn Water>
<Dolphin>or<Seal>or<“Sea Elephant”>or<Whale>
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Results
dolphin
seal
whale
sea elephant
18/24 ≈ 75% relevant
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Other Use of Watson/the Semantic Web:Understanding Knowledge Online
Number of entities
Domain covered
Underlying description logic
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Other Use of Watson/the Semantic Web:Understanding Knowledge Online
• Looking at relationships between ontologies:
– Inclusion, equivalence: can ontologies being syntactically different, or even represented in different languages represent the same formal model?
– Similarity: How close are two ontologies? How to define similarity between ontologies in particular context?
– Versioning: How to detect if an ontology is a different version from another one? Which on came first? Which is the latest? How to characterize the changes (at syntactic level, at model level)?
– Agreement/Disagreement: How to measure that two ontologies contradict each other? Agree on certain points? Are logical inconsistency/incoherence enough?
• A complete framework based on an ontology formalizing relations between ontologies to detect and reason upon relationships between ontologies in Watson
• Looking at relationships between ontologies:
– Inclusion, equivalence: can ontologies being syntactically different, or even represented in different languages represent the same formal model?
– Similarity: How close are two ontologies? How to define similarity between ontologies in particular context?
– Versioning: How to detect if an ontology is a different version from another one? Which on came first? Which is the latest? How to characterize the changes (at syntactic level, at model level)?
– Agreement/Disagreement: How to measure that two ontologies contradict each other? Agree on certain points? Are logical inconsistency/incoherence enough?
• A complete framework based on an ontology formalizing relations between ontologies to detect and reason upon relationships between ontologies in Watson
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Other Use of Watson/the Semantic Web:Agreement/Disagreement in Ontologies
• Ontologies are knowledge artifacts, they express opinions, beliefs
• As such they can differ, contradict each others
• Assessing (dis)agreement in ontologies is very useful to understand how to combine knowledge from different sources
• A possible approach would be to check whether inconsistencies and incoherencies appear while combining the ontologies. However we believe that:
– There are di erent levels of agreement/disagreement ff
– Covering di erent domains is not agreeing ff
– It is possible to agree and disagree at the same time
• Based on these requirements we define a set of measures for assessing (dis)agreement between statements and ontologies.
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Other Use of Watson/the Semantic Web:Agreement/Disagreement in Ontologies
• Agreement(st, O) [0..1] and Disagreement(st, O) [0..1] where st is a statement <subject, predicate, object> and O is an ontology
• Based on extracting the part of the ontology that express a relation between subject and object
• (Dis)agreement between ontologies:
• Global (dis)agreement in a repository
• Consensus:
• Controversy:
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Other Use of Watson/the Semantic Web:Agreement/Disagreement in Ontologies
• Experiment: assessing statements related to the class Seafood in Watson:
a: global agreement, d: global disagreement, cs: consensus, ct: controversy
• More experiments on the Way!
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Contributing to the Semantic Web
• So, using the Semantic Web is all about exploiting what is made available online, as distributed, heterogeneous knowledge in ontologies
• Our ability to do that therefore depends on the availability of ontologies, semantic information and machine processable data.
• More precisely on the availability of quality knowledge on the Semantic Web
• And incidentally on the availability of quality information about ontologies
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Slide 27
From a Semantic Web search engine…
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Slide 28
… to Ontology Repositories?
Ontologies
Ontology Metadata
Versions of
Alignments
Comments and
Reviews
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Cupboard
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Using the User?
• How ontologies are used and reused in applications and other ontologies can also provide interesting information about these ontologies, i.e. contributions in the form of quality information
• We develop a trust engine which can collect positive or negative evaluations for ontology statements, from various users and applications, to propagate this information for ranking ontology entities.
• Application to the Watson plugin.
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Automatic evaluation of statements through a trust engine
Watson Trust Service
Trust Propagation
YouClick Here
This statementis goodRanking for
statements/entities
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Example - Evaluation as a Side Effect
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Example - Ranking According to Trust
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Example - Propagation
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Final message
• I hope I convinced you that
Using the Semantic Web Contributing to the Semantic Web
• Through Watson, Cupboard and our applications, our aim is to build an open and efficient platform making the Semantic Web a `playground for research and development’
• There is still a lot to do, and everybody is welcome to comment, help, contribute…
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Thank You!
Mathieu d’Aquin ([email protected], http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/mathieu) With contributions from many people in Kmi (http://kmi.open.ac.uk) and the NeOn project (http://neon-project.org)
/* I would normally include a bibliography slide at the end, but all the relevant papers can be found on these 3 websites */