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Transcript of Using sheep to control Brachypodium sylvaticum- an invasive weed Ryan Scholz- Senior; Animal...
![Page 1: Using sheep to control Brachypodium sylvaticum- an invasive weed Ryan Scholz- Senior; Animal Sciences/ Bioresource Research Dr. Howard Meyer- Professor;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649eaa5503460f94baf2b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Using sheep to control Brachypodium sylvaticum- an
invasive weed
Ryan Scholz-Senior; Animal Sciences/ Bioresource
Research
Dr. Howard Meyer-Professor; OSU Dept. Animal Sciences
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Slender False Brome
• Brachypodium sylvaticum– Native to Europe, Asia,
Africa– “Class B” Invasive Species
• First reported as naturalized in 1939 near Eugene, OR
• Widespread in Western Oregon
• Recently discovered in Josephine County and Northern California
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Background
• B. sylvaticum (cont.)– Habitat
• Common in shaded forest understories
• Gradually moves into un-shaded regions
• Out-competes many native plants
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Background
• Control– Spray
• Accord ® (Glyphosate)
• Velpar® (Hexazinone)
– Super-heated foam• Waipuna machine
– Mechanical Removal– Burning/ mowing
• Appears to be ineffective
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Background
• Control (cont.)– Grazing
• Relatively low palatability
• Observations indicate grazing can be effective
• Studies are underway to learn more
Grazed Un-Grazed
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Research Timeline
• Pasture Study – 2004/2005– Confinement Trial– Pasture Trial
• Orphan Study – 2005• Seed Viability Study – 2005/2006/2007
– In situ– In vitro– In vivo
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Pasture Study - 2004/2005
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Experimental Design
• Pre-Trial Training– Treatment- Grazed on B.
sylvaticum– Control- Grazed on
standard pasture– All lambs grazed for 3
week training period• First 2 weeks with
mothers
• Third week after weaning
• Study repeated 2005
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Confinement Feeding
Pasture Study – 2004/2005
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Experimental Design
• Confinement Feeding Trial- wether lambs– Lambs from pasture
training– To determine their
willingness to eat B. sylvaticum after training
– Offered fresh cut B. sylvaticum after overnight fast
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Confinement Feeding Trial
• Procedure– Lambs removed from fields at 4:00pm and housed
in barn overnight– Individually penned lambs offered 250g fresh cut B.
sylvaticum at 10:00am• Lambs allowed to eat for 30 minutes• Uneaten B. sylvaticum collected and weighed
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Confinement Feeding Trial
• Procedure (cont)– Lambs held off feed
overnight; test repeated following morning
• Conducted immediately following training and again one month later
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Data- 2004
Exposure 1 Exposure 2
Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 1
Treatment 116g 152g 176g 232g
Control 78g 119g 145g 140g
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Data- 2005
Exposure 1 Exposure 2
Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2
Treatment 72g 64g 87g 87g
Control 64g 75g 56g 58g
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Results
• Exposure was effective– Treatment lambs
consumed more (P<.05)– Effects still present one
month later (P<.05)– Conditioning effect
observed in control lambs (P<.05)
Treatment
Control
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Pasture Grazing
Pasture Study – 2004/2005
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Experimental Design
• Pasture Grazing Trial- ewe lambs– To measure:
• Relative preference in a pasture setting
• Continued preference over extended period of time
– Grazed plots located in dense stands of B. sylvaticum
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Pasture Grazing Trial
• Procedure– Four 100m2 B. sylvaticum plots enclosed with
temporary electric fence– Four 1m2 clippings taken from each plot before and
after grazing– Sheep grazed on two plots over 2 consecutive days
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Data
2004 2005
Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2
Treatment 62g 83g 106g 70g
Control 21g 14g 42g 11
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Results
• Observations and Results indicate training to be effective– Treatment lambs
appeared to spend more time grazing
– Treatment lambs consumed more B. sylvaticum (P<.05)
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Orphan Lamb Study
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Hypothesis
• Artificially reared lambs exposed to B. sylvaticum juice as an additive in milk will have an increased affinity for B. sylvaticum as adults when compared to unexposed sheep.
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Experimental Design
• 24 orphan lambs reared on milk replacer– Born via caesarian
2/14/05– 12 treatment lambs
given B. sylvaticum juice in milk for 14 days (d. 21-35)
– Confinement feeding trial during summer
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Data
Exposure 1 Exposure 2
Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2
Treatment 28g 50g 78g 59g
Control 16g 35g 53g 69g
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Results
• No significant difference– All lambs showed
aversion to B. sylvaticum on first exposure (compared to Pasture Training)(P<.05)
– No Difference between treatment groups (P>.05)
– Control adjusted to B. sylvaticum faster than treatment (P<.05)
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Seed Viability Study
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Hypothetical Problem
• Sheep utilized to control B. sylvaticum– Graze plant in later
summer– Ingest viable seed
• Animals moved from B. sylvaticum to “clean” field– B. sylvaticum seed
excreted in feces– Potential for spread of B.
sylvaticum
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Hypothesis
• B. sylvaticum and L. multiflorum Lam. (perennial ryegrass) seeds which are digested by sheep will have decreased germination rates when compared to undigested seed.
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Experimental Design
• 4 sheep were ruminally cannulated
• B. sylvaticum seed was collected in late summer
• L. multiflorum Lam. seed used as comparison
• In sacco, in vitro, in vivo digestion techniques used
• Seed viability will be determined at OSU Seed Lab
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In sacco trial
Seed Viability Study
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In sacco Trial
• 3.0g seed in Dacron digestion bags
• Placed in rumen for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours
• Samples washed and dried following digestion
• Weights obtained to determine amount of digestion
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Data- in sacco
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Results
• Both species lost ~4% in first 3 hours– B. sylvaticum steadily
increased to 7.5% by 72 hours
– L. multiflorum Lam. steadily increased to 7.5% by 24 hours, jumped to 11% and plateaued by 48 hours
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In sacco trial
Seed Viability Study
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In vitro Trial
• 1000mL rumen fluid collected from 4 sheep• Samples digested in 35°C rumen fluid for 24 or
48 hours– 90ml rumen fluid mixed with 10ml McDougal’s
Buffer– 0.25g seed + 0.25 substrate
• NDF used to estimate post-ruminal digestion
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Data- in vitro
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Results
• Significant difference (p<0.05)– Digestion times for B. sylvaticum and L. multiflorum
Lam. with like substrates– Like digestion times for L. multiflorum with like
substrate and B. sylvaticum substrate– Like digestion times for L. multiflorum Lam. with
and without post-ruminal digestion
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Results
• No significant difference (p>0.05)– 24h and 48h digestion of L. multiflorum Lam. seeds
with B. sylvaticum substrate– 24h and 48h digestion of L. multiflorum Lam. seeds
with post-ruminal digestion
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Discussion
• Current results are promising but have limited application– Show digestion of seed– Effect of digestion on
viability to be determined (work in progress)
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Big Picture
• Pre-weaning training with mothers is effective (P<.05)• Incorporation of juice in milk was not effective <P>.05)
– Very expensive and time consuming– Possibly needed longer exposure time– May have created an aversion
• Seed digestion results inconclusive – awaiting germination results– Sheep should be held off of “clean” pasture for a minimum of
72 hours following grazing B. sylvaticum in seed
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Questions
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Special thanks to:
• Dr. Howard Meyer• Dr. Deborah Clark• Nichole Scholz• Tom Nichols• Mark Keller• Dr. Mike Gamroth• Joel Haas• Dave Bohnert• Wanda Crannell• Dr. Morrie Craig
• OSU Dept. Animal Sciences
• OSU Research Office- URISC Grant
• Howard Hughes Medical Institute- Summer Fellowship Program
• OSU Seed Lab- Dale Brown
• OSU Seed Extension Office- Tom Silverstein