Using Quantitative and Qualitative · • Dennis JM, Phinney, JS, and Chuateco LI. The role of...

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Using Quantitative and Qualitative Using Quantitative and Qualitative Assessments (mixed methods) to Inform Programs and Research on Student Stress and Academic Success Student Stress and Academic Success Katye Miller, MS, CHES Wellness Coordinator, Student Wellness Center D i lN h MA DanielNewhart, MA Director, National Research Institute for College Recreational Sports and Wellness

Transcript of Using Quantitative and Qualitative · • Dennis JM, Phinney, JS, and Chuateco LI. The role of...

Page 1: Using Quantitative and Qualitative · • Dennis JM, Phinney, JS, and Chuateco LI. The role of motivation, parental support, and peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority

Using Quantitative and QualitativeUsing Quantitative and Qualitative Assessments (mixed methods) to Inform Programs and Research on 

Student Stress and Academic SuccessStudent Stress and Academic SuccessKatye Miller, MS, CHES

Wellness Coordinator, Student Wellness CenterD i l N h MADaniel Newhart, MA

Director, National Research Institute for College Recreational Sports and Wellness

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Learning outcomesLearning outcomes• Describe current research on stress and college students’ academic success at it relates to the ACHA‐NCHA.

• Describe the use of mixed methods in the context of the ACHA‐NCHA to further our understanding of academic stressacademic stress.

• Identify how research can assist in identifying more targeted interventionstargeted interventions.

• Identify how institutions can use mixed methods research to inform future use of survey instrumentsresearch to inform future use of survey instruments.

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Literature ReviewLiterature Review

• Stress can influence academics (Dusselier et al. 2005; Grace, ( ; ,1997; Pritchard & Wilson, 2003)

– Unsure of the mechanism of how this occurs

• Academic issues are common sources (Shafer, 1996; Dusselier et al., 2005 )

• Daily hassles (Ross Niebling & Heckert 1999)Daily hassles (Ross, Niebling, & Heckert, 1999)

• Chronic stress/“ongoing stressful process” (Towbes & Cohen, 1996)

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Literature ReviewLiterature Review• Intrapersonal:

– Career/personal motivation vs. family expectation motivation (Dennis /p y p (et al., 2005)

– Perceived control of time (Macan et al., 1990)

– “Emotional health” sig related to GPA (Pritchard & Wilson 2003)Emotional health  sig related to GPA (Pritchard & Wilson, 2003)• “Perfectionists” vs. “high stress levels

• Behaviors:“M l d ti b h i ” (D B d t l 2004)– “Maladaptive behaviors” (DeBerard et al., 2004)

– Sleep behaviors (Trockel et al., 2000)

• Support and self‐efficacy:pp y– Low social support (Dennis et al., 2005)

– Academic self‐efficacy & optimism (Chemers et al., 2001; Zajacova et al 2005)al., 2005)

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Literature ReviewLiterature Review

• Work/volunteer hours (Dundes & Marx, 2007; Trockel et al., / ( , ; ,2000)

• Coping style and motivation (Struthers et al., 2000)

– Learned resourcefulness (Akgun & Ciarrochi, 2003)

– “Coping tactics”… no effect on GPA (Pritchard & Wilson, 2003)2003)

– Hope (Snyder et al., 2002)

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PurposePurpose

• Assist in defining “stress” for studentsAssist in defining  stress  for students

• How stress impacts academic performance

fi i h i d ’ li• Defining what stressors are in students’ lives

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Th ti l FTheoretical Frame

E l i l F k• Ecological Framework–McLeroy, Bibeau, Steckler, & Glanz (1988)

–“Patterned behavior” is the outcome

–Intrapersonal

Interpersonal–Interpersonal

–Institutional 

–CommunityCommunity

–Public policy

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MethodsMethods

• Multiple data setsp

– ACHA‐NCHA II dataset (quantitative)

– Focus group data with comparison (qualitative and quantitative)

• ACHA‐NCHA II

Spring 2009 21 24% response rate 61 3% female 80 2%– Spring 2009, 21.24% response rate, 61.3% female, 80.2% white

• Focus Groupsp

– Five groups, six to seven students per group

– Structured protocol used

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MethodsMethods

• Focus Groups (continued)p ( )

– Given items off of ACHA‐NCHA II

– Students received list of resources for stress coping and academic performance improvement

• Data Analysis

Data transcribed and checked– Data transcribed and checked

– Used content analysis (Krippendorf, 2004) to analyze the qualitative dataq

– Organized using the ecological model as a “lens” to make sense of the data

– Triangulation achieved (Patton, 1990)

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ResultsResults

• Used Creswell and Plano‐Clark’s (2007) “triangulation design: ( ) g gconvergence model”

• Quantitative results:

– Focus group participants noted stress as affecting academic performance more than main sample (descriptive only)( p y)

– Finances

– Work

– Involvement

– Sleep difficulties

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ResultsResults

• Finances and work:

– Students who stated “finances “ affected their academic performance were more likely to report that they worked 20 h / k (l l )20+ hours/week (large sample)

– These students were also more significantly likely to have received an incomplete for a dropped course (p<.05, large p pp (p , gsample)

– Number of hours worked correlated significantly with l i hi diffi l i ( 01 l l )relationship difficulties (p<.01, large sample)

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ResultsResults

• For the focus groups (smaller sample):g p ( p )

– Majority of students saying stress affected their academic performance also worked 1‐19 hours and did not volunteer

– Five students reported extracurricular activities affected academic performance when they worked

– Five students reported relationship difficulties affectedFive students reported relationship difficulties affected academic performance when they worked

– Seven students reported work and sleep difficulties affected academic performance when they worked 1‐19 hours

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ResultsResults

• Sleep difficulties:p

– 17.6% of the focus group sample said they “felt tired, dragged out, or sleepy during the say” for all 7 days of the 

kweek

– Focus group sample was more likely to say they “went to bed because they could not stay awake any longer” for 1 y y y gand 4 days of the week (33.3%, FG, 20.4% LS, 15.2% FG, 6.4% LS)

F i i d h “h d l– Focus group participants reported they “had an extremely hard time falling asleep” either 1 day a week or 2 days a week (30.3%, FG, 20.2%, LS, 21.2% FG, 12.3% LS)

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ResultsResults

• Qualitative results:Q

• Themes:

– Midterms and stress

– Physiological and psychological reactions to stress

– Academic disconnection

– Temporary coping mechanisms

– Sides of involvement

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ResultsResults

• Midterms and stress (as compared to finals week):( p )

– “Finals week is the easiest week of the quarter because you’re like, ‘All I have to do is study for these three or four t t d I’ d ’ h idt i I htests and I’m done’…when midterms are going on I have, like, three papers, two tests, a quiz, all this stuff going on and finals I think are a piece of cake after all that.”

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ResultsResults

• Physiological and psychological reactions to stress:y g p y g

– “I took the MCAT recently and so around that time, physically I would have trouble falling asleep and my heart 

ld t t b ti ll i kl ”would start beating really quickly.”

– “Overwhelmed”

– “Frustrated”Frustrated

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ResultsResults

• Academic disconnection:

– “I have to work to be able to eat and have somewhere to live so that’s (focusing on school first) not really even an 

ti ki h t b b i itoption…working has to be my number one priority because without work, I can’t be here.”

– “A lot of times I feel like because my input…at work other y ppeople are relying on me.  I put this as a priority a lot of the time, and they, you know, to me are a priority until sometimes they overshadow my academics so that theysometimes they overshadow my academics so that they definitely affect my academics…it is sort of a tough balance.”

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ResultsResults

• Temporary coping mechanismsp y p g

– Most identified their coping mechanisms as temporary, such as “surfing” the internet or working out

– Students said workshops should not be about stress, but rather alternative activities

– “We all know we shouldn’t procrastinate yet we stillWe all know we shouldn t procrastinate yet we still do…it’s like ‘ok, I already knew that.’”

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ResultsResults

• Sides of involvement:

– “Too involved”

– “The fact that you’re too involved, but if you’re not enough involved you feel like you’re not doing enough and then it’s like, you can’t fall back on that, so that’s stressful, trying to keep up with everyone now, but maybe it’s exceeding your p p y , y g ycapacity.”

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DiscussionDiscussion

• ConclusionsConclusions– Work outside school barrier to academic performanceperformance

– Related to finances and financial stress

– Inadequate sleep as contribution to OR outcome– Inadequate sleep as contribution to OR outcome of stress

– Relationship difficultiesRelationship difficulties

Page 21: Using Quantitative and Qualitative · • Dennis JM, Phinney, JS, and Chuateco LI. The role of motivation, parental support, and peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority

LimitationsLimitations

• Exploratory researchExploratory research

• Definitions of terms

C C• Response rate to ACHA‐NCHA II

• Overrepresentation of females

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Future ResearchFuture Research

• Limited number of international studentsLimited number of international students

• Isolation as a coping mechanism?

i i d i l• Motivating versus detrimental stress

• Research on stress in females

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ApplicationApplication

• Research‐based institution specific questions on the ACHA‐NCHA II additional question area– Can verify or challenge major research findings on y g j glarger scale

– Time feeling most stressed

– Further operationalize the relationship between academic performance and stress

– Integration of environmental strategies to reduce stress of students

Page 24: Using Quantitative and Qualitative · • Dennis JM, Phinney, JS, and Chuateco LI. The role of motivation, parental support, and peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

1) What are some other college health and wellness ) a a e so e o e co ege ea a d e essrelated issues in which a mixed methods approach may help clarify?

2) How can a mixed methods approach increase our ability to provide evidence‐based or theory‐driven programs?

3) Wh t ibl i d th d h t3) What are some possible mixed methods approaches to assessing college health and wellness related programs?

4) How could university administrators best utilize results4) How could university administrators best utilize results for program development around academic success?

Page 25: Using Quantitative and Qualitative · • Dennis JM, Phinney, JS, and Chuateco LI. The role of motivation, parental support, and peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority

ReferencesReferences

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• Chemers MM, Hu, L, and Garcia, BF. Academic self‐efficacy and first‐year college student performance and adjustment J Educ Psych 2001; 93: 55 64student performance and adjustment. J Educ Psych. 2001; 93: 55‐64.

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• Dennis JM, Phinney, JS, and Chuateco LI. The role of motivation, parental support, and peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority first‐generation college students.  J Coll Stud Dev. 2005; 46: 223‐236.

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