Using Using EnergyEnergy

MetabolisMetabolismmThe chemical energy stored in The chemical energy stored in

food is changed in cells into food is changed in cells into forms needed to perform all the forms needed to perform all the activities necessary for life. activities necessary for life. The total of all chemical The total of all chemical

reactions in an organism is reactions in an organism is called called metabolism.metabolism.

Living things are Living things are divided into 2 divided into 2

groups:groups:ProducersProducers

Organisms Organisms that make that make their own food, their own food, such as plantssuch as plants

Also called Also called AUTOTROPHSAUTOTROPHS

ConsumersConsumers Organisms that Organisms that

cannot make cannot make their own food, their own food, such as insectssuch as insects

Also called Also called HETEROTROPHSHETEROTROPHS

PhotosynthPhotosynthesisesisPlants and many other Plants and many other

producers convert producers convert sunlight energy into sunlight energy into chemical energy, which is chemical energy, which is used to make sugars, used to make sugars, which can be used as which can be used as food.food.

Producing Producing CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Producers that use Producers that use photosynthesis are usually photosynthesis are usually green because they contain green because they contain a green pigment called a green pigment called chlorophyll, which is used to chlorophyll, which is used to capture sunlight energy, and capture sunlight energy, and can be found in chloroplasts.can be found in chloroplasts.

Captured sunlight Captured sunlight energy is used to drive energy is used to drive chemical reactions, chemical reactions, where raw materials, where raw materials, carbon dioxide (COcarbon dioxide (CO22), and ), and water (Hwater (H22O) are used to O) are used to produce sugar and produce sugar and oxygen.oxygen.

PhotosynthesPhotosynthesis Equation:is Equation:

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + Light Energy O + Light Energy CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O2 2

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy

→→ Glucose + OxygenGlucose + Oxygen

Storing Storing CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPlants make more sugar Plants make more sugar

during photosynthesis than during photosynthesis than they need, so excess sugar they need, so excess sugar is changed and stored as is changed and stored as starches or other starches or other carbohydrates, which are carbohydrates, which are used for growth, used for growth, maintenance, and maintenance, and reproduction.reproduction.

RespirationRespirationChemical reactions Chemical reactions

occur that break down occur that break down food molecules into food molecules into simpler substances and simpler substances and release their stored release their stored energy.energy.

Breaking Down Breaking Down CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Respiration of Respiration of carbohydrates begins in the carbohydrates begins in the cytoplasm. Carbs are broken cytoplasm. Carbs are broken down into glucose down into glucose molecules, then into 2 molecules, then into 2 simpler molecules in the simpler molecules in the mitochondria. This uses Omitochondria. This uses O22 & releases energy, and & releases energy, and produces COproduces CO2 2 & H& H22O as O as waste.waste.

Photosynthesis Vocab Review WorksheetPhotosynthesis Vocab Review Worksheet1.1. Water, carbon dioxide, and Water, carbon dioxide, and sunlightsunlight are the three are the three

ingredients needed for photosynthesis to occur.ingredients needed for photosynthesis to occur.

2.2. Through photosynthesis, plants convert these Through photosynthesis, plants convert these ingredients into ingredients into glucoseglucose, a food used by the plant., a food used by the plant.

3.3. ChlorophyllChlorophyll is the material in green plant cells that is the material in green plant cells that traps energy from the sun.traps energy from the sun.

4.4. The plant takes in a gas called The plant takes in a gas called carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide from from the air.the air.

5.5. Chlorophyll is found in the Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplastschloroplasts, structures , structures within the cell where photosynthesis will take within the cell where photosynthesis will take place.place.

6.6. WaterWater is a material the plant takes up through its is a material the plant takes up through its roots and stems.roots and stems.

7.7. During photosynthesis, During photosynthesis, oxygenoxygen is a waste product is a waste product released by the plant into the air.released by the plant into the air.

8.8. Plants produce more glucose than they need. The Plants produce more glucose than they need. The excess glucose is stored by the plant as excess glucose is stored by the plant as carbohydratescarbohydrates or starches. or starches.

9.9. Plants also change glucose into Plants also change glucose into cellulosecellulose, the , the structural material used in their cell walls.structural material used in their cell walls.

10.10. While chlorophyll is found in most aboveground While chlorophyll is found in most aboveground parts of green plants, most photosynthesis takes parts of green plants, most photosynthesis takes place in a plant’s place in a plant’s leavesleaves..

11.11. In many regions, there is not enough sunlight or In many regions, there is not enough sunlight or water during winter for water during winter for photosynthesisphotosynthesis to occur. to occur.

12.12. Most plants are also called Most plants are also called autotrophs/producersautotrophs/producers because they are able to produce their own food.because they are able to produce their own food.

13.13. Most animals are called Most animals are called heterotrophs/consumersheterotrophs/consumers because they obtain energy from other plants or because they obtain energy from other plants or animals.animals.

Workbook pages 47-49 #’s 1-11Workbook pages 47-49 #’s 1-111.1. What happens during respiration?What happens during respiration?

Cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar Cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.and release the energy they contain.

2.2. Cells store energy in the form of Cells store energy in the form of carbohydratescarbohydrates

3.3. How do cells “withdraw” energy?How do cells “withdraw” energy? Cells break down carbohydrates to make energyCells break down carbohydrates to make energy

4.4. Respiration that takes place inside of cells is the Respiration that takes place inside of cells is the same as breathing air in and out of the lungs.same as breathing air in and out of the lungs.

FalseFalse

5. Respiration5. Respiration Raw materialsRaw materials

SugarSugar OxygenOxygen

ProductsProducts Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide WaterWater Energy Energy

Event in respirationEvent in respirationBB – 6. takes place in the mitochondria – 6. takes place in the mitochondria

AA – 7. takes place in the cytoplasm – 7. takes place in the cytoplasm

BB – 8. Oxygen is involved – 8. Oxygen is involved

CC – 9. Energy is released – 9. Energy is released

AA – 10. Glucose molecules are broken down – 10. Glucose molecules are broken down

Stage of processStage of process A) first stageA) first stage B) second stageB) second stage C) both first and second stagesC) both first and second stages

Organisms use oxygenand glucose.

Plants use carbon Dioxide, h2o & energy.

Plants produce oxygenand glucose.

Organisms produce carbon Dioxide, h20 & energy.

FermentationFermentationWhen cells don’t have When cells don’t have

enough oxygen for enough oxygen for respiration, they use a respiration, they use a process called process called fermentation to release fermentation to release some of the energy some of the energy stored in glucose stored in glucose molecules.molecules.

More More FermentationFermentationBegins in the cytoplasm, but Begins in the cytoplasm, but

the simple molecules from the the simple molecules from the breakdown of glucose don’t breakdown of glucose don’t move into the mitochondria; move into the mitochondria; rather, more chemical rather, more chemical reactions occur in the reactions occur in the cytoplasm that release energy cytoplasm that release energy and produce wastes (lactic and produce wastes (lactic acid, alcohol, COacid, alcohol, CO22).).

Fermentation creates…Fermentation creates…

- Photosynthesis

- Photosynthesis

- Respiration

- Respiration