Using DAML+OIL to Enrich RDF Schema for the Information Integration
description
Transcript of Using DAML+OIL to Enrich RDF Schema for the Information Integration
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 11Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversity
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page 1Page 1Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Using DAML+OIL to Enrich RDF Schema for the Information Integration
Ahmad AshariIIWAS 2002 Bandung - Indonesia
Sept 10th-12th 2002
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 22Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityOutline
• Information Integration• Resource Description Framework (RDF)• DAML+OIL• RDF Schema vs DAML+OIL• Conclusion and Future work
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 33Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityInformation Integration
There are three type of information integration task:• Technical Integration already done with TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, etc.• Syntactic Integration also already done with HTML• Semantic Integration Semantic Web in the future
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 44Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityIntegration Problem
Too much unintegrated data:– from a variety of incompatible sources– no standard naming convention– each with a custom browsing and querying mechanism (no common interface)– and poor interaction with other data sources
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 55Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityData Sources
• Flat Files• URLs• Proprietary Databases• Public Databases• Spreadsheets• Emails• Etc.
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 66Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityOutline
• Information Integration• Resource Description Framework (RDF)• DAML+OIL• RDF Schema vs DAML+OIL• Conclusion and Future work
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 77Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityResource Description Framework
Resource Description Framework (RDF):• (Syntactical) basis of the “semantic web”• Similar to semi-structured data: graphs (RDF ~ OEM)• Three basic object types:
– resources: all things being described; named by URIs– properties: attributes to describe a resource– statements: subject + predicate + object;
are all resources (object can also be a literal)• Example:
– “the creator of this home page is Ahmad Ashari”• subject: http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~ashari/• predicate: http://www.purl.org/dc/.../creator• object: “Ahmad Ashari”
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 88Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversity
• Representation– Model as graph:
– Serialized in XML syntax (“RDF/XML”):<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#” xmlns:dc="http://www.purl.org/dc/elements/1.0/">
<rdf:Description about="http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~ashari/"><dc:creator>Ahmad Ashari</dc:creator>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
RDF Model and Syntax
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~ashari/ Ahmad Asharidc:creator
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 99Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityRDF Schema
• RDF = simple data model• RDF Schema allows definition of vocabularies for RDF data• Simple frame system / ontology language:
– classes, subclasses, properties, sub-properties, domain, range• Extension of RDF in RDF
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1010Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityXML Name Space
XML Name Space (XMLNS) are use for abbreviated a Universal Resource Identifier (URI) for example:
– xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#“for rdf, which point to RDF Model and Syntax Specification URI
– xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#“for rdfs, which point to RDF Schema Specification URI
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1111Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityOutline
• Information Integration• Resource Description Framework (RDF)• DAML+OIL• RDF Schema vs DAML+OIL• Conclusion and Future work
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1212Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityDAML
• DAML or DARPA Agent Markup Language is a language created by DARPA as an ontology and inference language based upon RDF
• DAML takes RDF Schema a step further, by giving us more in depth properties and classes
• DAML allows one to be even more expressive than with RDF Schema, and brings us back on track with our Semantic Web discussion by providing some simple terms for creating inferences
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1313Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityDAML Language
• 2001-03: DAML+OIL (March 2001) • 2000-12: DAML+OIL (December 2000) • 2000-10: DAML-ONT • 2000-08: DAML 0.5
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1414Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityDAML+OIL
• Bringing together DAML’s ontology language and OIL– OIL stand for Ontology Inference Layer or Ontology Interchange Language– Ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization
• Keeps OIL’s mapping to Description Logic. – OIL support for Frame Based and Description Logic
• Use XML syntax and extension of RDF• Support for concrete types (from XML Schema)
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1515Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityOutline
• Information Integration• Resource Description Framework (RDF)• DAML+OIL• RDF Schema vs DAML+OIL• Conclusion and Future work
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1616Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityRDF Schema vs DAML+OIL
Class definition for enumeration<daml:Class rdf:ID="Height">
<daml:oneOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection">
<Height rdf:ID="short"/>
<Height rdf:ID="medium"/>
<Height rdf:ID="tall"/>
</daml:oneOf>
</daml:Class>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1717Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityClass definition for a property
<daml:Class rdf:ID="TallThing">
<daml:sameClassAs>
<daml:Restriction>
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasHeight"/>
<daml:hasValue rdf:resource="#tall"/>
</daml:Restriction>
</daml:sameClassAs>
</daml:Class>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1818Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityDatatype Property
<daml:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="age">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="&daml;#UniqueProperty"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource= "&xmlschema;#nonNegativeInteger"/>
</daml:DatatypeProperty>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 1919Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityObject Property
<daml:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasParent">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Animal"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Animal"/>
</daml:ObjectProperty>
<daml:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasFather">
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Male"/>
</daml:ObjectProperty>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2020Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityInstances
<continent rdf:ID="Asia"/>
<rdf:Description rdf:ID="Asia">
<rdf:type>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="#continent"/>
</rdf:type>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:ID="India">
<is_part_of rdf:resource="#Asia"/>
</rdf:Description>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2121Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityUnique Property
<daml:UniqueProperty rdf:ID="hasMother"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Female"/>
</daml:UniqueProperty>
Cardinality=1
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2222Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityInverse and Transitivity
<daml:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasChild">
<daml:inverseOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/>
</daml:ObjectProperty>
<daml:TransitiveProperty rdf:ID="hasAncestor"/>
<daml:TransitiveProperty rdf:ID="descendant"/>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2323Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityBroadening Classes
<daml:Class rdf:ID="Male"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Animal"/></daml:Class>
<daml:Class rdf:ID="Female"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Animal"/> <daml:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Male"/></daml:Class>
<daml:Class rdf:ID="Woman"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Female"/></daml:Class>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2424Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversitySub-class
<daml:Class rdf:ID="Person">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Animal"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction>
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasParent"/>
<daml:toClass rdf:resource="#Person"/>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
Person : (and Animal (all (restrict hasParent Person))
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2525Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversitySub-class (2)
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction daml:cardinality="1">
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasFather"/>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction>
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#shoesize"/>
<daml:minCardinality>1</daml:minCardinality>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf> (atmost 1 father) (atleast 1 shoesize))
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2626Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversitySub-clas (3)
<daml:Class rdf:about="#Person">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction daml:maxCardinalityQ="1">
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasOccupation"/>
<daml:hasClassQ rdf:resource="#FullTimeOccupation"/>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</daml:Class>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2727Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityComplement Class
<daml:Class rdf:ID="Car">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Class>
<daml:complementOf rdf:resource="#Person"/>
</daml:Class>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</daml:Class>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2828Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityDisjoint Class
<daml:Class rdf:about="#Person">
<daml:disjointUnionOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection">
<daml:Class rdf:about="#Man"/>
<daml:Class rdf:about="#Woman"/>
</daml:disjointUnionOf>
</daml:Class>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 2929Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityEquivalent Class
<daml:Class rdf:ID="HumanBeing">
<daml:sameClassAs rdf:resource="#Person"/>
</daml:Class>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 3030Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityIntersection Class
<daml:Class rdf:ID="TallMan">
<daml:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection">
<daml:Class rdf:about="#TallThing"/>
<daml:Class rdf:about="#Man"/>
</daml:intersectionOf>
</daml:Class>
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 3131Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityComparison Summary
Feature RDFS DAML+OIL
Syntax XML RDF
Basic Datatypes only one use XSDL type
Enumeration of Property Values No Yes
Bounded Lists No Yes
Transitive Properties No Yes
Negation No Yes
Disjunctive / Disjoint No Yes
Intersection No Yes
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 3232Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityInference vs Information Integration
• The principle of “inference” is being able to derive new data from data that we already know
• Querying is a form of inference (being able to infer some search results from a mass of data, for example)
• Inference is one of the driving principles of Information Integration
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 3333Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityRDF Schema Model
rdf := 'http://www.w3.org/...rdf-syntax-ns#'.rdfs := 'http://www.w3.org/.../PR-rdf-schema-...#'.type := rdf:type.subPropertyOf := rdfs:subPropertyOf.subClassOf := rdfs:subClassOf.FORALL Mdl @rdfschema(Mdl) {
transitive(subPropertyOf).transitive(subClassOf).FORALL O,P,V O[P->V] <- O[P->V]@Mdl.FORALL O,P,V O[P->V] <- EXISTS S (S[subPropertyOf->P] AND O[S->V]).FORALL O,P,V O[P->V] <- transitive(P) AND EXISTS W (O[P->W] AND W[P->V]).FORALL O,T O[type->T] <- EXISTS S (S[subClassOf->T] AND O[type->S]).
}
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 3434Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityDAML+OIL
daml := 'http://www.daml.org/.../daml+oil#'.animals := 'http://www.example.org/animals#'.@animals:ontology {
animals:Animal[rdf:type -> daml:Class].animals:Herbivore[rdf:type -> daml:Class; rdfs:subClassOf -> animals:Animal].animals:Carnivore[rdf:type -> daml:Class; rdfs:subClassOf -> animals:Animal;
daml:disjointWith -> animals:Herbivore].animals:Omnivore[rdf:type -> daml:Class; rdfs:subClassOf -> animals:Herbivore;
rdfs:subClassOf -> animals:Carnivore].}FORALL Ont @check(Ont) {
FORALL C unsatisfiable(C) <-C[daml:subClassOf -> daml:Nothing]@daml_oil(Ont).
}
10-Sep-0210-Sep-02 Page Page 3535Gadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - IndonesiaGadjah Mada University - Yogyakarta - Indonesia
Gadjah MadaUniversityConclusion and Future Work
• DAML+OIL system can enrich RDF and RDFS, which is with this ontology based language we can eliminate the limitation of RDF Schema in describing the meaning of each information sources.
• In the previous work we already used RDF and RDF Schema for the Information Integration in tourism domain. DAML+OIL introduces many constructs and richer than RDF and RDFS, therefore in the future our works will use DAML+OIL for the Information Integration in the same or other domain.