Using Autosomal DNA to Explore Your Ancestry · Using Autosomal DNA to Explore Your Ancestry ... -...
Transcript of Using Autosomal DNA to Explore Your Ancestry · Using Autosomal DNA to Explore Your Ancestry ... -...
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Using Autosomal DNA to Explore Your Ancestry
Blaine T. Bettinger November 16, 2013
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“Using Autosomal DNA to Explore Your Ancestry”
- © Blaine T. Bettinger 2013
- Provided only to members of the Western New York Genealogical Society (WNYGS)
- Please do not share, modify, or distribute without permission from the author.
For more information:
- The Genetic Genealogist
- 23andMe - Family Tree DNA - AncestryDNA
- “Trace Your Roots with DNA: Using Genetic Tests to Explore Your Family Tree” by Megan Smolenyak Smolenyak and Ann Turner
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Helen Marley Johnson
- b. 3 March 1889 in Mexico, NY
- d. 26 Feb. 1983 in Watertown, NY
- Parents?
Autosomal DNA and My Great-Grandmother’s Mystery
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Autosomal DNA and My Great-Grandmother’s Mystery
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DNA • “Blueprint for life”
• 23 pairs of chromosomes: o 22 pair of autosomal DNA o 1 pair of sex chromosomes
• Mitochondrial DNA
mtDNA
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Types of Genetic Genealogy
• Y-DNA (the Y-chromosome)
• mtDNA (the mitochondrial genome)
• Autosomal DNA (the non-sex chromosomes)
• X-DNA (the X-chromosome)
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Y-DNA and mtDNA tests ignore 95% of the DNA in the cell:
mtDNA
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Autosomal DNA
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Inheritance of Y-DNA
The surname follows the Y-DNA!
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Inheritance of mtDNA
The mtDNA travels down the maternal line!
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Me
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• You have BOTH a genealogical family tree and a genetic family tree:
–Genealogical Tree - contains all of your ancestors
–Genetic Tree - contains a tiny fraction of your ancestors (only those ancestors that randomly contributed to your DNA)
Your Genetic Family Tree
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128 ancestors at 7 generations
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<<<128 ancestors at 7 generations
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Graham Coop, Ph.D.
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• Genetic Tree:
- At 7-9 generations, genealogical ancestors fall off the Genetic Tree
- Only about 475 of 1024 ancestors (or 46%) at 10 generations!
- The majority of your ancestors did NOT contribute to your DNA!
(Thank you to Luke Jostins and Graham Coop)
Your Genetic Family Tree
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• Genetic Tree:
- Since your genetic tree is randomly inherited from your parents, even siblings will have different genetic trees!
- (except identical twins)
Your Autosomal DNA
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Significant contributions to Genealogical Tree can be missing from your Genetic Tree:
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Graham Coop, Ph.D.
Significant contributions to Genealogical Tree can be missing from your Genetic Tree:
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Why Test?
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Reason #1: Biogeographical Estimates
Why Test?
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Biogeographical Estimates
» Aka “Ethnicity”
» Proprietary algorithms match segments of your DNA to reference populations from all around the world
» Results are reported as percentages of DNA that aligns with each of the reference populations
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Biogeographical Estimates
90%
10%
10%
90%
Result = AA
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Companies Differ!
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Estimates Change!
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Estimates Change!
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Biogeographical Estimates
• The Bottom Line:
- Companies use different methods to derive estimates – so estimates differ
- Companies refine the methods used to derive estimates – so estimates change
- Don’t take your estimate to the bank…
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Reason #2: Finding Genetic Cousins
Why Test?
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Yes, You Share DNA With Your Family…
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Finding Genetic Cousins
• Company compares your DNA to the DNA of all other test-takers in the database
• Predicted cousins are identified
• Relationship Range is provided based on factors such as:
» Total % of DNA shared
» Size of segments shared
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Good News!
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Finding Genetic Cousins
• How reliable are relationship predictions or ranges?
• VERY reliable through 3rd or 4th cousins
• Difficult to predict a 5th cousin versus a 10th cousin (since both will share so little DNA)
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What is the probability that my relative and I share enough DNA to be detected by
DNA Testing?
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I have a match, now what?
• Step 1 – review the match’s profile for surnames and other information
• Step 2 – contact the match and ask if willing to share a family tree or have one online
• Step 3 – compare family trees (names, dates, locations, etc)
• Step 4 – identify potential common ancestors
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Reason #3: Health Information
Why Test?
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Risks and Inherited Conditions
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Decreased Risks
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Traits and Drug Response
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Health Information
Can be very small risks
Not deterministic (not GATTACA)
The science is always changing with new research and developments
GINA
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Reason #4: To Solve Genealogical
Mysteries
Why Test?
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Helen Marley Johnson
- b. 3 March 1889 in Mexico, NY
- d. 26 Feb. 1983 in Watertown, NY
- Parents?
Autosomal DNA and My Great-Grandmother’s Mystery
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• mtDNA was not helpful
• Can I use autosomal DNA to identify Helen’s parents?
Autosomal DNA and My Great-Grandmother’s Mystery
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Autosomal DNA and My Great-Grandmother’s Mystery
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First Cousins
Any shared DNA will have come from Helen and her husband!
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Testing Procedure
• Use the living to recreate a lost genome:
– Test my father’s autosomal DNA (grandchild of Helen)
– Test Living Walton’s DNA (grandchild of Helen)
– Find shared DNA
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These shared stretches of DNA were shared by siblings Roy and Esther Bettinger (from their parents) and were passed down to the next generation
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Autosomal DNA and My Great-Grandmother’s Mystery
• I’ve identified DNA from Helen and Frank, now what?
– Identify shared relatives
– Explore shared relatives’ genealogies
– Look for clues as to Helen’s ancestry
•Johnson surname?
•Located in the Oswego Co, NY area?
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Autosomal DNA and My Great-Grandmother’s Mystery
• The “In Common With” Tool:
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Autosomal DNA and My Great-Grandmother’s Mystery
It works!
But…
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Autosomal DNA Summary
• Key Points:
• Everyone has a Genealogical Tree AND a Genetic Tree!
• Useful for:
- Biogeographical estimates
- Identifying genetic relatives
- Attacking mysteries
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$99
(Autosomal, Y-DNA and
mtDNA SNPs)
(& medical!)
$99
(Autosomal DNA)
$99 for Ancestry.com
subscribers (Autosomal DNA only)
$199.95 (Autosomal
DNA)
Testing Companies
Free $100 Restaurant.com Gift Card (until 12/31/13?)
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Quick and painless:
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• A test will not return a complete family tree (yet!)
• Only examines a small percentage of your genealogy (1024 ancestors at 10 generations)
• DNA can reveal long-hidden secrets
–NPEs (adoption, infidelity, name change, etc)
Issues to Consider…