USFWS Graphic Standards - U.S. Fish and Wildlife …...U.S. Fish &Wildlife Service Graphic Standards...

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

CareersMaking a Difference


Graphic Standards

U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceSt.CatherineCreekNational WildlifeRefuge

U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceGraphic Standards & Digital Templates

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service1849 C Street, NWWashington, DC 20049www.fws.gov

Macintosh and Windowscompatible.

General Standards 1.1Typefaces 1.2Image and Typographic

Standards 1.3Photo Captions and Credits 1.4Paper Standards 1.5USFWS Identification 1.6Statements 1.7ADA Requirements 1.8

4x8.5 Format Publications 2.1Grid 2.2Sample Covers 2.3Cover/Information Brochure 2.4Cover/Black and One or

More Spot Colors 2.5Cover/Activity Brochure 2.6Cover/Activity Brochure

with Photo 2.7Introduction .8, 2.9Image on Left Page 2.10Image on Right Page 2.11Images with Text 2.12, 2.13Sign Pix with Text 2.14Bird List 2.15Map Standards 2.16, 2.17Map Key and Symbols 2.18Map Text Standards 2.19Locator Maps 2.20Secondary Map 2.21Text 2.22, 2.23

8.5x11 Format Publications 3.1Grid A 3.2Grid A/Cover 3.3Grid A/Back Cover 3.4Grid A/Back Cover, No Image 3.5Grid B 3.6Grid B/Cover 3.7Grid C 3.8Grid C/Cover 3.9Introduction Page 3.10Images with Text 3.11–3.13Tables 3.14Charts 3.15Report 3.16, 3.17Newsletter Option 3.18, 3.19Fact SheetGrid A/Front 3.20Fact SheetGrid A/Back 3.21Fact SheetGrid B/Front 3.22Fact Sheet Grid B/Back 3.23Fax Cover Sheet 3.24News Release 3.25Grid D 3.26Grid D/Text Page 3.27, 3.28Grid D/Tables 3.29

Other Applications 4.1Business Card 4.2Business Card with

Additional Logo 4.3Rolodex Card 4.4Videotape Label 4.5Videotape Case 4.6, 4.7CD-ROM 4.8CD-ROM Case Inserts 4.9CD-ROM Booklet 4.106x9 Booklet/Grid 4.116x9 Booklet/Cover 4.126x9 Booklet/Text 4.13Large Print Publications 4.14–4.16Folder or Binder Cover 4.17


Graphic Standards

Univers 67ABCDEFGHIJKLMNabcdefghijklmnopq1234567890Century ExpandedABCDEFGHIJKLabcdefghijklmnopq1234567890

Century Expanded ABCDEFGHIJKLMabcdefghijklmnopqrs1234567890

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Graphic Standards (7/1/01) General Standards 1.1

General Standards

The graphic program for U.S. Fish & Wildlife Servicepublications relies on simplicity and directness,which demands that every detail be addressed.Meaningful design and beautiful, orderlytypography requiresdiscipline. The guidelinesthat follow may seem minor,but they are in fact a majorpart of that discipline.


Two families of fonts are used:

Univers Condensed Century Expanded

For each font, there are specific sizesand uses, as noted with the specificapplication. No other sizes, styles, orfonts should be introduced.

Univers Bold 67Titles, USFWS identification, text on back cover, headings withintext, and captions when surprintedor reversed out of images.Note: Be particularly careful of thetracking and kerning on this font atthis size. Letters should be tightlyspaced without touching each other,as in the examples throughout thisdocument.

Century ExpandedText

Century Expanded ItalicSecondary title on cover,introduction, captions and subheads within text

Typefaces

Univers 67ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890

Century ExpandedABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890

Century Expanded ItalicABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890

The Univers 67 font is from Adobe. In some Windows programs, youmust select Univers 47 with boldstyle to access the Univers 67 font.Be careful not to use the plain styleUnivers 47 or Univers 57 inpublications.

The Century Expanded family isfrom Bitstream. This family includesbold and bold italic styles that aregenerally not used in USFWSpublications.


The graphic program for U.S. Fish & Wildlife Servicepublications relies on simplicity and directness, which demands thatevery detail be addressed. Meaningfuldesign and beautiful, orderlytypography requires discipline. Theguidelines below may seem minor,but they are in fact a major part ofthat discipline.

Form and ContentThe design of a brochure mustintegrate form and content. Form—determined by the grid, the typographic standards, etc.—provides the structure for conveyingthe content. It is the designer’s jobto use that structure intelligentlyand sensitively. As the designerfollows the form, he or she must alsothink about the content. What is thebrochure’s message? Withoutthought, the brochure is just pageafter page of words and images;however attractively presented, theyleave the reader with no overallcoherent concept.

The designer has many means togive life to the concept: choice andjuxtaposition of images; color oftype, background and images; scaleof type and images; and the pacing ofthese elements from page to pagethroughout the brochure.

The designer should not think of thebrochure as a two dimensionalobject. It has a third and powerfuldimension—time. The turning of thepages, the progression of images andtext before the viewer’s eyes, iscinematic, like viewing a film. Thepacing of the material is, therefore,vitally important to the design of thebrochure and how well its formconveys its content. It provides theopportunity to orchestrate changeand convey a message in subtle yetmeaningful ways.

From the introduction through to theconclusion, as the pages turn, thedesigner’s job is to use the elementsof type, image, color and scale tobuild a coherent sequence whichconveys a clear message.

There are two basic sizes fordocuments: 4 x 8.5 inches and 8.5 x 11 inches.

Typographic StandardsWords at the ends of lines should notbe hyphenated. Hyphens at ends oflines should be eliminated.

Paragraphs should always be shownby a line space, never by indenting.

Text should always be flush left,ragged right, without indentations orjustification.

Text and headlines should be upperand lower case. All caps should beused only for abbreviated bureaunames and other acronyms. Use bold type sparingly.

Large scale titles and introductorytext should be broken by thought,phrasing and aesthetics.

Do not use drop or initial caps tostart paragraphs.

Bullets, asterisks and other symbolsshould be at designer’s discretion. A line space or varying type weightsand italics should be used foremphasis and clarity. If bulletscannot be avoided, use the followingformat. A small, solid box two pointssmaller than the text size should beused as the bullet character:

■ Sample for bullets. This characteris from the Zapf Dingbats font. It is two points smaller than thetext size.

Telephone numbers should be typedwithout parentheses or dashes, inthe following format:603/225 3341

Time of day should be typed inlowercase without periods, in thefollowing format: 10:00 am

The word and should always bespelled out. An ampersand shouldnot be used within text, although itsuse may be appropriate within someheadings. An ampersand is alwaysused for the U.S. Fish & WildlifeService name.

Numbers should be typed withoutpreface. #1 or No. 1 should not beused.

When abbreviated, state namesshould be typed without periods, inthe following format: NH, NY, etc.

A single, rather than double space,should be used between sentences.Text should be edited to eliminate allwidows at the ends of paragraphs.When quotations are used asheadings in the larger type sizes, thebeginning punctuation should hangto the left of the margin, so that thefirst letter of the quotation begins at the text box margin. This willmaintain the flush left appearance.

Smart quotes, not inch and footmarks, should be used within text:“ ‘ ’ ”

Image andTypographicStandards


Photo captions are CenturyExpanded Italic, 10 point size on11 point leading. Photo credits areCentury Expanded, 7 point size on8 point leading. If the caption orcredit reverses out of a photo usethe font Univers 67.

Photo captions should end with aperiod. Labels do not have a period.

If captions are placed in the samecolumn as headings, be careful toplace the caption so the reader doesnot confuse it with a heading.

Photo credits should be placedvertically on the right or left side ofthe photo. They should be placedaway from the main text so they donot interfere with readability. If thecredit is too long to run vertically itmay be placed horizontally.

Use only the photographer’s namefor the credit. Do not include thephrase “Photo by.” A copyrightsymbol or “USFWS” credit is addedas necessary. Service photos arecredited simply as “USFWS.”

Credit Samples:© William Vinje

©1999 William Vinje

William Vinje/USFWS

USFWS

Photo Captionsand Credits

Canvasback Duck

Wil

liam

Vin

je/U

SF

WS

0p2 betweenthe photo andcredit

0p4 betweenthe photo andcaption

Above: Canoeing at Prime HookRight: SwampMallow

WildlifeObservation andPhotography

Mari

an

Poh

lman

Sh

ireen

Gon

zag

a

Four trails and four State highwayswhich transect the refuge afford thevisitor an ideal opportunity to observeand photograph a variety of wildlifeand plants. Please remember that the taking of any plant or animalwithout a permit is prohibited. Many species may be observedrelatively undisturbed in their natural habitat.

Captions: Century Expanded Italic10/11

Photo credits:Century Expanded 7/8


Paper Standards

BrochuresMatte coated, white, sub. 70 or 80

ReportsText is offset, white, sub. 50;opacified offset, white, sub. 50; ormatte coated, white, sub. 50. Cover ismatte coated, white, sub. 80 or sub100; or vellum, white, sub. 50 or 65

Fact SheetsMatte coated, white, sub. 70; offsetbook, white, sub. 50; or opacifiedoffset book, white, sub. 50.

Do not use colored paper forpublications except as a slip sheet orfor chapter breaks in administrativedocuments.


Identification BarThe U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service isidentified within a bar on the cover.The bar bleeds along the top edge of the page, beginning at the leftedge of the second grid column andending at the right edge of the thirdgrid column.

United States is abbreviated as U.S.with no space between the periodand the S. An ampersand is usedinstead of spelling out the word and.

Bar height: 2p (on mechanicalartwork, bar height should be 2p9 toallow a 9 point bleed off the page)

Color: black or spot colors as listedbelow. Bar color must be darkenough to maintain contrast with white type. A minimum of 80 percent contrast is necessary to meet the Americans withDisabilities Act requirements.

Pantone 1535 Pantone 187Pantone 201 Pantone 294Pantone 3155 Pantone 341Pantone 462 Pantone 478Pantone 555 Pantone 647Pantone 697

Note: Pantone colors printed in fourcolor process do not always matchthe Pantone spot color swatches. Thecolors above were chosen to matchclosely in spot or process inks.

Identification Seals The seals of the U.S. Department ofthe Interior and the U.S. Fish &Wildlife Service provide additionalidentification on the back cover. Theyalways appear side by side as shownat right, in full color, black, or white.

USFWSIdentification


0p4

4p height

4p wide 0p4 spacebetween logos

0p10

0p4

4x8.5: 21p length bar

8.5x11 Grid A: 31p length bar

8.5x11 Grid B: 27p8 length bar

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 2p bar height

2p total

0p9 bleed area

Font: Univers 67

Type size: 14 point

Type color: white


U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceMission Statement:“The mission of the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service is working withothers to conserve, protect andenhance fish, wildlife, plants andtheir habitats for the continuingbenefit of the American people.”

This statement is to be used on allnational program publicationsincluding brochures and reports.

It should be placed on the insidecover or first text page. It shouldalso be used for site publicationsfollowed by the mission statement of the National Wildlife RefugeSystem.

Refuge Mission Statement:“The mission of the NationalWildlife Refuge System is toadminister a national network of lands and waters for theconservation, management, andwhere appropriate, restoration of thefish, wildlife and plant resourcesand their habitats within the UnitedStates for the benefit of present andfuture generations of Americans.”

National Wildlife Refuge SystemImprovement Act of 1997

This statement is to be placed on theinside cover or first text page of allgeneral information refugepublications.

Accessibility Statement:“Equal opportunity to participate in and benefit from programs andactivities of the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service is available to allindividuals regardless of physical or mental disability. For moreinformation please contact the U.S.Department of the Interior, Office ofEqual Opportunity, 1849 C Street,NW, Washington, D.C. 20240.”

This statement is to be used in sitebrochures, reports, books, andrecruitment material (includingvacancy announcements). It shouldbe place on the last text page or onthe inside back cover.

Diversity Statement:“The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Servicestrives for a work force that reflectsthe cultural, ethnic, and genderdiversity of the Nation, includingpeople with disabilities.”

This statement is to be used alongwith the accessibility statement onrecruitment publications.

Statements


All site brochures are to have State Relay numbers.

All inks/colors used for text musthave a minimum of 80 percentcontrast with the page.

ADA Requirements

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Graphic Standards (7/1/01) 4x8.5 Format Publications 2.1

4x8.5 Format Publications


Flint HillsNational WildlifeRefuge

Birds


St.CatherineCreek

National Wildlife

Refuge


The area between the top andbottom margins of the page isdivided into twelve equal modules,each 4 picas in height. This gridprovides a flexible structure fordesigning pages with two, three,four, six, or twelve horizontaldivisions, depending on theinformation to be conveyed.

The width of the page is divided intothree equal columns. An optionalcenter division, shown as a verticaldashed line on the grid, may be used ifrequired by the illustrative material.

Grid

Format:4 x 8.5 inches(24p x 51p)

Top/bottom/left/right margins:1p6

Columns: 3

Gutter width: p9


The image for the cover must bechosen very carefully. Conceptuallyit should be up close and personal,giving the viewer the feeling of beingout there in the wild, face to facewith wildlife particular to that area.If a wildlife image is not appropriate,an image of habitat may be used.

Sample Covers


The full color (four color process)image bleeds across both the frontand back cover, cropped to relate toand provide a suitable backdrop forthe identification bar, type and seals.Type may be white or blackdepending on the image.Photography on the cover ispreferable, but illustration may beused if absolutely necessary.

The identification bar begins at thetop edge of the page and is threecolumns wide. The title type begins1 pica below the bar. Line lengths ofthe title and subtitle are kept withinthe first two columns wheneverpossible.

Text on the back cover follows thegrid, 1p6 from the top and left edges,and occupies the first two columnsonly. The third column is left empty.The seals are located one line spacebelow the text. Seals should be thefull color versions.


Cover/InformationBrochure

Format: 4 x 8.5 inches(24p x 51p)

Title:Univers 6736/36

Subtitle:CenturyExpanded Italic24/24 with p9 space above

Back cover:Univers 6710.5/11


St.CatherineCreekNational WildlifeRefuge

St. Catherine CreekNational Wildlife RefugeP.O. Box 117Sibley, MS 39165601/442 6696Email: [email protected]

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Servicehttp://www.fws.gov

For Refuge Information1 800/344 WILD

Federal Relay 1 800/877 8339 Voice and TTY

August 1997

Secondary brochures for fieldstations that are part of a largercomplex. Layout follows thespecifications described for the fourcolor cover.

The title and subtitle on the frontcover and the text on the back covermay be white, black or a spot color,depending on the image. Sealsshould be the one color versions tomatch the back cover text.


Cover/Black and One or More Spot Colors






St.CatherineCreekNational WildlifeRefuge

St. Catherine CreekNational Wildlife RefugeP.O. Box 117Sibley, MS 39165601/442 6696Email: [email protected]




August 1997


Flint HillsNational WildlifeRefuge

Birds

Flint Hills National Wildlife RefugeP.O. Box 128Hartford, KS 66854316/392 5553Email: [email protected]




August 1997


Cover/Activity Brochure

Typographic layout follows thespecifications described for the four color cover.

Activity brochures are printed in two colors, black and an appropriatesecond color. It is acceptable to usetwo spot colors, but the text colormust have a minimum 80 percentcontrast with the page. The secondcolor may be used for the text headsand subheads as long as it meets the80 percent contrast requirement.

There is a one point rule dividing thesubtitle and secondary subtitle. Therule falls one pica below the baselineof the subtitle. The secondarysubtitle is 0p10 below the rule and isformatted as 24/24 CenturyExpanded Italic.

Universal symbols and symbols from Sign Pix fonts are used whereavailable, with additional symbols tobe developed as needed.

One-column-wide symbols (6p6 inwidth) begin 17p6 from the top of thecover (on the fifth module from thetop). If the title text runs long, thesymbols align 4 picas below the lastbaseline. The symbols align flush leftwith the identification bar and typeabove. The distance betweensymbols when they are stackedmatches the p9 gutter space betweencolumn. Symbols and their .5 pointborders are white.





4 picas

1 pica

0p10


Great Meadows,Assabet River,and OxbowNational WildlifeRefuges

Birds


Cover/Activity Brochurewith Photo

Typographic layout follows thespecifications described for the four color cover.

Activity brochures are printed in two colors, black and an appropriatesecond color. The photo prints as aduotone.

Be careful to choose photos that do not interfere with the cover type.A photo can also be used on the frontcover only, with a solid color for theback cover.


Birds

U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceEastern MassachusettsNational Wildlife Refuge ComplexWeir Hill RoadSudbury, Massachusetts 01776978/443 4661978/443 2898 [email protected]

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Servicehttp://www.fws.gov/r5fws/ma/grm.htm


October 2000

Cover photograph of Eastern Bluebirdby Bruce Flaig





Photo caption:Univers 678/9


Birds

U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceEastern MassachusettsNational Wildlife Refuge ComplexWeir Hill RoadSudbury, Massachusetts 01776978/443 4661978/443 2898 [email protected]

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Servicehttp://www.fws.gov/r5fws/ma/grm.htm


October 2000

Cover photograph of Eastern Bluebirdby Bruce Flaig


A brief opening text introduces the refuge or topic to the public.Italic type imparts an inviting,conversational flavor. To enhance thefeeling of wide open spaces, the textappears in white on a full bleedbackground color appropriate to thecharacter of the refuge. The textmay occupy the right or left page orboth, as appropriate.

An appropriate use of “famous”quotes for brochures would be on thesecond page of refuge site brochuresor the second to last page as filler.

Other options include a full photoimage or the introduction appearingonly on one page.

A 37,632-acre sanctuaryfor nesting andmigratory waterfowland water birds, Ruby Lake NationalWildlife Refuge liesalong the scenic easternflank of Nevada’s Ruby Mountains. Marshes, open pondsand islands are borderedby wet meadows andgrass and sagebrushcovered uplands.

Introduction Page


CenturyExpanded Italic24/26

A 37,632-acre sanctuaryfor nesting andmigratory waterfowland water birds, Ruby Lake NationalWildlife Refuge liesalong the scenic easternflank of Nevada’s Ruby Mountains.


The Blue Goose: Symbol of theNational Wildlife Refuge System General site information brochuresand other full color publications willinclude the goose symbol on theinside cover or on the first text pagealong side the Introduction.

The goose symbol will always “fly” to the left and will be 6.5 picas wideto fit in one column for 4 x 8.5 inchformat publications.

In four color process printing, the color for the goose symbolmatches the process color build forPantone 281:

Cyan: 100% Magenta: 72%Yellow: 0% Black: 38%

When printing with spot inks, thegoose symbol prints Pantone 288. In single and two color publicationsnot using Pantone 288, the goosesymbol prints in black ink.

The following mandatory textaccompanies the goose symbol whenit prints in color:

This blue goose, designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, has become thesymbol of the National WildlifeRefuge System.

If the goose symbol prints in black:

This goose, designed by J.N. “Ding”Darling, has become the symbol ofthe National Wildlife RefugeSystem.

Introduction Page


Introduction:CenturyExpanded Italic24/26

Headings:Univers 6710.5/11

Text: CenturyExpanded 10/11




With a full bleed image on the leftpage, the caption appears in the firstcolumn of the right page. Textappears in the second and thirdcolumns. The white space betweenthe image and the text provides aneeded breathing space next to thelarge scale image.

Small images may be addedsparingly, as needed. Silhouettedshapes provide visual interest and agood foil to the large rectangularimage on the left page. In general,images align flush left with the type.

Image on Left Page







On the left page, text appears in thefirst and second columns, with thecaption in the third column. Thecaption’s location is at the designer’sdiscretion, but should not interferewith headings or the readability ofthe text. Captions are set flush leftor right, and may be overprinted orreversed out of photos.

The white space between the imageand the text provides a neededbreathing space next to the largescale image on the right page.

Image on Right Page


Headings:Univers 67 10.5/11

Text: Century Expanded 10/11




Information is presented clearly,using the horizontal divisions of thegrid to provide logical divisions forillustrations and text. Illustrationsshow items in scale to one another,giving the reader an immediatesense of reality from even thesimplest silhouettes or illustrations.Horizontal rules organize text andprovide order, clarity and emphasis.Rules are a consistent .5 pointsthroughout the entire publication.

Images with Text




Captions: CenturyExpanded Italic10/11


Smaller illustrations and imagesused to enliven lengthy text shouldbe kept to a minimum. The text andthe information it conveys must bethe focus. The grid provides anunderlying structure for the text,which prevents the page frombecoming too chaotic.

Square, rectangular and circularimages are one, two or threecolumns wide. While most elementsalign with the grid, a few violate thegrid, particularly larger scaleelements which float behind the text,providing depth and variety.

Images with Text



Subheadings:CenturyExpanded Italic10/11



The Sign Pix font family can be usedto highlight and reinforce refugeregulations. Two sizes of the symbolsare used depending on the context.

Symbols OnlyIn the example at right, the symbolsare used exclusively in the leftcolumn. The Sign Pix font is used at46 point size on 46 point leading(one-half inch square with one-eighthinch space between symbols) andprints black.

A diagonal red bar across a symbol is used to indicate the activity is notpermitted. The red bar is 3 pointswide and prints 100% Pantone 1795(M94%+Y100%).

Symbols with HeadingsIf the symbols appear in the columnwith headings, they should be usedat 24 point size on 24 point leadingbelow the headings. If a red bar isused across the symbol, it should be1.5 points wide.

Sign Pix with Text





Symbols:Sign Pix46/46or24/24

RegulationsQuestions regarding specificregulations for individual refugesshould be directed to the Coastaloffice. Here, in brief, are somegeneral regulations:

Defacement, damage, or removal ofany government structure, sign, ormarker is prohibited.

Feeding, capturing or huntingwildlife is strictly prohibited unlessotherwise authorized.

All of the refuge’s historical,archaeological, and natural resourcesare protected. Artifact hunting is notallowed. Do not pick flowers orremove vegetation.

Shell collectors are asked to take nolive shells and to limit their collectionto a handful or so.

Dogs, cats and other pets are notpermitted.

For further informationCall the Savannah Coastal Refugesoffice during business hours (Mondaythrough Friday, 8:00 am to 4:30 pm;closed on federal holidays:912/652 4415.

Visit the Savannah Coastal Refugesoffice located in the ParkwayBusiness Center on ChathamParkway. To reach the office, takeExit 33-a (Chatham Parkway) offI-16 East to Savannah, Georgia;drive one mile south on ChathamParkway to the Parkway BusinessCenter. The refuge headquartersoccupy Suite 10.

Write to:Savannah Coastal RefugesParkway Business Center, Suite 10,1000 Business Center DriveSavannah, Georgia 31405

Pinckney Island

NWR

BlackbeardIsland

NWR

HarrisNeck

NWR

Wolf IslandNWR

GEORGIASOUTHSOUTH

CAROLINA

Savannah NWR

Tybee NWR

Wassaw NWR

Hardeeville Hardeeville

95

17

17

278

321

17

17

21

204

170

95170

PortWentworth

Richmond Hill

Darien

Sapelo Island

St. Catherine‘s Island

Ossabaw Island

Skidaway Island

Tybee Island

Shellman Bluff

EXIT 67

EXIT 5

EXIT 109

GA25

Harris NeckRoad

AtlanticOcean

Savannah Savannah16

95

Equal opportunity to participate in and benefit from programs andactivities of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service is available to allindividuals regardless of physical or mental disability. For moreinformation please contact the U.S. Department of the Interior, Officefor Equal Opportunity, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240


This is the layout style for bird listsin brochures. The list follows theA.O.U. standard.

The list is the full width of all threetext columns (21p). Tabs are set at1p9 (left), 15p (right with leaderdots), 15p9 (center), 17p3 (center),18p9 (center), and 20p3 (center).

The columns use alternatingshading. The first shaded columnstarts at 15p from the left columnguide and is 1p6 wide.

Column heads indicate the seasons as follows: Sp Spring, March-MayS Summer, June-AugustF Fall, September-NovemberW Winter, December-February

Column abbreviations are as follows:a abundant (a common species

which is very numerous)c common (certain to be seen in

suitable habitat)u uncommon (present but not

certain to be seen)o occasional (seen only a few times

during a season)r rare (seen at intervals of

2 to 5 years)

An asterisk is used to indicate a birdthat nests on or near the refuge.

Bird List





COMMON NAME SP S F WWaterfowl___ Fulvous Whistling-Duck . . . . . . . . . . r r___ Greater White-fronted Goose . . . . . o o u___ Snow Goose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c a___ Ross’ Goose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r___ Canada Goose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o u___ Wood Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r u u___ Green-winged Teal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c a___ American Black Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . r___*Mottled Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c a___ Mallard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c a___ Northern Pintail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c a___*Blue-winged Teal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c o a a___ Cinnamon Teal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o o___ Northern Shoveler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c o c a___ Gadwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c a___ American Wigeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c a___ Canvasback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o u___ Redhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u u___ Ring-necked Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o u___ Lesser Scaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c___ Common Goldeneye . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o___ Bufflehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u___ Hooded Merganser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o u___ Common Merganser . . . . . . . . . . . . . r r___ Red-breasted Merganser . . . . . . . . . u___ Ruddy Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u o u

Vultures, Hawks and Allies___ Black Vulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c___*Turkey Vulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c___ Osprey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o r___ Bald Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r___ Northern Harrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c___ Sharp-shinned Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . u u u___ Cooper’s Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o u___ Red-shouldered Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . u u u___ Broad-winged Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o___ Red-tailed Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u u___ American Kestrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u c___ Merlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u u___ Peregrine Falcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o

Gallinaceous Birds(Quail, Turkey and Allies)___ Northern Bobwhite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r r r r

Rails, Gallinules, Coots and Cranes___ Yellow Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u r___ Black Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r___*Clapper Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c

___ King Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c___ Virginia Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u c___ Sora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u c___*Purple Gallinule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u c u r___*Common Moorhen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c___ American Coot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c

Shorebirds___ Black-bellied Plover . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c___ Lesser Golden-Plover . . . . . . . . . . . . r r___ Wilson’s Plover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o___ Semipalmated Plover . . . . . . . . . . . . u u___*Killdeer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c___*Black-necked Stilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c r___ American Avocet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o___ Greater Yellowlegs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a a___ Lesser Yellowlegs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a a___ Solitary Sandpiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u___ Willet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c___ Spotted Sandpiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c u___ Upland Sandpiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r r___ Whimbrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u r___ Long-billed Curlew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u u___ Marbled Godwit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o___ Ruddy Turnstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u___ Red Knot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r r___ Sanderling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c u u___ Semipalmated Sandpiper . . . . . . . . . a a___ Western Sandpiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u c___ Least Sandpiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c___ White-rumped Sandpiper . . . . . . . . c___ Pectoral Sandpiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u___ Dunlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c___ Stilt Sandpiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u o___ Short-billed Dowitcher . . . . . . . . . . . u u u___ Long-billed Dowitcher . . . . . . . . . . . c c c___ Common Snipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c a___ American Woodcock . . . . . . . . . . . . . r r r___ Laughing Gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c___ Franklin’s Gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r r___ Bonaparte’s Gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r u___ Ring-billed Gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u c___ Herring Gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u c___ Gull-billed Tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u u u___ Caspian Tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u u u___ Royal Tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u u u___ Common Tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u___ Forster’s Tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c___ Least Tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o u o___ Black Tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a u a___ Black Skimmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c c c c

COMMON NAME SP S F W

First shaded columnis 15p from leftcolumn guide.

1p6 widecolumns


Maps should be placed in the centerspread whenever possible. Foldoutscan be used if the center spread isnot large enough to convey essentialinformation.

In most cases, relief will not beshown on the maps due to the time and cost required for thepreparation of such maps. However,shaded relief maps should be used ifthe topography of the refuge iscomplex and it would be difficult forvisitors to navigate withoutreference to topographic features.

Map BackgroundsMaps for primary (full color) leafletswill have a color background andbleed four sides. Background colorsshould be chosen to symbolize thepredominant habitat type. Thefollowing background colors may be used:

Wetlands: Light green (50% Pantone 358)

Deserts: Tan (70% Pantone 726)

Grasslands: Gold (70% Pantone 141)

Additional background colors maybe chosen for habitat types that donot fit these categories, and to:

■ delineate various habitat typeswithin a refuge (forested areas,meadows, grain fields, etc.),

■ indicate areas that are seasonallyor permanently closed to publicuse, or

■ indicate hunt areas or otherspecialized public use areas.

For these purposes, use of patternedfills should be avoided; flat colors arepreferred. If patterned fills arenecessary to convey essentialinformation, they should beunobtrusive.

Map Standards


Refuge BoundaryThe refuge boundary line will be a 2 pt. line, 80% to 100% screen,dashed 10-1-2-1 (dash alternatingwith single dot) over a 4 pt. solid line,20% to 30% screen. (Exact screenvalues will depend on the color used;use heavier screens on lightercolors.)

Suggested boundary colors include:

80% Pantone 357 over 25% Pantone357 if background color is 50%Pantone 358 (light green)

100% Pantone 146 over 30% Pantone146 if background color is 50%Pantone 141 (gold)

80% Pantone 725 over 20% Pantone725 if background color is 60%Pantone 726 (tan)

In some cases, the scale of the map may preclude the use of thisstandard (see Malheur NWR map).In this case, a non-dashed line maybe used.

The Refuge boundary may beomitted in the case of small “locator”maps intended only to direct visitorsto the refuge.

Private inholdings within theapproved refuge boundary should beshown in the background color of themap, while a contrasting color shouldbe used to show actual refuge landswithin the approved boundary.

Map Standards

Sample boundary lines

80% Pantone 357 over 25% Pantone 357







The map key is in a white box with a1 pt. black outline.

Although it does not need to belocated in the map key, include anorth arrow and scale of distance inboth English and metric.

Roads and TrailsRoads and trails should be shown inblack unless additional colors areneeded to call attention to particularareas or convey complex information.Roads should be in line types andweights as specified below. If colorneeds to be used for the sake ofclarity, red would be a second choice.

Freeways and interstates are 4 pt.black line with a 2 pt. white linesuperimposed.

Other paved roads are 2 pt., solidblack lines.

Unpaved roads are 1 pt. solid blacklines.

Jeep roads are 1 pt. dashed line, andlabeled “4WD Only.”

Trails are 1 pt. dashed line, use .5 pt.dash if jeep roads are also shown onthe map.

Auto tour routes/scenic routes areshown by a dotted line (which maybe in color, red or dark greenpreferred) alongside one of thestandard road symbols.

Permanent Rivers and Streams1 pt. line in 100% Cyan.

Intermittent Rivers and Streams1 pt. line, dash alternating with 2dots (5-1-1-1-1-1), in 100% Cyan.

Permanent Water (lakes, ponds, etc.)30% Cyan with a .5 pt. 100% Cyanoutline.

Intermittent/Seasonal WaterAs above, but with dashed outline (5-2).

Dry LakesRandomly spaced dots in Pantone725, surrounded by .5 pt. dashedoutline (5-2).

Glaciers100% Cyan .5 pt. dashed outline (5-2), with graduated fill (50% to 5%Cyan).

Sand or DunesRandomly spaced black dots overwhite or screens of Pantone 726 (60%to 80% at designer’s discretion).

Habitat Colors and TexturesWherever possible, color, rather thantextures, should be used to delineatefeatures such as marshes, dunes,sandbars, dry lakes, reefs, and so on.Use natural colors as much aspossible (green for marsh, tan fordunes, and so on). Textures may beused for the sake of clarity ifnecessary. Textures for marsh,scrub, and dunes (sand) have beenprovided as Postscript fills. For othertextures, follow USGS conventions.

Facility SymbolsUniversal symbols should be used toidentify facilities such as parkingareas, restrooms, refuge/hatcheryoffices, wildlife observationoverlooks, boat ramps, and the like.All symbols should be white within ablack box (or the darkest color usedfor printing), unless necessary todifferentiate subsets (for example,parking areas that are openseasonally versus parking areasopen year-round).

Identifying Public Use AreasUse of symbols to identify permitteduses (as opposed to facilities) shouldbe minimized to avoid visual clutter.Whenever possible, major use areasshould be identified by the use ofcolored fills that are explained in themap key (legend).

Map Key andSymbols

North indicator

Scale

Freeways and interstates

Paved roads

Unpaved roads

Jeep roads

Trails

Auto tour routes/scenic routes

Permanent riversand streams

Intermittent rivers and streams

Permanent water

Intermittent/seasonal water

Dry lakes

Glaciers

Sand or dunes

Marsh

Facility symbols

4WD Only

or


Refuge and Other Site MapsThese type standards are for 8 x 8.5 inch maps (a two-page spreadin the saddle-stitched bookletformat). Larger type and line sizesmay be needed for larger formats,but keep sizes relative. Letterspacing on the Univers face “as is” isloose, and will need to be tightenedup with range kerning valuesbetween –2 and –4% em. Kerningbetween individual letter pairs willusually be needed for larger typesizes (i.e., refuge and map titles).

Map Title (Refuge or Hatchery Name)Univers 67, caps and lower case,type size at discretion of designer.

For primary leaflets, having therefuge name at the top of the mapkey is preferred. However, therefuge name can be shown in otherways: in large type (30 pt. Univers67) superimposed on the backgroundcolor, or in a callout box that is whitewith a drop shadow (this is mostappropriate if large areas outside therefuge boundary are also shown.)

Map LegendUnivers 67, caps and lower case, 8-10 pt. depending on the overall sizeand design of the map.

Roads and Other Public UseFeatures (Trails, Overlooks, Blinds,Offices, Visitors Centers)Univers 67, 9/9, caps and lower case.

Water Features (Ponds, Creeks,Rivers, Bays, Sloughs, etc.)Univers 67 italic, 9/9, caps and lowercase. (Large rivers may be set inlarger type, as in sample.)

Major Water Features (Oceans,Large Bays and Straits, etc.)Univers 67 italic, caps. Type size atdiscretion of designer.

Names of rivers, streams, lakes andother water features should beshown in the same blue that is usedfor outlines of these features (100%Cyan); this will help distinguishthem from roads.

Location Maps (in Addition to Above)National Wildlife Refuge, FishHatchery, or Other FWS FacilityUnivers 67, caps and lower case,10 pt. or larger (at designer’sdiscretion), may be in callout boxwith drop shadow.

StatesUnivers 67, caps, 10 pt. (place onborders if adjoining states are alsoshown).

CitiesUnivers 67, caps and lower case, 9 pt.(use larger type size for major cities;small towns in Univers 57 if desired).

National Forests and Grasslands,Monuments, Parks, RecreationAreas, Military Bases, IndianReservations, etc.Univers 67 italics, caps, 7-8 pt.

State and County Parks, Recreation Areas, etc.Univers 67, caps and lower case, 7-8 pt.

Mountain Ranges and Other MajorGeological Features (Plateaus,Canyons, Basins, Sinks, Deltas,Peninsulas, Capes, and Islands)Univers 67 italics, caps, 7-10 pt. atdesigner’s discretion.

Peaks, Buttes, Mesas, etc.Univers 67, caps and lower case, 7 pt.

Map TextStandards


Conventions for colors should followthose for either full color maps ormaps for secondary leaflets,depending on what type ofpublication the map will appear in.

Typically, location maps will beapproximately 4 x 4 inches orsmaller. They may be used as aninset on a larger map, or on aseparate page with directions to therefuge or field station.

Other Conventions

■ The Refuge may be indicated by acallout box with drop shadow.

■ A State map may be superimposedon the locator map in white with .5 pt. outline and drop shadow.

■ Highway and other lines that crossdots representing towns shouldhave breaks. Standard highwaysymbols should be used.

■ Depending on exact size, typefacesmay be smaller than those used forrefuge maps, but labels of townsand geographic features shouldnot be smaller than 7 pt. Labels onthe State map and scale of milesmay be smaller than 7 pt. ifnecessary.

Locator Maps

PorthillB.C.

200

95

Copeland

BonnersFerryMoravia

Naples

Colburn

SandpointPriestRiver Lake

PendOreille

IDAHO MON

TAN

AWAS

HIN

GTON

95

Idaho Panhandle National Forest

Selki

rk M

ount

ains

2

1

95

2

95

2

IdahoPanhandleNatl. Forest

0 10Km

0 10Mile

IdahoPanhandleNationalForest

KootenaiNational

Wildlife Refuge

✪ BoisIDAHO

Area of map

MoyieSprings

PriestLake

N

Example 1

Example 2


Maps may have a white background,and may be one or two colors.Rarely, a four color map may benecessary to convey information inthe clearest possible fashion, as inthe tear sheet example at right.

SizeFormat may be 8 x 8.5 inches toaccommodate saddle-stitchedleaflets, a foldout at 8.5 x 12 inches(which is typical for a hunt leaflet),or occasionally as an 8.5 x 11 inchtear sheet. Since many secondaryleaflets will be used in huntprograms, it is expected that thelarger format may be needed toprovide sufficient map detail. Forlarger format maps, typefaces can beenlarged to sizes greater thandescribed in the Type Standards forMaps, but keep sizes relative.

Indicating Habitats and Public Use AreasA second color or screens may beused to indicate habitat areas orpublic use areas. Hatch marks orother textures should be used todelineate public use areas only whencolor is not adequate to conveyinformation. Consider printingsecondary leaflets with complexmaps in two colors rather than one,to avoid excessive use of textures.

Textures used for habitat areas orvegetation types should be used onlywhere use of a second color is notadequate to convey essentialinformation. See additionalinformation under Map Key andSymbols.

Refuge Boundary2 pt. line, dash alternating with 1 dot,60% black over a 4 pt. solid line, 20% black.

Rivers1 pt. 40% black line. Use dashalternating with two dots forintermittent streams

Lakes and Ponds.5 pt. 60% black outline with 35%black fill. Use dash outline forintermittent ponds.

Glaciers.5 pt. 60% black outline withgraduated fill, 25% black to white.

Otherwise, conventions follow thosefor primary leaflet maps.

Note: If black is not used, usescreens of the darkest color.

Secondary Map


DungenessNational WildlifeRefuge

A Haven for WildlifeAt Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge, the world’s longest

natural sand spit softens the rough sea waves to form a quiet bay

and harbor, sand and gravel beaches, and tideflats. In these calm

waters and tideflats rich in marine life, wildlife find food, a place

to rest, and protection from winds and pounding surf. Eelgrass

beds in the bay and harbor provide food for Pacific black brant

and a nursery for young salmon and steelhead. Tideflats teem

with migrating shorebirds in spring and fall; flocks of waterfowl

find food and rest in these protected waters during the winter.

Legend

Hiking

WildlifeObservation/Photography

SaltwaterFishing

Clamming,Crabbing

Boating(no wake zone)

Parking

Public BoatLaunch

RefugeBoundaryHorse TrailHiking Trail Boat Landing Zone

Open year-round byreservation only*

New Dungeness LighthouseNational Historic Site(5 miles from parking lot)

Boat Access Only(no wake zone)Closed Oct.1 to May 14

1 MILE1/2

Dungeness Spit

Grav

eyar

d Sp

it

0Dungeness H

arbor

BoatLandingZone*

*By reservation; call 360/457 8451

Washington

Area Enlarged

Strait of Juan de Fuca

DungenessRec. Area

Dungeness SpitDungeness NWR

LotzgesellRoad

Kitchen-Dick Rd.

To Port Angeles

To Port Townsend

SEQUIM101

Amer

ica

Rd.Vo

ice

of

Lotzgesell Rd.

MarineDrive

Lotzgesell Rd.

Dung

enes

s

Beach Use

Cays

Rd.

Cays

Rd.

DungenessRecreationArea (Clallam County)

River

Kitchen - DickRoad

Cline Spit

N

Open Year-Round

By reservation,weekdays May15 to Sept. 30,daily Oct.1 toMay 14*

Open Year-Round

Foot Access OnlyClosed Oct.1 to May 14

Closed to AllPublic Access

Sequim -DungenessWay

RestroomsHorsebackRiding*

A Place for Wildlife and PeopleDungeness National Wildlife Refuge, one of a system of

National Wildlife Refuges throughout the country, protects

critical habitat for wildlife and provides viewing opportunities

for people. To insure that wildlife continue to have a place to

rest and feed, some recreational activities are allowed only in

selected areas during certain times of the year. Portions of the

Refuge are closed to provide sanctuary for wildlife during

critical feeding, resting, and nesting times. Visit the Refuge

during different seasons to see the variety of wildlife that use

Refuge habitats.

DungenessBay

Strait o

f Juan de Fuca

Open Year-Round

0 1 2 3 4 MILES


Major headings are located at thetop of the page, with no line spacebetween heading and text. When thenext major heading appears, a newpage is begun. Subheadings arelocated in the left column.

Throughout the publication, typehangs from the 1p6 top margin.Column lengths vary according tothe length of the text within eachsection. Text follows the grid,utilizing column one for subheadsand the width of columns two andthree for the major heading and text.

Text






Major headings may also be locatedin the left column, with subheads inthe main column.

Text





U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Graphic Standards 8.5x11 Format Publications 3.1

8.5x11 Format Publications



U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Graphic Standards (7/1/01) 8.5x11 Format Publications 3.2

Grid for:Individual sheetsSaddle stitched documents

The area between the top andbottom margins of the page isdivided into twelve equal modules,each 5p2 in height. This gridprovides a flexible structure fordesigning pages with two, three,four, six or twelve horizontaldivisions, depending on theinformation to be conveyed.

The width of the page is divided into six equal columns. Text always fallsinto the three main columns. Thesmaller columns allow for placementof captions or images on the page.

Grid A

Format:8.5 x 11 inches(51p x 66p)

Top/bottom/left/right margins: 2p

Columns: 6 overall3 for text

Gutter width:1p

The image for the cover must bechosen very carefully to bleed across both the front and back cover,cropped to relate to and provide asuitable backdrop for theidentification bar and type on thefront cover and the type and seals on the back cover.

The USFWS identification bar,publication title and subtitle fallwithin the second and third columnsof the grid, with the identificationbar bleeding at the top as shown.The title begins 1 pica below the bar.Type sizes and line spacing followthose on the 4 x 8.5 formatpublication cover, as shown on thepage “Cover/Information Brochure.”


Grid A/Cover



Subtitle: CenturyExpanded Italic24/24 with p9space above




The front cover image should wraparound to the back cover. Text on theback cover follows the grid, 2p fromthe top and left edges, and occupiesthe first column only. The seals arelocated one line space below the text.Seals should be the full colorversions.

Grid A/Back Cover



U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

http://www.fws.gov


August 1997


If the front cover image does notwrap around, use a solid colorbackground on the back cover.

Text on the back cover follows thegrid, 2p from the top and left edges,and occupies the first column only.The seals are located one line spacebelow the text.

The text on the back cover may bewhite, black or a spot color. Sealsshould be the full color versions forfull color publications, or one colorversions to match the back covertext for spot color publications.

Grid A/Back Cover, No Image



U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

http://www.fws.gov


August 1997


Grid for:Perfect bound documentsWire or plastic bound documentsPages punched for insertion into ring binders



An optional 2p wide index bar,beginning at the vertical dashed lineon the grid, may bleed along theoutside edge of the page, if needed.The size and position of type withinthe index bar matches the USFWSidentification bar as shown on thepage “USFWS Identification.”

Grid B


Top/bottommargins:2p

Inside margin:6p

Outside margin:3p


Gutter width:1p

The image for the cover must bechosen very carefully to bleed across both the front and back cover,cropped to relate to and provide asuitable backdrop for theidentification bar and type on thefront cover and the type and seals on the back cover.

The USFWS identification bar,publication title and subtitle fallwithin the second and third columnsof the grid, with the identificationbar bleeding at the top as shown.The title begins 1 pica below the bar.Type sizes and line spacing followthose on the 4 x 8.5 formatpublication cover, as shown on thepage “Cover/Information Brochure.”

Back cover layout is similar to thepage “Grid A/Back Cover” exceptthe outside margin is 3 picas.


Grid B/Cover




Back cover (not shown):Univers 6710.5/11




Grid C is a variation of Grid B. The grid is useful for simplephotocopied reports where theidentification bar cannot run off theedge of the page.



Grid C


Top/bottommargins:2p

Inside margin:6p

Outside margin:3p


Gutter width:1p


The USFWS identification bar,publication title and subtitle fallacross all three columns within thegrid, with the identification bar2 picas from the top edge as shown.

The title begins 1 pica below the bar.A .5 point rule runs 1 pica from thebaseline of the last line of the title.The subtitle starts 1 pica below therule.

Back cover layout is similar to thepage “Grid A/Back Cover” exceptthe outside margin is 3 picas.

Grid C/Cover

Proposed South San Diego Bay Unit, San Diego NationalWildlife RefugeDraft Environmental Assessment and Land Protection Plan




Rule:.5 point width

Subtitle: CenturyExpanded Italic24/24

Back cover (not shown):Univers 6710.5/11


A brief opening text introduces the topic to the public. Italic typeimparts an inviting, conversationalflavor. To enhance the feeling of wideopen spaces, the text appears inwhite on a full bleed backgroundcolor appropriate to the character ofthe topic. To avoid unreadable linelength, the text should only crossfour columns. The text may occupythe right or left page, as appropriate.

For report type documents, quotesmay be used as pullouts, side bars orchapter breaks, as well as insidecovers.

This example shows the quotationscaled up to fill the page height, withline breaks at meaningful pauses.

Introduction Page


Quotation:CenturyExpanded Italic24/26 or larger forimpact


Text:CenturyExpanded10/11Two columnswide

Captions:CenturyExpanded Italic10/11One columnwide


Many believeRachel Carson’sSilent Spring, the source of thequotationsthroughout thispublication,inspired themodernenvironmentalmovement. Her book led to theestablishment of the EnvironmentalProtection Agencyand passage ofpollution-prevention lawssuch as the Clean Air Act,Clean Water Act, and “Superfund”toxic waste cleanup law.

Pollution Spurs ModernEnvironmentalMovement

Out of all the challenges to conservenatural resources and sustain a healthyenvironment, efforts to control pollutionhave virtually defined the modernenvironmental movement.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’sEnvironmental Contaminants Program is the only federal effort specificallydedicated to identifying and preventingharmful contaminant effects on fish and wildlife. The EnvironmentalContaminants Program also plays a keyrole in restoring natural resourcesdegraded by contamination.

The study of contaminant impacts to fish and wildlife is as old as the Serviceitself, dating back to the early 1900s whenthe agency conducted water qualityresearch as part of its fisheriesconservation program.

The Service’s work on contaminant issues expanded greatly in the 1940s, when researchers began to discover theadverse effects of pesticides on fish and wildlife.

In 1962, Rachel Carson, a former Serviceemployee, captured national attention with her landmark book Silent Spring,which outlined the widespread harmfuleffects of pesticides on the environment.Carson’s alarming message that theimpacts of these substances on wildlifeserve as indicators of what may ultimatelyjeopardize our own health struck a chordwith the American public.

“It was a spring without voices. On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus ofrobins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens,and scores of other bird voicesthere was now no sound;only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh.”


With a full bleed image on the rightpage, the caption appears in the lastcolumn of the left page. Text appearsin the first two columns. The whitespace between the image and thetext provides a needed breathingspace next to the large scale image.

Small images may be addedsparingly, as needed. Silhouettedshapes provide visual interest and agood foil to the large rectangularimage on the right page.

Images with Text






Especially since the 1940s and 50s,agricultural pesticides have been used tomeet the increasing demand for food froman ever-growing human population. Theuse of agricultural pesticides sky-rocketedbefore the harmful impacts of many ofthese substances were realized.

Agricultural pesticides, includinginsecticides and herbicides, can be harmful to wildlife. Perhaps the bestknown example is DDT, which nearlycaused the extinction of the bald eagle,brown pelican, peregrine falcon, and otherbirds because of its eggshell-thinningeffect.

Today, the Environmental ProtectionAgency evaluates pesticides before theyare put on the market and registers themfor certain uses. The Fish and WildlifeService supports the EPA by providingbiological analyses of the ecological0effects of pesticides as part of thisregistration process.

Farmers can decrease some of the hazards of using pesticides withoutsacrificing production or profit. There areseveral government programs to assistfarmers in using pesticides in a mannersafe to wildlife, many of which involve theService as well as the Department ofAgriculture.

Right: More thanone-third of theland in the UnitedStates is used foragriculture, andmore than twobillion pounds ofpesticides are used on these lands each year.

Below: The use of DDT in the United States wasbanned in 1972 andmany speciesimperiled from itsegg-shell thinningeffect, including thebrown pelican,have since madestrong recoveries.

Making PestControl Safe forWildlife


White space along the entire edge ofthe full page image gives it breathingroom. Other images should not buttup against a full page image andtwo-sided bleeds should be avoided.

Two smaller photos are overlappedand placed at a random angle,although their two-column-wide sizefollows the grid.

Images with Text






Right: A tankerreleased 30,000gallons of jet fueland more than300,000 gallons ofoil near TampaBay in Florida in1993. The spill,covering 300 squaremiles of water,devastated seaturtles, waterbirds,mangroves,fisheries, andoyster beds.

Left: Alaska’sSmith Island washit hard by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.Restoration effortsfor both areas haveyielded successfulrecovery, as shownin these before and after views.

In 1989, the worst oil spill in U.S. historyoccurred when the Exxon Valdez oil tankerran aground in Alaska’s Prince WilliamSound, releasing 11 million gallons ofcrude oil.

This disaster demonstrated that anemergency response program was neededto handle such incidents.

This led to passage of the Oil Pollution Actin 1990 that, like Superfund, set up a“polluter pays” mechanism covering thecost of cleanup. The U.S. Coast Guard isprimarily responsible for oil spill cleanup,with the Fish and Wildlife Serviceproviding an important support role.

The Oil Pollution Act also includes theNatural Resource Damage Assessmentand Restoration program. Like withSuperfund, the Service not only helps with oil spill cleanup, but also carries outefforts to restore resources lost ordegraded by a spill.

When a major spill occurs, Servicecontaminants specialists are on scene tohelp protect sensitive areas, conduct thecleanup, and rehabilitate affected wildlife.

Oil and WaterDon’t Mix

Before

After


Here is an instance where a lot ofimages are better than just a few,because the quantity reinforces theidea of an active and involvedorganization. The falcon imagealigns with the left edge of the textcolumn above.

Images with Text

Upper left:Contaminantspecialists alsoidentify sources of pollution instreams, wetlands,and otherimportant habitatsin order to preventharm to fisheriesand migratorybirds which dependon these areas fortheir survival.

Upper right:Contaminantspecialistsinvestigate fish andwildlife die-offs tolearn how toprevent futureharm to theenvironment.

Middle left:Caption needed forthis image.

Middle right:Contaminantspecialists recoverinjured wildlife atoil spill sites andtry to rehabilitatethem. This biologistrecovered KingEiders oiled by aspill off Alaska’sPribolof Islands inFebruary 1996.

Lower left:Caption needed forthis image.

Lower right:Caption needed forthis image.

Right:Contaminantspecialists use their expertise tohelp develop ofrecovery plans forendangered speciesimperiled due topollution, such asthe Americanperegrine falcon.

The Fish and Wildlife Service’s majorresponsibilities include the conservation of migratory birds and fisheries,management of more than 500 nationalwildlife refuges, and recovery ofendangered species. The Service’s effortsto conserve and protect fish and wildlifeare bolstered by the EnvironmentalContaminants Program.

Today, the Service’s EnvironmentalContaminants Program includescontaminant specialists stationed at fieldoffices around the country. They areinvolved in a broad range of activities,often working in partnership with otheragencies and organizations which havecome to rely on their unique expertise.

The following are just some of the important things the Service’scontaminant specialists do:

ContaminantsSpecialists: Advocates forWildlife

Identify sources of pollution in importantfish and wildlife habitats

Investigate contaminant effects on fish andwildlife and their habitat

Investigate fish and wildlife die-offs

Restore habitats and resources degradedby contamination

Provide advice on minimizing the use of pesticides

Assist with cleanup, wildlife rehabilitation,and habitat restoration at hazardous wasteand oil spill sites

Develop planned responses for potential oilspills or hazardous substance releases

Secure compensation for resources lost or degraded by hazardous waste release or spills

Review proposals for federally funded,permitted, or licensed projects withpollution ramifications to minimize theharmful effects on fish and wildlife

In all these ways and many more, Service contaminant specialistsrecommend ways to avoid, minimize, orcompensate for harmful contaminantimpacts on fish and wildlife.







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Title:Univers 6710.5/11

Text:CenturyExpanded9/10or smaller asrequired

Table 1. Village Polar Bear Harvest, Alaska 1994/1995

Village Male Female Unknown Total

Kaktovik* 1 0 0 1

Nuiqsut* 0 1 1 2

Barrow* 4 3 0 7

Atqasuk* 0 0 0 0

Wainwright* 3 2 1 6

Point Lay 1 0 0 1

Point Hope 15 2 1 18

Kivalina 1 1 0 2

Shishmaref 7 4 0 11

Wales 2 0 0 2

Nome 1 0 0 1

Diomede 7 3 0 10

Savoonga 8 2 0 10

Gambell 1 8 0 9

Total 51 26 3 80

Percent (63.7) (32.5) (3.8) (100)

*Denotes villages party to the IGC/NSB Management Agreement for the southernBeaufort Sea polar bear stock. Harvest season extends from July 1, 1994, to June 30, 1995.


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Text:CenturyExpanded9/10or smaller asrequired

1991 and 1996 Wildlife Watching Estimates

1996: $27.0 billion*

*Excludes land leasing and ownership, and other items not included in the 1991 Survey.

Participants1991: 76.1 million

1996: 62.9 million

Expenditures1991: $21.2 billion

1991 and 1996 Comparison of Expenditures

Note: 1991 Expenditures adjusted for inflation

Anglers

1991 1996

Hunters WildlifeWatchers

40

30

20

10

0


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Incidental (Small) Take During Oil and Gas ExplorationThe Act authorizes the Secretary of theInterior to allow, upon request, theincidental, but not intentional, taking ofsmall numbers of marine mammals in aspecified activity within a specifiedgeographical region if it is found that thetotal of such taking will have a negligibleimpact on the species or stock and will nothave an unmitigable adverse impact on theavailability of such species or stock forsubsistence uses. General implementingregulations in 50 CFR 18.27 provide fordevelopment of specific regulations togovern incidental take activities and forissuance of Letters of Authorization (LOA)to applicants proposing to conductactivities under the specific regulations.Regulations can be for not more than fiveconsecutive years. LOAs prescribe specificstipulations for each applicant and must berenewed annually.

On June 14, 1991, the Service issued finalregulations (at 56 FR 27463) that wouldallow for five years the incidental, but notintentional, take of small numbers ofwalruses and polar bears during openwater exploration for oil and gas in theChukchi Sea adjacent to the coast ofAlaska. LOAs were issued to ShellWestern Exploration and Production Inc.,and Chevron. No “incidental takes” ofmarine mammals were recorded inresponse to the two exploration activities.No LOAs have been issued since 1991under these regulations.

The Service issued regulations onNovember 16, 1993, (58 FR 60402),effective for 18 months from December 16,1993, through June 16, 1995, for theincidental, unintentional, take of smallnumbers of polar bears and walrusesduring oil and gas industry operations(exploration, development, andproduction) year-round in the BeaufortSea and adjacent coast of Alaska. On June14, 1995, (60 FR 31258), the Serviceextended the regulations for an additional60 days through August 15, 1995. OnAugust 17, 1995, (60 FR 42805), theService modified and extended for anadditional 40 months (through December15, 1998, for the full five-year term

authorized by the Act) the effectiveness ofthe incidental take regulations. As acondition of the extension of the final rule,the Service announced the availability ofits final Polar Bear Habitat ConservationStrategy that was prompted by provisionsof the 1993 regulations.

In 1995, nine LOAs to take Pacificwalruses and polar bears were issued forvarious oil and gas industry exploratoryactivities. One LOA was renewed foryear-round development and productionactivities in established oil fields. Inaccordance with the Act, monitoring andreporting programs have been requiredfor each LOA.

Polar BearHarvest SummaryThe Marking, Tagging, and ReportingProgram (MTRP) continued to collectinformation from polar bears taken byNative hunters in coastal villages forsubsistence purposes during the past year.The Alaska kill during the 1994/95 harvestyear totaled 80 bears comprised of 51males, 26 females, and 3 for which the sexwas unknown (Table 1). This representeda significant decrease from the 1993/94season and was similar to harvest levels inthe 1991/92 and 1992/93 seasons. Therecent harvest trend continues to be

approximately 33 percent below the long-term average. The greatest change fromthe previous year occurred in Point Hopewhere the harvest increased byapproximately 50 percent, and in Gambelland Savoonga where the harvestdecreased by approximately 50 percent.The sex ratio of polar bears of known-sexwas 64 percent males and 32 percentfemales. Sex was unrecorded for 4 percentof the harvest which occurred in all monthsexcept June. Approximately 50 percent ofthe bears were killed between January andMarch (Table 2). The harvest from theAlaska region of the southern BeaufortSea stock was 16 bears and represented 20percent of the total statewide harvest.

Harvest CharacteristicsSpecimens to evaluate genetic proof of sexand contaminants continue to be collectedas part of the harvest monitoringprogram. Additionally, the sex and agecomposition of the harvest is beingcompared to the population, sex, and agestructure for the southern Beaufort Sea.This analysis also examined the effects ofthe North Slope Borough/Inuvialuit GameCouncil Agreement of 1988, whichestablished harvest guidelines andvoluntary quotas; and encouraged huntersnot to take females with cubs, or denningfemales. A contaminant proposal to

16

Status Reports

A female polar bear with cub in Alaska. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service photo.

determine the levels of organochlorines infat tissue and heavy metals in the liver,kidney, and muscle tissue of polar bearsthroughout Alaska was completed andwork continues to set up the samplingprogram and secure additional fundingneeded to complete the project.

GeneticsTo verify the sex of harvested bears, 177muscle and tissue samples were analyzedusing genetic techniques by LGLResearch Associates, Inc. The sampleswere analyzed according to techniquesdescribed by Amstrup et al., 1993, “Sexidentification of polar bears from bloodand tissue samples.” Sex could not bedetermined for 30 samples due to tissuedegradation and subsequent desiccationwhich prevented DNA amplification, andfield sex was unknown for 8 samples. Theresulting sample of 139 bears for whichDNA and field sex data were availablewere comprised of 40 (28.8 percent) fromthe Beaufort Sea and 99 (71.2 percent)from the Chukchi Sea stocks. The sex wascorrectly identified for approximately 86percent (n=139) of the harvest. A slightbias in reporting males was detected. Thesex was reversed for 19 bears: 12 werereported as males when, in actuality, theywere females; and seven initially reportedas females were actually males. Seven ofeach sex “cancel” each other in terms ofthe overall sex composition of the harvest.Therefore, five more females were killedthan were reported. The net undereimateof females was 5/139 which equates to a 3.6percent error rate. A number of factorsappear to contribute to incorrect sexidentity of harvested polar bears.Incorrect sex was reported or recorded byhunters and the taggers (local assistantsand Service personnel). A publication onthe details of this study is in preparation.

Findings of this study reveal a need forimprovement in reporting the sex ofharvested animals. Polar bears, because oftheir low reproductive potential, relativelysmall populations, and low densities areparticularly susceptible to over-harvest.Research on the population dynamics ofthe Southern Beaufort Sea population hasdetermined that reproductively activefemales are the most important sex/ageclass. Sustainable yield estimates for theannual harvest of adult females may onlybe 1.6 percent of the population. Therefore,accurate sex identification of harvestedadult bears is critically important.Modification of the harvest data collectionprocedures is warranted and may includethe continued genetics verification of sexof all harvested animals or developmentof a requirement that a baculumaccompany all harvested males.

Contaminants StudyAlthough elevated heavy metal andorganochlorine concentrations have beendocumented in Canadian polar bearpopulations, relatively little information isavailable for populations in Alaska.Lentfer (1976) documented heavy metaland organochlorine concentrations inpolar bears, prior to major oil and gasdevelopment activities on the North

Slope. Little recent information on heavymetal and organochlorine contaminationof polar bears in Alaska has beencollected. Data are needed to assess theenvironmental impact of recent, andplanned, industrial activities.

Polar bears are ideally suited formonitoring the level and distribution ofheavy metal and organochlorine levels in

17

Table 1. Village Polar Bear Harvest, Alaska 1994/1995

Village Male Female Unknown Total

Kaktovik* 1 0 0 1

Nuiqsut* 0 1 1 2

Barrow* 4 3 0 7

Atqasuk* 0 0 0 0

Wainwright* 3 2 1 6

Point Lay 1 0 0 1

Point Hope 15 2 1 18

Kivalina 1 1 0 2

Shishmaref 7 4 0 11

Wales 2 0 0 2

Nome 1 0 0 1

Diomede 7 3 0 10

Savoonga 8 2 0 10

Gambell 1 8 0 9

Total 51 26 3 80

Percent (63.7) (32.5) (3.8) (100)


Table 2. Monthly Polar Bear Harvest, Alaska 1994/1995Month

Village Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Total

Kaktovik* – – – – – – – – – – 1 – 1

Nuiqsut* – – – – 2 – – – – – – – 2

Barrow* – 1 1 2 1 – – – – 1 1 – 7

Atqasuk* – – – – – – – – – – – – 0

Wainwright* – – – 3 – 2 – 1 – – – – 6

Point Lay – – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1

Point Hope – – – – – 1 3 6 3 2 3 – 18

Kivalina – – – – – – – 2 – – – – 2

Shishmaref – – – – 3 1 4 2 1 – – – 11

Wales – – – – – – – 1 – 1 – – 2

Nome 1 – – – – – – – – – – – 1

Diomede – – – – – 4 – 1 2 3 – – 10

Savoonga – – – – – – 5 1 4 – – – 10

Gambell – – – 1 – 1 4 2 – – 1 – 9

Total 1 1 1 6 7 9 16 16 10 7 6 – 80

Percent 1.3 1.3 1.3 7.5 8.8 11.3 20.0 20.0 12.5 8.8 7.5 0 100


Report


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Text Headings:Univers 6710.5/11





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Preliminary Report

In 1996, 77 million Americans, about 40%of the U.S. population 16 years of age andolder, enjoyed some recreational activityrelating to fish and wildlife. Expendituresby this group were $104 billion, which isabout 1.4% of the nation’s Gross DomesticProduct (GDP).

There were over 39 million people 16years old and older who fished andhunted in 1996. They spent over $72billion on expenditures, such as food andlodging, transportation, fishing andhunting equipment, special clothing,taxidermy, licenses, boating, cabins, landuse fees, and equipment rental. Of thatamount, sportsmen spent $5.5 billion ontransportation, $8.5 billion on food andlodging, and $44.2 billion on equipment.The remainder, $7.6 billion, includedlicenses and fees, magazines,membership dues and contributions, and

land leasing and ownership. On average,each sportsman spent $1,828 in 1996.

FishingFishing continues to be a favoritepastime in the United States. In 1996,18% of the U.S. population 16 years oldand older, 35 million anglers, spent anaverage of 17.7 days fishing. Freshwaterfishing was the most popular type offishing with over 29 million anglersdevoting nearly 514 million angler-days tofreshwater sources. Of that total, 2.0million anglers fished the Great Lakes.Saltwater fishing attracted 9.4 millionanglers.

Comparing results from the 1991 and the1996 FHWAR Surveys reveals the samenumber of anglers 16 years old and olderin the U.S. for both years. Freshwaterand saltwater fishing maintained their

Page 4

Over 35 million anglers spent $38.0 billionin 1996. Each angler spent an average of$1,080.

Equipment: 51%

Transportation: 10%

Food: 11%

Lodging: 5%Other Trip Costs: 15%

Licences and Fees: 1%

Other Expenditures: 7%

Fishing

Freshwater, except Great Lakes: 28.9 million anglers

Total Anglers: 35.2 million anglers

Great Lakes: 2.0 million anglers

Saltwater: 9.4 million anglers

shares of the total, with about 85% of the anglers fishing in freshwater and 25% of the anglers fishing in saltwater inboth 1991 and 1996. While the number ofanglers did not change, their fishing days and expenditures increasedsignificantly. Anglers participated 22%more days in 1996 than in 1991, and spent38% more money. Anglers spent anaverage of $775 in 1991 (in inflation-adjusted 1996 dollars) and an average of$1,080 in 1996. Expenditures for specialequipment, i.e., “big ticket” items such asboats and four wheel drive vehicles,experienced a 124% increase.

HuntingIn 1996 hunting was enjoyed by almost14 million people 16 years old and older.They spent an average of 18 dayshunting. Most hunters, 11.3 million (81%), focused their attention on biggame, such as deer and elk, spending 154million days in the field. Seven million(50%) pursued small game includingsquirrels, rabbits, quail, and pheasant on75 million days. Three million hunters(22%) spent 26 million days hunting formigratory birds, such as doves,waterfowl, and woodcock. And 1.5 million hunters (11 %) spent 25 milliondays hunting other animals includingraccoons and woodchucks.

A comparison of results from the 1991and the 1996 FHWAR Surveys finds nochange in the number of hunters 16 years old and older in the U.S. While the number of hunters remained thesame, their activity and expendituresincreased substantially. Hunters spent8% more days in the field in 1996 thanthey did in 1991, and spent 47% more forhunting expenditures. Hunters spent anaverage of $1,007 in 1991 (in inflation-adjusted 1996 dollars) and an average of$1,492 in 1996. The increase in spending is seen especially in the equipmentcategory of hunting expenditures.Equipment expenditures nearly doubled

in 1996 compared to 1991, increasing 91%. A subcategory of equipmentexpenditures, special or “big ticket” items such as pickups and trail bikes,tripled from 1991 to 1996. To put theseexpenditure comparisons in context itshould be noted 1991 was a year of aneconomic recession, increasing gas prices, and the Gulf War, while 1996experienced a strong peacetime economy with low inflation and lowunemployment.

Page 5

1991 and 1996 Fishing Estimates

1996: 624 million

1996: $38.1 billion

Anglers1991: 35.6 million

1996: 35.2 million

Days1991: 511 million

Expenditures1991: $27.6 billion

Hunting

Big Game: 11.3 million hunters

Total Hunters: 14.0 million hunters

Small Game: 6.9 million hunters

Migratory Birds: 3.0 million hunters

Other Animals: 1.5 million hunters





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Fact SheetGrid A/Front



Subtitle:CenturyExpanded Italic24/24

Text:CenturyExpanded10/11


It is believed that buffalo, or bison, crossedover a land bridge that once connected theAsian and North American continents.Through the centuries buffalo slowly movedsouthward, eventually reaching as far southas Mexico and as far east as the AtlanticCoast, extending south to Florida. But thelargest herds were found on the plains andprairies from the Rocky Mountains east tothe Mississippi River, and from Great SlaveLake in Canada to Texas.

Because the great herds were nearly gonebefore any organized attempts were made tosurvey populations, we may never know justhow many buffalo once roamed NorthAmerica, although estimates range from

30 to 75 million. “The moving multitude…darkened the whole plains,” wrote Lewis andClark, who encountered a herd at SouthDakota’s White River in 1806.

Although the buffalo’s size and color, which ranges from light to dark brown, vary in different areas of the country,experts generally agree that all Americanbuffalo belong to the same species. Thedifferences in appearance probably resultfrom the variety of environments in which they live.

Like their close relatives, domestic cattleand sheep, buffalo are cloven-hooved. Bothmales and females have a single set of

hollow, curved horns. The male buffalo,called bulls, are immense, often weighing a ton or more and standing 5 to 6 feet high at the shoulders. The huge head and greathump covered with dark brown wooly haircontrast sharply with the relatively smallhips. The females, or cows, are not asmassive. Despite their great size andbulkiness, buffalo have amazing mobility,speed, and agility, and are able to sprint atspeeds of up to 30 mph.

In the spring, buffalo begin to shed theirheavy winter coats, and soon their hairhangs in tatters. To hasten shedding andpossibly to relieve their itching skin, buffalorub against large stones and trees. By late

American BuffaloBison bison


Although estimates indicate there werebetween 30 to 75 million buffalo in NorthAmerica at one time, the great herds werereduced to less than 300 animals by 1900.Today, buffalo populations are strong onceagain, with an estimated 200,000 roamingthe plains, many at National Parks andNational Wildlife Refuges.


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Address:Univers 6710/11

spring, the only remaining long hairs are onthe head, forelegs, and hump. To escape thetorment of attacking insects, buffalo wallowin dust or sand.

With the arrival of the breeding season in mid-to late summer, the herds becomerestless. The bulls, aloof most of the year,now drift among the cows and calves.Noticeably quiet at other times, the bullsbellow hoarsely and become quarrelsome.Many fights occur over females, and thecombatants, with lowered heads, paw theearth defiantly.

Cows give birth usually every year to onetawny to buff-colored calf. Most of the calvesare born between the middle of April andend of May, but some arrive as late asOctober. At birth, the calves have only a faintsuggestion of the hump they will developlater. Buffalo begin grazing (primarily ongrasses) while still very young, althoughsome may continue to nurse until they arenearly a year old. Buffalo may live to beabout 20 years of age.

By 1800, the small buffalo herds east of theMississippi River were gone. Buffalo mayhave been killed to protect livestock andfarmlands in that region. With westwardexpansion of the American frontier,systematic reduction of the plains herdsbegan around 1830, when buffalo huntingbecame the chief industry of the plains.

Organized groups of hunters killed buffalofor hides and meat, often killing up to 250buffalo a day.

Unfortunately, many people at the time also wanted to eradicate buffalo as a way totake away the livelihood and well-being ofNative Americans. Native American tribesdepended on the buffalo’s meat and hides,and many still today believe the animal hasspecial spiritual and healing powers, makingit an important part of their culture.

The construction of the railroads across theplains further hastened the depletion ofbuffalo populations. Hunting from train windows was advertised widely and passengers shot them as the buffaloraced beside the trains. By 1883 both thenorthern and the southern herds had beendestroyed. Less than 300 wild animalsremained in the U.S. and Canada by theturn of the century out of the millions that once lived there.

Conservation of the buffalo came slowly. InMay 1894, Congress enacted a law makingbuffalo hunting in Yellowstone NationalPark illegal. Eight years later, money wasappropriated to purchase 21 buffalo fromprivate herds to build up the Yellowstoneherd. With adequate protection, this herdhas steadily increased until it numbersalmost 3,000 animals today. Hundreds ofbuffalo also inhabit the National Bison

Range in the Flathead Valley of Montana,the Wichita Mountains National WildlifeRefuge in southwest Oklahoma, the FortNiobrara National Wildlife Refuge innorthern Nebraska, the Sullys HillNational Wildlife Refuge in northwesternNorth Dakota, and Walnut Creek NationalWildlife Refuge in Central Iowa.

Many other private herds have boosted thebuffalo’s overall population over the yearsas well. While the present herds,numbering about 200,000 buffalo in all, arenot as large as the great herds that onceranged the North American continent, theyare large enough to ensure the continuedwell-being of the American buffalo forgenerations to come.

Male buffalo often weigh a ton or more andstand 5 to 6 feet high at the shoulders. Thehuge head and great hump covered withdark brown wooly hair contrast sharplywith the relatively small hips. Despite theirgreat size and bulkiness, buffalo haveamazing mobility, speed, and agility.

Usually solitary, male buffalo join femaleherds during the mating season, oftenquarreling with other males over mates.While these males are only sparring, in aserious battle the bulls’ behavior would bemore aggressive.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service1 800/344 WILDhttp://www.fws.gov

November 1997


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Subtitle:CenturyExpanded Italic24/24




What is a bull trout?Bull trout are members of the charsubgroup of the salmon family, whichalso includes the Dolly Varden, laketrout, and Arctic char. They can growto more than 20 pounds (9 kg) in lakeenvironments. Bull trout that live instreams rarely exceed 4 pounds (2 kg).

Bull trout and Dolly Varden look verysimilar, and were once considered thesame species. Both have small, paleyellow to crimson spots on a darkerbackground, which ranges from olivegreen to brown above, fading to whiteon the belly. Spawning adults developvarying amounts of red on the belly.Both species also exhibit differences insize, body characteristics, coloration,and life history behavior across theirrange.

Taxonomic work, published in 1978 andaccepted by the American FisheriesSociety in 1980, identified bull troutas distinct from the Dolly Varden.Compared to Dolly Varden, bull troutare larger on average, with a relativelylonger and broader head. Bull troutare mainly an inland species, whileDolly Varden are more common in

coastal areas. In Washington,both species are present in thePuget Sound area.

How are char different from othersalmonids?Char (genus Salvelinus) aredistinguished from trout and salmonby the absence of teeth in the roof ofthe mouth, presence of light coloredspots on a dark background (trout andsalmon have dark spots on a lighterbackground), absence of spots on thedorsal fin, small scales, and differencesin the structure of their skeleton. Charare distributed farther north than anyother group of freshwater fish exceptAlaskan blackfish, and are welladapted for life in very cold water.

What was the historic rangeof bull trout?Historically bull trout occurredthroughout the Columbia River Basin,east to western Montana, south to theJarbidge River in northern Nevada,the Klamath Basin in Oregon, theMcCloud River in California and northto Alberta, British Columbia, andpossibly southeastern Alaska. Today

bull trout are found primarily in uppertributary streams and several lake andreservoir systems; they have beeneliminated from the main stems ofmost large rivers. The main populationsremaining in the lower 48 states are inMontana, Idaho, Oregon andWashington with a small population innorthern Nevada. Bull trout are nowextinct in northern California.

What do bull trout eat?Small bull trout eat terrestrial andaquatic insects but shift to preying onother fish as they grow larger. Largebull trout are primarily fish predators.Bull trout evolved with whitefish,sculpins and other trout and use all ofthem as food sources.

What is the life cycle of a bull trout?Bull trout reach sexual maturity atbetween four and seven years of ageand are known to live as long as 12years. They spawn in the fall aftertemperatures drop below 48° F (8°C),in streams with cold, unpolluted water,clean gravel and cobble substrate, andgentle stream slopes. Many spawningareas are associated with cold watersprings or areas where stream flow isinfluenced by groundwater. Bulltrout eggs require a long incubationperiod compared to other salmonand trout (4-5 months), hatching in latewinter or early spring. Fry remainin the stream bed for up to three weeks

before emerging.Juvenile fish retain theirfondness for the streambottom and are oftenfound at or near it.

Migratory type,spawning pair

Bull Trout FactsU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(Salvelinus confluentus)Bull trout,resident (stream)type

Illustrations: K. Morris/USFWS


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Do bull trout migrate?Some bull trout may live near areaswhere they were hatched. Othersmigrate from streams to lakes,reservoirs (or, in the case of coastalpopulations, salt water) a few weeksafter emerging from the gravel.Migratory bull trout attain a greatersize than resident stream fish.However, lakes and reservoirs are notgood spawning habitat, so migratorybull trout may swim considerabledistances to spawn when habitatconditions allow. For instance, bulltrout in Montana’s Flathead Lake havebeen known to migrate up to 155 miles(250 km) to spawn. Migration isimportant to maintaining healthy bulltrout populations.

Why are they in trouble?Bull trout are vulnerable to many ofthe same threats that have reducedsalmon populations in the Snake RiverBasin. Due to their life historyrequirements, bull trout are moresensitive to increased watertemperatures, poor water quality, andlow flow conditions than many othersalmonids. Past and continuing landmanagement activities have degradedstream habitat, especially along largerriver systems and stream areas locatedin valley bottoms, to the point wherebull trout can no longer survive orreproduce successfully. In manywatersheds, remaining bull trout aresmall, resident fish isolated inheadwater streams.

Brook trout, introduced throughoutmuch of the range of bull trout, easilyhybridize with them, producing sterileoffspring. Brook trout also reproduceearlier and at a higher rate than bulltrout, so bull trout populations areoften supplanted by these non-natives.Hybridization with brown trout andlake trout is a problem in some areas.Dams and other in-stream structuresalso affect bull trout by blockingmigration routes, altering watertemperatures and killing fish as theypass through and over dams, or aretrapped in irrigation and otherdiversion structures.

What is being done to protect bull trout?Many of the actions intended to protectother declining salmonids may alsohelp bull trout. Stream and habitatprotection and restoration, reductionof siltation from roads and othererosion sites, and modification of landmanagement practices to improve

water quality and temperature are allimportant. Several state agencies haveenacted regulations reducing orprohibiting bull trout harvest. Severalstates have also drafted or haveadopted conservation plans to help bulltrout populations recover.

What more can be doneto help bull trout?Besides the measures outlined above, astrong commitment by private citizens,industry, state, Federal, and tribalgroups to change, reduce or eliminateactivities that degrade streams andrivers will be necessary to trulyrecover many species of native fish.Much bull trout habitat in mainstreamrivers and streams is privately owned,making conservation activities onprivate lands a key element torestoring aquatic habitat andrecovering native fish populations. Insome areas, reducing the potential forhybridization of bull trout with non-native fish species would enhance bulltrout survival and recovery.

Map Key

Bull Trout PopulationSegments

1 Klamath River2 Columbia River3 Coastal/Puget Sound4 Jarbidge River5 St. Mary/Belly River

Bull Trout

States andProvinces

Rivers andLakes

Present Range of Bull Trout inthe Contiguous United States

May 1998

For more information, contact:Public Affairs OfficeU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service911 NE 11th AvenuePortland, Oregon 97232-4191503/231-6121


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FaxSouthwest RegionExternal Affairs Office


300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA 01035-9589413/253 8322 Fax: 413/253 8456 www.fws.gov/~r5fws/

To:

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Pages to follow:

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Title:Univers 67 24/24




Page numbers:Univers 67 9/10

This Guide is intended to provide guidance to field

biologists wishing to analyze data collected on

terrestrial bird populations, as part of an avian

population monitoring program. A second objective

is to provide information that will help biologists

design such programs. The audience is similar to

that for the Handbook of Field Methods (Ralph et

al. 1993), the Monitoring Bird Populations by PointCounts (Ralph et al. 1995), and in many ways this

Statistical Guide to Data Analysis of AvianMonitoring Programs can be a useful complement

to the field methods handbook. At the same time,

we feel this Statistical Guide can be of use to field

biologists studying other organisms besides

terrestrial birds. In our view, all field biologists

will benefit from taking the equivalent of 2 or 3

semester courses in statistics and we assume that

readers of this guide have completed at least this

basic level in statistics.

This document is not intended to fill deficiencies in

basic knowledge of statistics, nor is it a substitute

for a good statistical text. Rather, this Guide is

intended as a supplement to these texts. Our aim is

to provide practical advice in the design and analysis

of field ecological data and to provide timely

information about current statistical computer

programs. Two good statistical texts are provided by

Neter et al. (1990) and Kleinbaum et al. (1988). Both

of these texts are “intermediate” in level; that is,

they assume the reader has had a basic,

introductory course in statistics. Other texts by

Snedecor & Cochran (1989), Sokal & Rohlf (1995)

and Zar (1996) all provide a good, general statistical

background. Intermediate level guides for

practicing ecologists are provided by Crawley (1993),

Bart and Notz (1996) and Bart et al. (1998).

Noteworthy specialized statistical ecological texts

include Ludwig & Reynolds (1988), Skalski &

Robson (1992), and Draper & Smith (1981). The last

two mentioned have many biological examples. Also

see the informative review by Lancia et al. (1996).

Computer ProgramsComputer programs for summarizing and analyzing

data with general statistical packages are available,

for many different levels, prices and target

audiences. Ellison (1992) reviewed a number of

general statistical packages, but that review is

somewhat out of date. One versatile statistical and

graphical package, available for DOS, Windows,

and UNIX platforms, is Stata (StataCorp. 1999)

(obtained from Stata Corporation, 702 University

Drive East, College Station, TX 77840). Specialized

computer software programs have been created to

assist with analysis of capture/recapture data (used

for analyses of survivorship, also population size);

these are reviewed and summarized in this and

additional specialized computer programs are

mentioned in the respective sections of this Guide.

Recommended Monitoring MethodsA wide range of methods have been used to conduct

avian monitoring, each tailored to meet a different

set of objectives in the face of different constraints.

This Guide does not address all methods that are

available, especially those that are more widely used

for research or inventory. Below is a short review of

monitoring methods available, based on Butcher

(1992) and Ralph et al. (1993). The reader is referred

to these references (and others cited below) for

additional information. Table 1 describes the

variables measured and subjectively assesses the

relative strengths and weaknesses of each method.

“Strength” and “weakness” is assessed relative to

the quality of the data gathered to meet the

objective and we have not attempted to factor in cost

per datum. Table 2 provides a list of monitoring

objectives, monitoring methods and the typical time

required by the various methods to achieve those

objectives (from Geupel & Warkentin 1995).

Descriptions of monitoring methods, their

applications and comparisons, and their limitations

can be found in Ralph and Scott (1981), Verner

(1985), Butcher (1992), Ralph et al. (1993), Buckland

et al. (1993) and Geupel & Warkentin (1995).

MethodsArea search—A method in which observers are

allowed to roam for a fixed time in a specified area,

usually 20 minutes per 3 hectare area (Loyn 1986,

Slater 1994). This technique has a wide appeal to

volunteers but standardization of data collection is

difficult.

1

I. Introduction


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viv

Tables

1. Monitoring methods used in landbird population monitoring and their characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Potential objectives of a monitoring program and typical number of years needed for a method

to achieve results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3. Example of data from point count observations conducted at three point count stations, three times

during the breeding season. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4. Calculation of diversity, similarity and evenness indices using total bird detections across sites in

burned and unburned aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands in Wyoming (from Dieni 1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5. Linear regression analysis of number of Black-headed Grosbeaks during the breeding season. . . . . . . . . 14

6. Sample output for linear regression analyses using STATA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

7. Analysis of point count data on Sacramento River: relationship of bird species richness to

Damage Index, controlling for vegetation/habitat characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8. Analysis of mist-net captures, Sacramento River 1993: relationship to Damage Index for the

six species with adequate sample size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

9. Analysis of mist-net captures, Sacramento River, 1993: relationship of HY, and proportion HY birds

caught in relation to Vegetation Damage Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

10. Evaluation and summary of available computer program software used for the analysis of animal

marking and surveying studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

11. Results of SURGE analysis of Wrentits, by territory status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

12. Summary of models in JOLLY and JOLLYAGE (Pollack et al. 1990). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

13. Power analysis for detecting differences in survivorship between two groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

14. Logistic regression analyses of Grasshopper Sparrow presence/absence in relation to habitat

features (from Holmes and Geupel 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figures

1A. Trend, log-linear, P = 0.001, Black-headed Grosbeak, Palomarin 1980-1992. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1B. Trend, linear-no transformation, P = 0.004, Black-headed Grosbeak, Palomarin 1980-1992. . . . . . . . . . . 13

2A. Normal probability plot, residuals of log-transformed data, Black-headed Grosbeak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2B. Normal probability plot, residuals of untransformed data, Black-headed Grosbeak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3. Bird species richness in relation to Vegetation Damage Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4A. Distribution of residuals: species richness vs. Vegetation Damage Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4B. Quantile-quantile plot of residuals of species richness vs. Vegetation Damage Index against

normal distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5. Probability of detecting Grasshopper Sparrows in relation to Index of Perennial Grass Cover. . . . . . . . . 40

List of Tables and Figures

v

This Statistical Guide is intended to aid field

biologists wishing to analyze data gathered in

standardized monitoring programs for landbirds. It

grew out of the needs expressed by the Western

Working Group of Partners in Flight, and we thank

the members of that group for providing the

incentive to develop this document. It is not

intended to replace good statistical texts, but to

supplement them. We encourage readers, and

especially users, of this Guide to forward their

comments, corrections, and other advice to the

senior author for incorporation into future versions

of this Guide.

This work has been a contract between Point Reyes

Bird Observatory and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife

Service. This is PRBO Contribution 679.

References to commercial products does not imply

endorsement.

AcknowledgmentsWe thank John R. Sauer, J. Scott Dieni, Ken Gerow,

Daniel R. Petit, and Jon Bart for multiple reviews of

earlier drafts; John Cornely, Barry Noon, Kathie

Purcell, C.J. Ralph, Len Thomas, and Jerry Verner

also provided helpful discussion and comments on an

earlier draft of this document. The authors, not the

above named reviewers, should be held responsible

for any errors or outlandish opinions expressed

here. We thank Jim Nichols for providing a helpful

preprint. We thank the USFWS Nongame

Coordinators: Tara Zimmerman, Bill Howe, Steve

Lewis, Diane Pence, Richard Coon, Kent Wohl,

together with Dan Petit and John Trapp, for support

and encouragement. Special thanks to all the field

biologists who took the time to assist us in doing this

document and are out there doing the work, facing

the challenges, and balancing the issues: Adrianna

Araya, Grant Ballard, Sharon Browder, Mike

Bryant, Claire Caldes, Lynn Clark, Paula Gouse,

Ron Garcia, Todd Grant, Bill Haglan, Jeanne

Hammond, Laura Hubers, Craig Hultberg, Beth

Madden, Steve Martin, Bob Murphy, Lark Osborne,

Fritz Prellwitz, Pam Rizor, Vickie Roy, Kelli Stone,

Julian Wood, Kodiak and McDougall Jones and

many more.

Preface


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Methods for Assessing AbundancePoint counts—Fixed radius point counts are the

basic method recommended for most monitoring

studies, and are most widely used (Hutto et al. 1986,

Ralph et al. 1993, Ralph et al. 1995). These can

provide a cost-effective method of estimating the

relative abundance of birds.

Line transects—Fixed-width transects can provide

coverage of a greater area than point counts, but

with fewer independent data points or replicates.

Variable distance methods—Estimating distance at

which birds are detected can be incorporated into

both point count and line transect surveys.

Standardization of distance estimation may be

difficult, as abilities to accurately estimate distances

may vary greatly between observers.

Spot-mapping—Can provide good density

information and information on many aspects of

avian life history. It is expensive per data point and

may be better applied to research projects or to high

priority areas or species.

Demographic MethodsIn general, demographic monitoring methods can be

used to identify proximal causes of population

declines and provide insight into causes of habitat

associations. They can identify population problems

prior to the detection of declines based on

abundance surveys. Ultimately, these methods can

be used to identify “source” or “sink” populations.

However, these methods require much effort per

station.

Constant effort mist-netting—Provides information

on productivity and survivorship of populations,

but is limited by area covered (which is generally

unknown) and lack of habitat specificity. However,

many species can be monitored at the same time,

without expending extra effort.

Nest monitoring—Provides site-specific and

habitat-specific information on productivity and

reproductive status. Available personnel usually

limit the number of plots that can be studied, and

studying additional species normally requires

increased effort.

Color-banding—When combined with nest

monitoring, using unique color-band combinations to

follow the fates of individuals will provide the most

complete and unbiased measures of demographic

parameters. However, it is the most intensive

method of all. It is not a method recommended for

general monitoring, but like spot-mapping, best

suited for research projects or for high priority

areas and species.

Statistical Terminology and PrinciplesThe following is a selective review of some statistical

terms relevant to a biologist conducting a

monitoring study. Our intention here is to re-

acquaint the reader with terms and principles that

may have rested dormant for many years.

Accuracy—An estimator is accurate if it produces

estimates that are, on average, close to the true

value, i.e., without bias or with a minimum of bias.

Accuracy is independent of precision (below). An

estimate can be accurate but not precise, precise but

not accurate, or both accurate and precise. The

difficulty is that often the “true” value is unknown

and therefore accuracy is difficult to judge, except

for simulated data where an investigator knows the

true values.

Bias—The difference between the average estimate

(more precisely, the expected value of the estimate)

and the true value. Bias is not the same as “error”,

rather it is one kind of error, systematic error. If an

estimate is as likely to be an overestimate as it is to

be an underestimate, the estimator in question is

unbiased, even though there will always be error

associated with an estimate. To minimize bias would,

by definition, maximize accuracy.

Precision—Precision refers to the variability of the

estimate: the smaller the variability (and thus the

smaller the standard error) of the estimate, the

greater the precision. As mentioned above, precision

is independent of accuracy. An estimate can be very

precise, but wildly inaccurate (i.e., strongly biased).

Type I and Type II errors—Rejecting the null

hypothesis when it is correct is committing a Type I

error. The probability of committing a Type I error

is symbolized α [alpha] and is the significance level

of a test of statistical inference. Accepting the null

hypothesis when it is incorrect is committing a Type

II error; the probability of making such an error is

symbolized ß [beta].

Power—The probability of detecting a biological

effect, if there is one. More precisely, power is the

probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the

null hypothesis is incorrect. Normally, the null

hypothesis is an hypothesis of no effect (i.e., no

difference). Power is equal to 1–ß. Power cannot be

calculated unless one specifies the alternative

hypothesis: one must specify the magnitude of the

effect or difference. A given test will have greater

power the greater the magnitude of the effect, and

conversely, the smaller the true difference between

groups, the less the power to detect that difference

for a given sample size. Power is discussed in

greater depth in Chapter II of this Guide.

Introduction 32 Statistical Guide to Data Analysis of Avian Monitoring Programs

Table 1. Monitoring methods used in landbird population monitoring and their characteristics. Methods are grouped under “survey” and “demographic.” Positive or high level is denoted by “+”,

negative or low level denoted by “–” and partial level denoted by “+/–“. Modified from Table 1 in Butcher

(1992). “Color banding” is assumed to include nest-searching. “Rare” species refers to species that are

locally (not just globally) rare.

Survey Demographic

Fixed Spot Area Variable Mist Nest Color Variables Measured distance map Search distance net Search banding

Index to abundance + + + + +/– +/– +

Density – + – + – – +

Survivorship (adult) – – – – + – ++

Productivity – – – – + + +

Recruitment – – – – + – +

Habitat Relations + + + + +/– + +/–

Nest Site Characteristics – – – – – + +

Predation/Parasitism – – – – – + +

Individuals Identified – – – – + – +

Breeding Status Known – + – – +/– + +

General Characteristics

Habitat specificity + + + + +/– + +

Rare species measured + +/– + +/– – +/– +/–

Canopy species measured + + + + – +/– –

Area sampled known + + + + +/– + +

Large area sampled + – + + +/– – –

Use in non-breeding season + +/– + + + – +

Table 2. Potential objectives of a monitoring program and typical number of years needed for a method toachieve results. Actual number of years depends on study design and will vary depending on sample size (e.g., number of

census stations, detection or capture rates, number of nests found). We assume that the priorities of the

monitoring program reflect local or site-specific needs (adapted from Geupel & Warkentin 1995).

Method

Single Point Repeat Area Spot Mist NestObjective Countsa Pt. Countsb Searchc mapping nettingd monitoringd

Inventory, species presence/absence 1 1 1 1 1 na

Inventory locally rare species 2-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 na

Determine species richness 2-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 na na

Determine relative abundance 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-2 3-5 na

Determine species breeding status/seasonality na 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3

Determine population trend 6-10 5-9 10+ 5-9 6-10 na

Determine productivity na na na na 1-3 1-2

Determine adult survivorship na na na 3-5e 3-5 na

Determine life history traits na na na 2-4 na 1-2

Habitat association or preference 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-3 na 1-2

Identify habitat features 4-6 3-5 3-5 2-4 na 1-2

Determine cause of pop. change na na na na 3+ 3+

a Each point count censused one time in a season.b Each point count censused 3 or more times in a season.c Each plot censused 3 or more times in a season.d Most authors/programs recommend this method in conjunction with population surveys.e Possible if birds have been uniquely color-banded.na Not applicable or not possible.

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Cover type may be white, black, orPantone 462 brown, depending onthe image. The identification barbegins at the top edge of the pageand is three columns wide. The titletype begins 6 points below the bar.

The back cover is the cover imagewrapped around from the front or asolid color. Text on the back coverfollows the grid, 1p6 from the topand left edges, and occupies the firsttwo columns only. The third columnis for the address and seals.



U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceSt.CatherineCreekNational WildlifeRefuge


CD-ROM Case Inserts

Front Cover: 4.75 x 4.75 inches(28p6 x 28p6)

Back Cover and Spine: 5.67 x 4.75 inches(34p x 28p6)

Top/bottom/left/right margins: 1p6

Columns: 3

Gutter width:0p9



Text Head andAddress:Univers 679.5/10



Graphic Standards & Digital Templates

Graphic Standards & Digital Templates Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit,

sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore

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sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore

magna aliquam erat volutpat.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service1849 C Street, NWWashington, DC 20049

www.fws.gov

Graphic Standards &

Digital Tem

plates

Front Cover

Back Cover and Spine


The layout of the CD-ROM bookletclosely follows the design guidelinesfor the 4 x 8.5 inch brochure. Thedesign treatment is very similar.This grid can also be used to layoutthe back of a single-sheet coverinsert.

For the booklet cover design, followthe front cover design as shown onthe page “CD-ROM Case Inserts.”

CD-ROM Booklet

Graphic Standards & Digital Templates Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetueradipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibheuismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magnaaliquam erat volutpat. Duis autem vel eumiriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit essemolestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiatnulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iustozzril delenit augue duis dolore tet wisi enim adminim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tationullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip exea commodo consequat.

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What’s Included

Using the Disc

Template Formats

Format: 4.75 x 4.75 inches(28p6 x 28p6)

Top/bottom/left/right margins: 1p6

Columns: 3

Gutter width:0p9

Text Head:Univers 6710.5/11



The area between the top andbottom margins of the page isdivided into seven equal modules,each 7 picas in height.

The width of the page is divided intothree equal columns. Text flows in aone column format across all threegrid columns. An optional centergutter divides the page in two equalcolumns. The column divisions allowfor placement of images and otheritems on the page.

6x9 Booklet/Grid

Format:6 x 9 inches(36p x 54p)

Top margin:2p

Bottom margin:3p

Inside margin:6p

Outside margin:3p


Gutter width:p9


The image bleeds across both thefront and back cover, cropped torelate to and provide a suitablebackdrop for the identification bar,type and seals. Type may be white orblack depending on the image.

The identification bar begins at thetop edge of the page and is threecolumns wide. The title type begins1 pica below the bar.

Text on the back cover follows thegrid, 2p from the top and 3p from theleft, and occupies the first twocolumns only. The third column isleft empty. The seals are located oneline space below the text. The backcover specifications are similar to the4 x 8.5 inch grid back cover as shownon the page “Cover/InformationBrochure.”

6x9 Booklet/Cover






Fulfilling the PromiseThe National Wildlife Refuge System


A 2 pica black bar positioned at thetop margin indicates a new section.The section title falls 1 pica belowthe bar.

Text starts in the second row of thegrid.

The page number falls within the3 pica bottom margin.

Pull quotes have a .5 point rule above the quote.

Wildlife and HabitatFirst and Foremost

Introduction

From one-ton bison to half-ounce warblers, the National Wildlife

Refuge System contains a priceless gift—the heritage of a wild

America that was, and is. If it is a bird, mammal, reptile, amphibian,

fish, insect, or plant, it is probably found in the System.

The System supports at least 700 species of birds, 220 mammals, 250

reptiles and amphibians, over 1,000 fish, and countless species of

invertebrates and plants. Nearly

260 threatened or endangered

species are found on refuges, and

it is here they often begin their

recovery or hold their own against

extinction.

The ways in which the System

nurtures this diversity of life and

the habitat on which it depends is

the very foundation of its mission.

Without healthy and diverse

habitat, there is no wildlife—

without wildlife, the mission set forth in law is not achieved and the

trust with the American people is broken.

Caring for fish, wildlife, and plant populations and their habitat is also

the essence of the science of wildlife management, and the newer and

evolving disciplines of conservation biology and ecosystem

management. Just as wildlife populations and habitat conditions have

changed dramatically in America since the turn of the century, so has

wildlife management in the System. Understanding this history is an

important first step in articulating and realizing a vision for the future.

From Preservation to ReconstructionSimple preservation was the earliest form of wildlife management. In

the System’s first years, it consisted mostly of posting boundary signs,

law enforcement, and periodic counts of wildlife. Despite the early

constraints of funding and staff, refuges were formed across the

country by Executive Orders and Acts of Congress. If the habitat could

at least be made secure at places called Wichita Mountains, National

Fulfilling the Promise 11

“Wild beasts and birds are byright not the property merelyof the people who are alivetoday, but the property ofunknown generations, whosebelongings we have no right tosquander.”

—Theodore Roosevelt

management. Fewer managers are trained to assess and protect the

psychological, symbolic, and spiritual meanings wilderness offers. The

Service needs to better use the growing body of social sciences

literature that supports a land ethic that pairs both the biological and

human dimensions and more explicitly incorporates the hard-to-define,

but nevertheless real, values of

wilderness. Wilderness Areas,

Wild and Scenic Rivers,

International Biosphere

Reserves, Research Natural

Areas, and other specially

designated lands and waters are

special parts of the System

requiring special attention.

National wilderness policy

development and planning should

address possibilities for

expanding wilderness and other

special areas within the System.

Areas that have been

recommended for wilderness but

not yet designated by Congress should be managed to preserve their

wilderness characteristics. The Service should evaluate lands added to

the System since the Service completed its wilderness reviews and

recommend suitable areas for designation. In addition, the Service

should take a fresh look at areas previously studied for suitability as

wilderness that were not recommended. For example, while the Service

determined, in 1985, that 52.7 million acres of refuge lands in Alaska

qualified for designation as wilderness, only 3.4 million acres were

recommended for such designation. On many refuges, circumstances

and management may have changed since the recommendations were

made.

Recommendation WH 4: Develop national policies and a nationalmanagement plan which address wildernessvalues on refuges, wilderness managementcapabilities, and evaluation of lands forwilderness or other special preservationdesignation.

Healthy Wildlife HabitatsLands protected through the System are in public ownership to meet

the life-long habitat needs of fish, wildlife, and plant resources. The

American public expects that refuge habitat should be protected or

enhanced in order to meet those needs for the benefit of current and

future generations.

Fulfilling the Promise 23

healthy land maintains itself.” In some ways, Research Natural Areas

or other special protection status lands of the System provide these

same biological values.

But wilderness embodies values that transcend the biophysical.

Wilderness is a way of perceiving and valuing; it is as much about a

relationship with the land as a condition of it. It provides recreation,

although the term surely fails to capture the nature of the experience—

the sense of connection visitors find with these primal forces in which

their ancestors were surrounded and thus shaped, the adventure, and

the feelings of renewal, inspiration, and awe. Central to the experience

and awareness of wilderness is humility, with its corollary, restraint;

restraint in what is appropriate for visitors to do, as well as managers.

Restraint is the reason for the “minimum tool” rule, limiting use of our

mechanisms to that which is necessary, and necessary not only to

manage these areas, but to manage them as wilderness.

Beyond its tangible resources and experiential opportunities,

wilderness is a symbolic landscape. It encompasses values and benefits

that extend beyond its boundaries, to the millions of Americans who

will never visit, but find satisfaction in just knowing these vestiges still

exist. Wilderness areas are valued as remnants of our American

cultural heritage as well as our universal evolutionary heritage,

symbolically enshrining national as well as natural values. Wilderness

protection serves as the most

visible symbol of our generation’s

willingness to pass on some

natural treasures as we found

them. It is the finest example,

perhaps, of our sense of

stewardship of the System.

To meet its long-term stewardship

responsibilities, the Service needs

to elevate the stature of its 20

million acres of wilderness, both

internally and externally. The

Service needs to increase its role

in the interagency wilderness management community. It needs to

expand its commitment to effective management through interaction

with other agency managers, partners, and researchers. The Service

needs to acknowledge wilderness as a unique resource, the

management of which is a specialized discipline.

Internally, the Service needs to enhance understanding of the full

spectrum of wilderness values and the means by which they can be

protected and made available to the public. Training is needed because

many managers have difficulty incorporating even the physical

standards of wilderness into the traditional paradigms of refuge

22 Wildlife and Habitat

“It is easy to specify theindividual objects in thesegrand scenes; but it is notpossible to give an adequateidea of the higher feelings ofwonder, astonishment anddevotion, which fill andelevate the mind.”

—Charles Darwin

Joh

n &

Kare

n H

oll

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swort

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6x9 Booklet/Text


Section title:Univers 67 22/24

Section subtitle:CenturyExpanded Italic 18/18 with p6 space aboveand 1p after

Headings:CenturyExpanded Italic 14/14 with 1p6 space aboveand p10 after

Text headings:Univers 6711/12

Text:CenturyExpanded10.5/12

Page numbers:Univers 67 8.5/10

Footers:CenturyExpanded Italic8/10

Pull quotes:CenturyExpanded Italic12/14

Pull quoteattributions:CenturyExpanded 9/10 with p4space above


Large PrintPublications

The main focus of large printpublications is readability.Readability of printed material may be defined in terms of thosecharacteristics that determinespeed, accuracy and ease with whichit may be read. Care must be takento avoid a layout that impairs thereadability of the document.

The large print format uses Grid C.The width of the page is divided into six equal columns.

The USFWS identification bar,publication title and subtitle fallacross all three columns within thegrid, with the identification bar2 picas from the top edge as shown.The title begins 1 pica below the bar.

The text “Large Print Version” fallsin the fourth row of the grid.

Prime HookNational Wildlife Refuge


Large Print Version

Delmarva Fox squirrelU

SF

WS




Large printidentifier:Univers 6715.5/18





Text falls across the two right maincolumns and Subheadings fall in theleft main column.

Photos are treated as secondary tothe text. Do not run text aroundphotos. This decreases the columnwidth and impairs readability.





The Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge was

established in 1963 primarily to preserve coastal

wetlands as wintering and breeding habitat for

migratory waterfowl. It is located on the west

shore of Delaware Bay, approximately 22 miles

southeast of Dover, the State capital, and 64 miles

southeast of Wilmington, Delaware.

The refuge consists of over 9,700 acres,

approximately 7,400 acres of which are fresh

marsh, tidal marsh, and open water. Other habitats

include approximately 1,000 acres of timber and

brush and 1,300 acres of grasslands and croplands.

Water levels on more than 4,200 acres of marsh are

raised or lowered at different times of the year

through a system of low dikes and water control

structures. This management stimulates the

growth of emergent aquatic plant species for

wildlife use. Management of the water level is

important for restoring and maintaining suitable

resting and feeding habitat for migratory

wintering waterfowl and shorebirds. The refuge

provides nesting habitat for wood ducks, black

ducks, and other species. Overall refuge

management is directed toward providing a variety

of habitat types for maximum wildlife diversity.

Upland fields are managed under an agreement

with local farmers who plant supplemental food for

waterfowl and other wildlife.

Prime Hook manages the forested lands as habitat

for the Delmarva Peninsula Fox Squirrel which

was reintroduced to the refuge in l986. The

management of this endangered species includes

monitoring the squirrel boxes, and capturing,

tagging and releasing the squirrels to get an index

of their population.

2

Welcome

Management

The varied marsh habitat of the Prime Hook

National Wildlife Refuge provides homes for

numerous species of birds, mammals, fish, reptiles,

amphibians and invertebrates.

Spectacular concentrations of migrating waterfowl

can be observed during certain periods in the

spring and fall. Shorebirds can be observed in the

spring eating invertebrates in the wetland areas,

and horseshoe crab eggs along the Delaware Bay

beaches.

Migrations through the refuge provide an excellent

opportunity for nature study. Fall concentrations of

Canada geese, snow geese, black ducks, mallards,

pintails, teal, and wood ducks are of particular

interest. Many waterfowl winter on the refuge.

A variety of wading birds, shorebirds, terns,

and songbirds provide additional interesting

observations. May is the best time for viewing

shorebirds and warblers. Several species of

waterfowl and other waterbirds commonly nest

in the marshes.

Wildlife Calendar

3

Wood ducks

US

FW

S



Text on the back cover follows thegrid and occupies the first twocolumns. The seals are located oneline space below the text.

Seals should be black and whiteversions, and are slightly enlargedfrom the normal size. TheDepartment seal is 5 picas square.The Service seal is sized to 5 picastall, and spaced 6 points from theDepartment seal.

Tidal waterways and Turkle and Fleetwood Ponds

are open to sportfishing in accordance with State

and Federal regulations. Largemouth bass,

pickerel, white perch and crappies are most sought

after and abundant. Favorite fishing sites are

Prime Hook Creek, Turkle Pond, and Fleetwood

Pond. Boats using Turkle and Fleetwood Ponds

may only be propelled manually or with electric

motors. Also, Petersfield Ditch and Slaughter

Canal are popular sites for crabbing and fishing

where no boat is required.

Canoe enthusiasts have over 15 miles of streams

and ditches to enjoy. Favorite routes are along

Prime Hook Creek and Petersfield Ditch. Boating

is permitted in tidal waters and Turkle and

Fleetwood Ponds in accordance with State and

Federal regulations. Several boat launching ramps

are available to provide convenient access. These

are delineated on maps available at headquarters.

Fishing

5

Canoeing and Boating

Canoeing at Prime Hook

Mari

an

Poh

lman

Prime Hook National Wildlife RefugeRD 3, Box 195Milton, DE 19968302/684-8419302/684-8504 FaxEmail: [email protected]

Hearing impaired visitors may call the Delaware Relay Service at 800/232-5460 TDD 800/232-5470 voice.

U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service1 800/344 WILDhttp://www.fws.gov

January 2000







The grid for this 9 x 12 inch cover isa variation on Grid A for 8.5 x 11 inchpublications. The area between thetop and bottom margins of the pageis divided into twelve equal modules.This format can be adjusted asnecessary to fit as a binder cover slip sheet.

The Identification Bar is 33 picaswide across the last two textcolumns. The type follows the Grid A specifications.

If a single image is not possible, the use of four images in this squaregrid pattern is recommended. Each image is the width of one main column. Here, the images are16 picas wide and 16 picas tall. There is a 1 pica gutter betweenimages.

Folder or Binder Cover




Gutter width:1p





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