INTRO

APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL GASNatural gas Production, Transmission & Distribution System

Gas Chain

TYPES OF NATURAL GAS PIPELINES Flow lines Purpose: Flow lines connect to a single wellhead in a producing field. Flow lines move natural gas from the wellhead to nearby storage tanks, transmission compressor stations, or processing plant booster stations. Description: Flow lines are relatively narrow pipes that carry unodorized raw gas at a pressure of approximately 250 psi (pounds per square inch). Typically, flowlines are buried four feet undergroundSpecial considerations: Flow lines can corrode, especially if they are carrying wet gas. Flow lines are also prone to methane leakage. According to the EPA, "Methane leakage from flow lines is one of the largest sources of emissions in the gas industry."

GATHERING LINESPurpose: Gathering lines collect gas from multiple flow lines and move it to centralized points, such as processing facilities, tanks, or marine docks. Description: Gathering lines are medium size steel pipes (usually under 18" diameter) that carry unodorized, raw gas at a pressure of approximately 715 psi. Typically, gathering lines are buried four feet underground. Special considerations: Gathering lines carry corrosive content that can affect pipeline integrity within a few yearsTransmission Pipelines Purpose: Transmission pipelines carry natural gas across long distances and occasionally across interstate boundaries, usually to and from compressors or to a distribution center or storage facility. Description: Transmission lines are large steel pipes (usually 2" to 42" in diameter; most often more than 10" diameter) that are federally regulated. They carry unodorized gas at a pressure of approximately 200 to 1,200 psi. Special considerations: Transmission pipelines can fail due to: seam failures, corrosion, materials failure, or defective welding

DISTRIBUTION LINESPurpose: Distribution pipelines, also known as "mains," are the middle step between high pressure transmission lines and low pressure service lines. Distribution pipelines operate at an intermediate pressure. Description: Distribution pipelines are small to medium sized pipes (2" to 24" in diameter) that are federally regulated and carry odorized gas at varying pressure levels, from as little as 0.3 up to 200 psi. Distribution pipelines typically operate below their carrying capacity. Distribution pipelines are made from a variety of materials, including steel, cast iron, plastic, and occasionally copperService Pipelines Purpose: Service pipelines connect to a meter that delivers natural gas to individual customers. Description: Service pipelines are narrow pipes (usually less than 2" diameter) that carry odorized gas at low pressures, such as 6 psi. Service pipelines are typically made from plastic, steel, or copper

HVJ Pipeline

Usage as Energy Source

Uses of Gas

Usage of GasResidential Uses:Heating CookingCooling.( Natural Gas powered AC)Distributed Generation

Residential Uses

Natural Gas AppliancesSpace heatersCloth DryersFire Places Barbeques AdvantagesSafe , Economical, Efficient.Commercial Applications.

Commercial UsesSpace HeatingWater heatingCoolingFood Service industryOn site GeneratorsCHP & CCHPFuel Cells.

Industrial ApplicationBase In gradient. ( Plastic, fertilizer, Antifreeze,Fiber)As a energy source LightingWaste TreatmentFeedstock for Methanol, Ethane, Butane.Industrial CHPDirect water heaters.

Electric GenerationSteam Generation UnitGas Turbine UnitCombined Cycle UnitDistributed Generation UnitMicro turbines

Ref: Naturalgas.org

Transportation SectorNGVEnvironmental StandardsCNG