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Use of Emulsified Pure Oils for Control of Insects and Diseases of Cacti and
Succulents
Jerald E. Wheeler
Plant PathologistTucson, Arizona
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World’s First Oil Well
Year: 1859
Titusville, Pennsylvania
•Valued for high quality lamp oil
•Oil provided better light for reading than candles
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Petroleum Oil Medical Use
“Squibb Mineral Oil”
“intestinal lubricant”
“Odorless-Tasteless-Crystal Clear”
“DOSE: 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls at bedtime”
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Petroleum Oils Uses
Natural Gas C1-C4
Straight Run GasolineKerosene C11-C14
Heating Oil C14-C25
Lubrication oil (branched, side chains)Waxes (little branching or side chains)
Pesticidal Oil C20-C25 (C23)
Asphalt
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Petroleum Oil Chemistry
Hydrocarbons = chains of carbon & hydrogen
Straight and branched hydrocarbons
Saturated-only single bonds Unsaturated-double and triple bonds
Ring molecules: saturated and unsaturated Aromatics: Ring structures with double bonds
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Highly Refined Petroleum Oils
White Oils
Food Grade Oils
Baby Oils
Medicinal Oils
Pesticides
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Many Names for Petroleum Oils
Agricultural OilHorticultural Oil
Crop Oil Banana OilMineral Oil
Dormant Oil Citrus OilSpray Oil
Petroleum Spray OilsSummer Oils
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Many Vegetable Oils
Oils from Major Crops
Soybean Corn
Cottonseed Canola
Citrus OilConfusing!
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Essential Oils (Fragrance/Taste)
Mouthwash, Toothpaste (Antiseptic/Flavor) Oil of Wintergreen (methyl salicylate) Thyme (extract = thymol) Eucalyptol (Eucalyptus globulus) Peppermint
Others Clove (extract = eugenol) Cedar wood Oregano Lavender
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Pesticidal Activity
Petroleum oils generally provide better control of insects, mites
and plant diseases than oil derived today from plants.
Petroleum oils are from ancient remains zooplankton and algae.
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Petroleum Oils: Characteristics
•Lighter than water
•Will not mix with water without emulsifier (polar vs. non-polar)
•Emulsifier-a molecule with one end that loves water and the other end loves oil
•Emulsifiers: 1-3% by weight
•Emulsifiers facilitate uniform applications
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Petroleum Oil Chemistry
Toxicity to Plants = Phytotoxicity
Reduction of phytotoxicity is a result of reactions of double and triple bonds with oxygen.
Purification is removal of double and triple bonds.
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Environmental Fate
Petroleum oils as well as other plant oils are degraded by soil-borne
bacteria.
Example: Bacteria in the genus Pseudomonas
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Uses of Emulsified Petroleum Oils
1.Insect and Mite Control
2. Disease Control (black & yellow Sigatoka, greasy spot, powdery mildews, foliar fungal pathogens etc.
3. Inhibition of virus transmission by insect vectors
4. As an adjuvant: improve pesticide efficacy.
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Emulsified Petroleum Oils Uses
Large Markets Worldwide
Dormant Oil Sprays for Insect Control
almonds, apricots, apples, cherries, peaches, pears plums, pecans,
walnutsetc.
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Emulsified Petroleum Oils Uses
Large Markets Worldwide
Bananas/Pineapples
• Control of foliar black sigatoka in bananas
~ 30% of cost of banana production
• Insect control in pineapples
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Emulsified Petroleum Oils Uses
Large Markets Worldwide
Citrus
Control of insects, mites and a foliar disease called greasy spot.
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Emulsified Petroleum Oils Uses
“Large Markets” Worldwide???
Cacti and Succulents
Control of insects, mites and diseases.
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Petroleum Oil Basics
•Purity or Unsulfonated Residue %
•Mid-Boiling Point (Av. Molecular Size)
•Paraffinic and Naphthenic Content
•Range = Refinement (narrow vs. broad)
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Petroleum Oil Purity
Purity or Unsulfonated Residue %
Purity is about removing double and triple bonds.
Yellow Clear
High Purity > 99.5%
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Mid-Boiling Point
Temperatures at 10 mm Hg vacuum Often stated as oil weight: light vs. heavy
Related as Fahrenheit (+ or – 8 0F)
Market: 415, 435*, 440*, 455*, 470 0F * most common
Carbons: 19-24
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Mid-Boiling Point Too light = poor pesticidal activity
Too heavy = phytotoxicity?
Some studies show that pure heavier oils are more effective.
Heavier oils are not on market.
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Paraffinic versus Naphthenic
Paraffinic-chains and branched chains
Naphthenic-ring structures
Paraffinic content---60% plus
More pesticidal activity
Less phytotoxicity
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Oil Range
Range is difference in degrees F between the 10% distillation point and 90% distillation point.
Wider ranges indicates less uniformity.
Narrow range oils are considered to have less then 80 degrees F between the 10% and 90% distillation points.
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Oil Range
Much of the oil research is old and not done with highly purified oils.
Range is of less significance if the oil is highly purified.
Highly purified = 99.5% purity or greater.
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Oil Labels
•May not provide:
Purity (Unsulfonated Residue) Mid-boiling Point Paraffinic Content Range
The % petroleum oil, %paraffinic oil & % petroleum distillates are not helpful.
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Emulsified Petroleum Oils Uses
1.Insect and Mite Control
2. Disease Control (black & yellow Sigatoka, greasy spot, powdery mildews, foliar fungal pathogens etc.
3. Inhibition of virus transmission by insect vectors
4. As an adjuvant: improve pesticide efficacy.
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Actions of Emulsified Petroleum Oils Sprays
• Contact (insects, mites and fungi)• Suffocation • Soluble in tissues• Inhibits biological processes• Reduces recognition of host • Gums up mouth parts (insects and mites)• Film reduces mobility • Repellent• Coats eggs• Stops or reduces feeding
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Action of Emulsified Petroleum Oils Sprays
• Modify insect and mite behavior
A) Less recognition e.g. whiteflies B) Decrease in attack e.g. leaf miners
• Repellent to some pest, e.g. whiteflies
• Kill eggs
• Reduce population growth: less eggs laid
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Emulsified Oil Uses for Cacti and Succulents Problem Control _Powdery Mildew YesCochineal Scale & Other Scales YesMealy Bugs YesSpider Mites YesWhite flies YesWestern Flower Thrips SuppressionSlugs & Snails NoLeaf Cutter Bees NoSciarid Flies MaybeCaterpillars eggs SomeWeevils No
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Repellency on adult whitefly colonization of chrysanthemum as measured by
residual activity of mineral oil
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
water oil water oil water oil
_ 0 Days 3 days 11 days
A
d
u
l
t
s
Water Oil Water Oil Water Oil
166.8 0.8 110.2 2.2 130.6 4.8
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Repellent effect of mineral oil on adult whitefly colonization and oviposition of
chrysanthemum
Number of Adults/Eggs
Insect Water 1% Oil 2% OilAdults 488.6 32.8 27.6
Eggs 162 0.6 0.2
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Repellent activity of mineral oil on two spotted spider mite colonization*
Treatment Eggs MitesWater 72.2 27.8
2% Oil 9.4 2.6
*Mites were given a choice between water treated and
mineral oil treated leaves on the same plant.
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Emulsified Petroleum Oils Uses
Control of Foliar Fungal Pathogens
Alone and with Fungicides
Powdery mildewsDowny mildews
RustsBotrytis
Cercospora
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Emulsified Petroleum Oils Uses
Control of Insect Transmission of Plant Viruses
Principal Insects: Whiteflies, Aphids, Psyllids
Cucurbit virusesOkra viruses
Tomato virusesEtc.
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Emulsified Petroleum OilsModes of Action
Suffocation or oxygen deprivation of insects and fungi
Prevent virus transmission by filling mouth parts of insects
Reduce attachment of fungal spores to plant surfaces
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Emulsified Petroleum Oils
No known disease or insect resistance because of the mode of
action.
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Mode of Action on Plant Feeding Insects Mode of Action on Plant Feeding Insects
Insects Typically Controlled/Suppressed :
Aphid, Mites (including Pacific, Willamette, European Red, Twospotted,) Mealybug, Scale, Leafhopper, Thrips, Whitefly,
As An Insecticide —• Two Modes of Action
• Suffocation• Behavior Modification
JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil — The Premiere White Oils Giving Growers A ClearClear Choice
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TECHNICAL WHITE PARAFFINIC OIL
Technical Paraffinic Oil is a food grade white mineral oil, which is a non-restricted item. Contains paraffin additives.Not for use as a lubricant.Flashpoint is above 345 degrees F.
4423 5th PL SW PH: 772-562-8770Vero Beach, FL 32968 FAX: 772-562-7202
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JMS Stylet Oil
•Most common rate: 1% volume to volume
•Rate range 0.5-3% v/v
•Read label!
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JMS Stylet Oil
•30 years of research and use
•Organic Registration
•OMRI Certified
•Available at CPS, Tucson
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Application DangerPhytoxicity
• Oil is dirty-contains double and triple bonds. Need high UR value
•Applied when too hot, not over 90oF
•Wrong rate: not over 1.5% V/V in AZ
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Thank you
Questions
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Effect of mineral oil on feeding and oviposition on leaf miner (Liriomyza trifloii) on chrysanthemums under
choice conditions*
Treatment Feeding Punctures Eggs LaidWater 946.8 22.64
2% Oil 1.4 0.04
4% Oil 0.8 0.02
*Leafminers were given a choice to choose between water
treated and mineral oil treated leaves.
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Purity or Unsulfonated Residue
Purity: Less Phytotoxic Molecules
• Aromatics: rings with double bonded • Linear molecules with double/triple bonds
•Unsaturated molecules = phytotoxicity
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Purity or Unsulfonated Residue
Molecules: Aromatics Double & triple bonds
Not been shown to increase insect, mite of disease control.
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Purity or Unsulfonated Residue
Measurement of aromatics and double/triple bonded molecules:
Sulfuric acid added to oil or solvent- treated oil
Residue = sulfonated portion
Unsulfonated residue % = UR %
UR % = pure single bonded oil molecules
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High Purity or Unsulfonated Residue
1. Severe Hydrocracking High temp. and pressure – appropriate
molecular length
2. Hydroisomeration
Changes straight chains to branched
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High Purity or Unsulfonated Residue
3. Deep Hydrogenation
Changes double and triple bonds to single bonds-saturation
4. Final refining
Produces fractions used in sprays
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Mid-Boiling Point
Mid-boiling point = 50% distillation point
Temperature at which 50% of the oil distills.
Reflects: molecular size composition
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Mid-Boiling Point
Often stated as oil weight: light vs. heavy
Related as Fahrenheit (+ or – 8 0F)
Market: 415, 435*, 440*, 455*, 470 0F * most common
Carbons: 19-24
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Paraffinic Oil
Saturated molecules-no double bonds
Strait chains
Branched chains (iso-paraffinic)
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Research
Higher paraffinic oils = less phytotoxicity
Minimum paraffinic content = 60%
Questions:
What is the activity of paraffinic and naphthenic portions against certain insects and fungal pathogens?
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Paraffinic vs. Naphthenic Oil
Paraffinic – less phytotoxicity
Naphthenic – More phytotoxicity
Both showed equal control of insects in early trials.
Paraffinic: 60% or greater best
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Distillation Range
Temperature required to distill 10%
Temperature required to distill 90%
The range is the difference in temperature between these 2 points.
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Distillation Range
Narrow Range Oils
Molecular composition more uniform
More consistent results
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Distillation Range
Wide Range Oils
Molecular composition less uniform
Less consistent results
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Distillation Range
Narrow Range Oil
10% distillation temperature: 412 0F
90% distillation temperature: 467 0F
Difference = 55 0F
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Distillation Range
Wider Range Oil
10% distillation temperature: 433 0F
90% distillation temperature: 518 0F
Difference = 85 0F
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Distillation Range
Range less than 850F have shown consistent results.
Range appears less important for highly pure oils.
Today, most agricultural oils are more refined and have narrow ranges.
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Best Oil
•Purity 100% (Normal 99% +)
•No double bonds, saturated
• Paraffinic = or > 60%
• Narrow Range
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Other Measurements
1.Cp - % carbons atoms in paraffinic structure
Paraffinic structure appears less important for highly purified oils.
2. API gravity: Higher = more paraffinic
Typical narrow range oils have an API gravity between 31-37
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Other Measurements
3. Molecular weight
Directly related to distillation range
4. Pour point
Related to wax content
Not an issue in warm weather
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Vegetable Oils
Many tested and some have good activity against certain insects and mites.
Generally not as effective as the highly purified petroleum oils.
Not very effective against diseases or to reduce virus transmission by vectors.
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JMS Stylet Oil
Proven
Over 30 years of research and use.
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JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil —
• Technical Grade White Oil (Similar to Johnson’s Baby Oil)
• Exceeds standards set by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration for “Food Grade Quality” white oil (b&c)
• Is colorless, tasteless and odorless
• Has the highest purity level (UR = 99.1%) of any oil sprayed on food crops
• Impurities are leading cause of phytotoxicity
• Zero percent aromatic content
Product SummaryProduct Summary
JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil — The Premiere White Oils Giving Growers A ClearClear Choice
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JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil —
• CAUTION
• 4 hour REI
• pH neutral: Non-ionic material
• Exempt from tolerance requirements
• PPE: Long sleeved shirts & Long pants; Shoes plus socks; Chemical resistant gloves
Product SummaryProduct Summary
JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil — The Premiere White Oils Giving Growers A ClearClear Choice
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Mode of Action on Powdery Mildew
• Eradicant — kills powdery mildew on contact ~ “3 seconds”; On a scale from 1 to 10, rated a “10” as an eradicant versus a “4” for wettable sulfur ~ Dr. Doug Gubler, Plant Pathologist, UC Davis
Very few true eradicants on powdery mildew — JMS Stylet-Oil is ~ Dr. Wayne Wilcox NYSAES, Cornell University
• Protectant — sprayed plant surfaces protected from powdery mildew development for 10 to 14 days
• Antisporulant Activity — Prevents sporulation of mildew and thus disease spread
Mode of Action on Botrytis — Preventative activity
JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil — The Premiere White Oils Giving Growers A ClearClear Choice
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Effective on—
• Fungal Diseases — Powdery mildew, Rust, Botrytis, White mold
• Insects — Aphid, Coddling moth, Leafhopper, Leafminer, Leafroller, Mealybug, Psylla, Scale, Thrip, Whitefly
• Mites — Two-Spotted, European Red Mite; Pacific; Willamete
• Aphid-Transmitted Plant Viruses — Cucumber Mosaic, Tobacco Etch, Pepper Mottle, Watermelon Mosaic Virus II, Papaya Ringspot Virus, Potato Virus Y, Potato Leafroll
JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil—JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil—
JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil — The Premiere White Oils Giving Growers A ClearClear Choice
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Thank you!
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Efficacy of Various Rates of Stylet-Oil for Control of Powdery Mildew on Greenhouse Tomato, Ray Cerkauskas, Ag & Ag-Food
Canada, Harrow, Ontario Canada
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
% Powder Mildew Control
1% Stylet-Oil
1.3% Stylet-Oil
2% Stylet-Oil
Check
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Efficacy of Various Rates of Stylet-Oil for Control of Powdery Mildew on Greenhouse Pepper, Ray Cerkauskas, Ag & Ag-Food
Canada, Harrow, Ontario Canada
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% Powdery Mildew Control
1% Stylet-Oil
1.5% Stylet-Oil
Control
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Did You Say Kills Plant Feeding Insects But Soft on Beneficials?
Did You Say Kills Plant Feeding Insects But Soft on Beneficials?
Population of Beneficials not Impacted When Spraying
Beneficials do not have Sensillae —• Rely on Eyes, Pinchers and legs to catch
prey
JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil — The Premiere White Oils Giving Growers A ClearClear Choice
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Behavior Modification:
Plant feeding Insects Have to Determine What is a Host Planta) Chemotactile Responseb) Keys insects to feed and lay eggs
Organic JMS Stylet-Oil:
1) Interferes With Insects Ability to Recognize Host Plants by Plugging Sensillae
2) Feeding and Egg Laying Activity Impacted
JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil — The Premiere White Oils Giving Growers A ClearClear Choice
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Mode of Action on Powdery Mildew
• Eradicant — kills powdery mildew on contact ~ “3 seconds”; On a scale from 1 to 10, rated a “10” as an eradicant versus a “4” for wettable sulfur ~ Dr. Doug Gubler, Plant Pathologist, UC Davis
Very few true eradicants on powdery mildew — JMS Stylet-Oil is ~ Dr. Wayne Wilcox NYSAES, Cornell University
• Protectant — sprayed plant surfaces protected from powdery mildew development for 10 to 14 days
• Antisporulant Activity — Prevents sporulation of mildew and thus disease spread
Mode of Action on Botrytis — Preventative activity
JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil — The Premiere White Oils Giving Growers A ClearClear Choice