Use of Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS) for ...

Use of Dried Distiller Grainswith Solubles (DDGS) for feedingCommon Carp under Vietnamcommercial condition

Effect of feeding DriedDistiller Grains with Solubles(DDGS) on fillet color ofVietnamese Catfish (Tra)

Use of Dried Distiller Grainswith Solubles (DDGS) for feedingRed Tilapia under Vietnamcondition

Developing Markets, Enabling Trade and Improving Lives

VO PHU DUC | NGUYEN THI KIM PHUONG | PHAM THI PHUONG TIENTRAN TRONG CHIEN | BUDI TANGENDJAJA

NGUYEN TAT HAO | TRAN TRONG CHIEN | BUDI TANGENDJAJA

LE HUNG VY | TRAN TRONG CHIEN | BUDI TANGENDJAJA

Effect of feeding DriedDistiller Grains with

Solubles (DDGS) on filletcolor of Vietnamese

Catfish (Tra)

is that it does not contain anti-nutritional factors foundin other protein sources such as soybean meal (trypsininhibitors - Wilson and Poe, 1985; Shiau et al., 1987) orcottonseed meal (gossypol - Jauncey and Ross, 1982;Robinson, 1991). Tidwell et al. (1990) conducted anexperiment over an 11-week period where channelcatfish fingerlings were fed diets containing 0, 10, 20and 40% distiller’s grains with solubles, replacing someof the corn and soybean meal. After the 11-weekfeeding period, there were no significant differences inindividual fish weight, percentage survival, feedconversion or protein efficiency ratio among dietarytreatments.

In a study conducted by Webster et al. (1993), cagereared juvenile catfish were fed diets containing 0, 10,20 or 30% DDGS to partially replace corn and soybeanmeal in the diet. There were no differences in individualfish weights, survival, feed conversion, carcasscomposition, carcass waste (head, skin, viscera) andorganoleptic properties of the filets among dietarytreatments. Results from this study suggest that up to30% DDGS can be added to channel catfish diets withno negative effects on growth performance, carcasscomposition or flavor qualities of the filets. Therefore,DDGS is considered an acceptable ingredient in dietsfor channel catfish (Tidwell et al., 1990; Webster et al.,1991).

In order to promote the DDGS for feeding catfish,technical information on feeding value of DDGSproduced in USA should be available to consumers. It isexpected that such type of information can begenerated locally under SEA condition.

DDGS has been introduced to many fish companies inVietnam that produce feed for own use and DDGS hasbeen considered a newly potential ingredient for catfishfeed, considering the nutritive value and relative cost toother existing ingredients. However several catfishcompanies put a concern that feeding DDGS to catfishmay result to discolorization of catfish meat asxanthophylls from DDGS might be transferred to thecatfish meat. Very little information is currently availableon the effect of feeding DDGS to fish and its effect tomeat quality. Purpose of this trial was to evaluate ofDDGS for feeding Vietnam catfish on the growthperformance and its effect to meat color.

Executive SummaryFeeding trial on catfish (Tra) has been conducted in VinhHoan Feedmill Co., Vietnam to measure the fillet colorwith an inclusion of Dried Distiller Grain Solubles in thefeed. Dried distillers Grains with Solubles is co productof ethanol industry made from US corn. DDGS isconsidered potential ingredient for feeding fish due toeconomic and nutritional value. A feeding trial of DDGShas been conducted to Vietnam catfish (Tra) raised inpolyethylene tank. DDGS was included at 15% in an isoprotein and caloric diet in floating form. The dietarytreatments were fed to 150 fish at size around 60g for3 months and replicated 6 times. DDGS diet was readilyconsumed by catfish and there is no significant effectto growth and mortality of the fish, although numericallythere was a slight improvement on growth rate and lessmortality when catfish fed DDGS. Feeding DDGS at15% improved feed conversion ration from 3.01 incontrol diet to 1.95 in the DDGS diet. Result ofmeasurement of fish fillet color using Hunter systemindicated that there is no difference on L and b value ofthe fillet between the dietary treatments. It isconcluded that feeding DDGS at 15% to Vietnamesecatfish did not affect color of fillet.

IntroductionCatfish Tra is one of major fish grown in Vietnam and isconsidered popular species for human consumption. Itis grown in a pond water or cage system in reservoir.Catfish Tra is cultured until market size in the range of1000g. Catfish Tra feed is made of several ingredientssuch as soybean meal, wheat by products, fish meal,rice by product etc. Dried Distillers Grains and Solubleis by product of ethanol production made of corn andproduced in a significant amount in US and othercountries. It has been shown to be economicallyfeasible for animal feed especially dairy cattle, swineand poultry. It is not much information available forfeeding fish despite high protein content (28%) andrelatively cheaper cost of feed ingredients. Withincreasing of DDGS production in USA, the availabilityof DDGS for export to SEA will increase.

Previous studies on feeding newly DDGS to fish wereconducted to tilapia (Tidwell, et al. 2000) or trout (Chengand Hardy, 2004) with little information on catfish. Oneof the attractive features of using DDGS in catfish diets

Effect of feeding Dried Distiller

Grains with Solubles (DDGS) on fillet

color of Vietnamese Catfish (Tra)

• Vo Phu Duc

• Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong

• Pham Thi Phuong Tien

• Tran Trong Chien*

• Budi Tangendjaja*

- Vinh Hoan Feedmill Co.,Vietnam

- *U. S. Grains Council

02 • Effect of feeding Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS) on fillet color of Vietnamese Catfish (Tra)

Effect of feeding Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS) on fillet color of Vietnamese Catfish (Tra) • 03

Materials and MethodFeeding trial will be carried out at farm in Vin HoangFarm, Dong Thap, Vietnam. Feeding trial comprises 2dietary treatments comprise:

- TF-1. Control diet without DDGS - TF-2. Diet contains 15 % DDGS

Chemical composition of US DDGS made of corn ispresented in Table 1, while feed formula and calculatednutrient composition of the diets containing DDGS andcontrol without DDGS is presented in table 2.

A feedmill in Ho Chi Minh will manufacture the dietarytreatment according to formula specification given byTechnical Director of USGC in floating form. The size ofpellet would be 3-4mm. Each dietary treatment will befed to Catfish Tra fish at size 50g. The fish will be grownin plastic tank at size 3-5m3 (effective volume for water2 m3) containing 150 fish per cage and placed in pondas recommended. Each treatment will be replicated 6times and the trial will be performed for 3 months toreach marketable size which approximately 300g.

Nutrient

Protein

Fat

Crude Fiber

Ash

Nitrogen Free Extract

Acid Detergent Fiber

Neutral Detergent Fiber

Lysine

Methionine

Calcium

Phosphorus

Composition

(% dry matter)

30.2

10.9

8.8

5.8

45.5

16.2

42.1

0.85

0.55

0.06

0.89

Nutrient

Fish oil

Fish meal 50%

Fish meal 60%

Soybean meal dehulled

Soybean meal India

Cassava meal

Rice bran I 12.5

Rice polish 11

Rapeseed meal

Wheat bran

DDGS 27

DL Methionine

Vitamin + Mineral Mix Nutriway

Biomoss

Ronozyme P (L)

Calculated Composition

Digest. Energy for fish (Kcal/kg)

Crude Protein (%)

Fat (%)

Crude fiber (%)

Calcium (%)

Phosphorus Avail. (%)

Lysine

Cystine

Methionine

Threonine

Vitamin C

Cost (VnD/kg)

DDGS 0%

0.2

5.92

5.00

13.0

12.00

15.00

19.11

15.00

4

10

0.00

0.157

0.50

0.10

0.015

3186

26.0

7.7

4.1

1.5

0.45

1.60

0.33

0.51

1.00

30

6891

DDGS 15%

0.2

0.654

5.00

13.0

12.00

20.00

14.65

15.00

4

10

15.00

0.176

0.50

0.10

0.015

3168

26.0

7.8

4.4

1.5

0.65

1.51

0.34

0.53

1.00

30

6851

Price VnD/kg

13000

10000

16520

8922

8922

3574

4500

4500

5620

4476

6000

115455

41200

64400

147600

Table 1 Chemical composition of US DDGS used in the trial

Table 2 Feed formula, calculated composition and price of diets used in the feeding trial

Results and DiscussionPerformance of Vietnam catfish (Tra) fed Dried DistillersGrains with Solubles (DDGS) at 15% inclusion in dietcompare to control diet without DDGS is presented inTable 3.

Result indicated that feeding DDGS 15% in the diet didnot affect significantly growth performance. Catfish fedDDGS reached body weight at 103.3g while controlcatfish only 94.8g despite initial weight is slightly less incatfish fed DDGS (59.7g). However, feeding DDGS toVietnam catfish significantly improved feed conversionratio, feed/gain of catfish fed DDGS is 1.95 compare tocontrol fish at 3.01. Mortality of fish fed DDGS at 15%also lower compare to the control diet but it was notstatistically different. The lower mortality was alsoreported when tilapia was fed DDGS in another feedingtrial conducted in Vietnam (Tangendjaja et al. 2007).

Picture of fish fillet collected from each replicated tankis presented in Figure 1 and 2.

Figure 1 and 2 show the 6 replicates of filet of catfishfed DDGS (D1-6) and fed control diet (N1-6) and it wasclearly found that color of fillet is not different betweencatfish fed DDGS or not.

Result on color measurement of fish fillet after feedingDDGS at 15% for 3 months is presented in Table 4. Thecolor measurement was performed using Toshiba colordifference meter and expressed on L, a and b as HunterLab system. It was reported that L (measure oflightness) and b (measure of yellowness) value is moreimportant to measure possible yellow color derivedfrom DDGS.

Feeding system

At least 2500 fingerling of Catfish Tra at size 50g (12cages x 150 fish=1800 plus mortality) will be purchasedfrom supplier and will be adapted in the cages beforethe trial is started. Initially feed will be offered at 5%biomass and fed 4 times per day at 7:30am, 10:30am,13:30pm and 15:00pm. Amount of feed given will bebased on 95% satiation. Initial of feed will be given atamount that can be consumed by fish within 10minutes multiplied by 90% and will be given in thatamount for 5 days. The following 5 days will be given atfull amount therefore the average would be 95%satiation. This calculation will be repeated again forevery 5 days period. All cages will be covered byshaded cloth to prevent an escape.

MeasurementFish will be sampled by mid of trial while total weighingwill be performed when they reach size atapproximately 300g. The daily mortality and feedconsumption will be recorded. At end of trial, individualfish will be separated based on the size to measure thevariability. Samples of fish will be taken for carcassevaluation by measuring the color. Feed conversionratio will be calculated and corrected for the mortalityweight. Cost of feed per kg body weight gain will becalculated. Samples of feed (250g) will be collected andanalyzed in laboratory.

Statistical AnalysesRandomized Completely Design with 2 treatments and6 replicates containing 150 fishes per replicate cage willbe used in this trial for each species of fish. Data wasanalyzed using computer program SAS version 6.12.Any significant different due to the treatment will befurther analyzed using Duncan.


Treatment

Control

DDGS 15%

SEM

No. fish at start

150

150

No. fish at end

138.8

142.7

1.9

Av. initial weight

(g/fish)

64.2

59.7

5.4

Av. weight at end

(g/fish)

94.8

103.3

9.5

Feed/gain

3.01a

1.95b

0.33

Table 3 Performance of catfish fed 15% DDGS

SEM : Standard Error Means, Av. = Average of 6 replicated tanks; superscript with different letter indicates significant different (P<0.05)

SEM : Standard Error Means; superscript with different letter indicates significant different (P<0.05)

Treatment

Control

DDGS 15%

SEM

L1

45.79

43.66

0.89

a1

3.01a

1.21b

0.5

b1

3.87

2.28

0.53

L2

45.68

44.19

0.92

a2

2.35

2.38

0.51

b2

3.99

2.95

0.71

L3

46.31

43.31

0.99

a3

2.27

1.61

0.73

b3

4.04

3.74

0.68

L4

45.42

44.17

1.04

a4

2.36

2.37

0.84

b4

4.73

3.71

0.58

Table 4 Color measurement of fillet of catfish fed DDGS as expressed by Hunter system in 4 different positions

Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 Position 4

Figure 1 Fillet of Vietnamese catfish fed DDGS at 15% in the diet for 3 months

Effect of feeding Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS) on fillet color of Vietnamese Catfish (Tra) • 05

Figure 2 Fillet of Vietnamese catfish fed control diet without DDGS for 3 months

2009) showed that inclusion of DDGS at 15% level incatfish diet would reduce cost of formula at VND 40/kgfrom VND 6891/kg of feed without DDGS to VND6851/kg of feed with 15% inclusion of DDGS. However,it should be bear in mind that the saving would befluctuated as ingredients price changed.

ConclusionFeeding DDGS at 15% in the diet did not affect the filletcolor of Vietnam catfish (Tra). There is an indication thatfeeding DDGS would improve feed utilization by catfish.Based on the ingredient price in Vietnam, inclusion ofDDGS in the diet would decrease cost of feed formula.

Table 4 indicated that there is no different on color offillet of Vietnam catfish fed 15% DDGS. The average Land b value for fillet of catfish fed DDGD is 43.8 and3.18 respectively while for fillet of catfish fed controldiet without DDGS is 45.8 and 3.99 respectively. Yellowcolor of DDGS have L and b value >50 and 4 (Cromwellet al, 1993). This result support the observation of filletcolor that feeding DDGS at 15% level in the diet did notaffect the color of fillet

Cost of formula of the diet containing 15% DDGS canbe seen in Table 2. Based on the ingredient priceexisting in Vietnam at beginning of the trial (October

8. Tidwell, J.H., S.D. Coyle, A. VanArnum, C. Weibel, and S. Harkins. 2000. Growth, survival, and body composition of cage cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed pelleted and unpelleted distillers grains with solubles in polyculture with freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 31:627-631.

9. Webster, C.D., J.H. Tidwell, and D.H. Yancey. 1991. Evaluation of distillers grains with solubles as a protein source in diets for channel catfish. Aquaculture 96:179-190.

10. Webster, C.D., J.H. Tidwell, L.S. Goodgame, andP.B. Johnsen. 1993. Growth, body composition, and organoleptic evaluation of channel catfish fed diets containing different percentages of distiller’s grains with solubles. The Progressive Fish-Culturist55:95-100.

11. Wilson, R.P., and W.E. Poe. 1985. Effects of feeding soybean meal with varying trypsin inhibitor activities on growth of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture46:19-25.

1. Cheng, Z.J. and R.W. Hardy. 2004. Nutritional value of diets containing distiller’s dried grain with solubles for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Aquaculture 15:101-113.

2. Cromwell, G.L., K.L. Herkleman, and T.S. Stahly. 1993. Physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics of distillers dried grains with solubles for chicks and pigs.J. Anim. Sci. 71:679-686.

3. Jauncey, K., and B. Ross. 1982. A guide to tilapia feeds and feeding. University of Stirling, Institute forAquaculture, Stirling, UK.

4. Robinson, E.H. 1991. Improvement of cottonseed meal protein with supplemental lysine in feeds for channel catfish. Journal of Applied Aquaculture1 (2):1-14.

5. Shiau, S.Y., J. L. Chuang, and G.L. Sun. 1987. Inclusion of soybean meal in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus) diets at two protein levels. Aquaculture 65:251-261.

6. Tangendjaja, B., T.T. Chien and L.H. Vy. 2007. Use of DDGS for feeding red tilapia under Vietnam condition. Report of feeding trial, USGC Kuala Lumpur.

7. Tidwell, J.H., C.D. Webster, and D.H. Yancey. 1990. Evaluation of distillers grains with solubles in prepared channel catfish diets. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 51:135-138.

References


Use of Dried Distiller Grainswith Solubles (DDGS) for

feeding Common Carpunder Vietnam commercial

condition

distillers grains with solubles, replacing some of thecorn and soybean meal. After the 11-week feedingperiod, there were no significant differences inindividual fish weight, percentage survival, feedconversion or protein efficiency ratio among dietarytreatments. In 1993, Webster et al. conducted feedingstudy to juvenile catfish and suggested that up to 30%DDGS can be added to channel catfish diets with nonegative effects on growth performance, carcasscomposition or flavor qualities of the filets. Therefore,DDGS is considered an acceptable ingredient in dietsfor channel catfish (Tidwell et al., 1990; Webster et al.,1991).

Wu et al. (1994) reported that diets containing eithercorn gluten meal (18%) or DDGS (29%) and 32% or36% crude protein, resulted in higher weight gains fortilapia than fish fed a commercial fish feed containing36% crude protein and fish meal for tilapia with initialweight of 30 g. In a subsequent study, Wu et al., (1996)evaluated the growth responses over an eight weekfeeding period of smaller tilapia (0.4 g initial weight andconcluded that feeding diets containing 32%, 36% and40% protein and 16-49% protein-rich ethanol co-products will result in good weight gain, feedconversion and protein efficiency ratio for tilapia fry.

Common Carp is one of major fish grown in Asia and isconsidered popular species for human consumption. Itis grown in a pond water or cage system in reservoir.Common carp is cultured until market size in the rangeof 500- 800g. Common Carp feed is commonly made ofseveral ingredients such as soybean meal, wheat byproducts, fish meal, rice by product etc. Dried DistillersGrains and Soluble is by product of ethanol productionmade of corn and produced in a significant amount inUS and other countries. It has been shown to beeconomically feasible for animal feed especially in dairycattle, swine and poultry. However, information on theuse of DDGS for feeding fish is limited, despite a highprotein content (27%) and relatively cheaper cost offeed ingredients. With increasing of DDGS productionin USA, the availability of DDGS for export to SEA willincrease. Information on feeding value of DDGS forcommon carp would be useful for fish farmers in theregion. It is expected that such type of information canbe generated locally under South East Asia condition.

AbstractFeeding trial on common carp has been conducted inHoa Binh reservoir, Hanoi, Vietnam to measure theoptimum inclusion of Dried Distiller Grain Solubles inthe feed. The trial was performed using common carpfish with initial weight 26-51g raised for more than 3months up to around 200 g in floating cages placed in areservoir. Four dietary treatments containing DDGS at0, 5, 10 and 15% were formulated in similar dietaryenergy (2.9 Mcal/kg) and protein level (29%) of feed,composed mainly with soybean meal, wheat byproducts, rice bran, fish meal, meat and bone meal andfish oil. Results of feeding for 3 months showed thatincreasing level of DDGS in the diet did not affectgrowth rate and feed consumption of the fish. Therewas an indication that fish fed 10 and 15% DDGS grewin faster rate (40 g/month) than that fish fed lower level(0 and 5%) of DDGS (28 g/month). Fish survivabilitywas around 99.3-99.5 and there was no different due tothe dietary treatment. Fish meat evaluation at end oftrial indicated no different in moisture, protein and fatcontent and meat color was similar among the dietarytreatment. In conclusion the DDGS can be included incommon carp diet up to 15% and did not affect thegrowth performance and meat quality.

IntroductionAquaculture is one of the fastest growing foodproducing industries in the world. Fish meal hastraditionally been used in commercial fish feed as amajor source of dietary protein for many years.However, when global fish meal production declinesand fish meal prices increase, fish nutritionists beginconsidering less expensive plant protein sources. Plantprotein sources have traditionally been considered to beinferior to fish meal in fish diets. However, when two ormore complimentary plant protein sources, such asdistiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) andsoybean meal, are added to the diet, the potentialexists to replace all of the fish meal in the diet.

Limited data was available on feeding value of DDGSfor fish feed. DDGS has been fed successfully tocatfish; Tidwell et al. (1990) conducted an experimentover an 11-week period where channel catfishfingerlings were fed diets containing 0, 10, 20 and 40%

Use of Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles

(DDGS) for feeding Common Carp under

Vietnam commercial condition

• Nguyen Tat Hao



- Vietnam Research Institutefor Aquaculture 2

- *U. S. Grains Council

08 • Use of Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS) for feeding Common Carp under Vietnam commercial condition

Use of Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS) for feeding Common Carp under Vietnam commercial condition • 09

Materials and MethodFeeding trial was carried out at Hoa Binh Reservoir,Cong Ty Tinh Thuong Mai, Hoa Binh Province, Vietnamfrom September to November, 2007. Feeding trialcomprises 4 dietary treatments comprise:

- DDGS 0%. Control diet without DDGS contains only vegetable protein

- DDGS 5%. Diet contains 5% DDGS- DDGS 10%. Diet contains 10% DDGS- DDGS 15%. Diet contains 15% DDGS

Feed for trial was manufactured at Quang Viet Feedmilland Trading Co. Ltd., Km 64 + 500, Highway 5A, KimThanh District, Hai Duong, Vietnam using locallyavailable ingredients either produced locally orimported. Dietary formula containing 0,5,10 and 15% ofDDGS is presented in Table 1.

The dietary formulas contained similar DigestibleEnergy and Crude Protein value include amino acids.The feed was processed using wet extruder to producecomplete feed in floating form. The size of pellet was 3-4mm. Each dietary treatment was fed to Common Carp

fish at size 26-51g. The fish was grown in floating cagemade of nylon net (mesh 1) at size 2x2x2m (effectivevolume for water 6 m3) containing 1200 fish per cage.Each treatment was replicated 5 times and the trial wasperformed for 3 months to reach marketable size whichapproximately 200g.

Feeding system

At least 12000 fingerling of Common Carp at size 10g(20 cages x 600 fish=12000) was purchased fromsupplier and was adapted in the cages before the trial isstarted. Initially feed was offered at 5% biomass andfed 4 times per day at 7:30am, 10:30am, 13:30pm and15:30pm. Amount of feed given was based on 95%satiation. Initial of feed was given at amount that can beconsumed by fish within 10 minutes multiplied by 90%and was given in that amount for 5 days. The following5 days was given at full amount therefore the averagewould be 95% satiation. This calculation was repeatedagain for every 10 days period. All feed was placed inspecial feeding boxes and cages were covered by nylonnet to prevent an escape.

Ingredient

SBM (%)

Cassava (%)

Rice bran (%)

Fish meal (%)

Meat & bone meal (%)

Wheat pollard (%)

DDGS (%)

Fish oil (%)

Corn Gluten meal (%)

MCP (%)

Vit. and Min. mix for Fish (%)

Lecithin (%)

Total

Calculated Nutrient

Digest. Energy (Mcal/kg)

Protein (%)

Fat (%)

Crude fiber (%)

Ash (%)

Phosphorus, Total (%)

Lysine (%)

Methionine (%)

Met. + Cyst. (%)

3 fatty acids (%)

6 fatty acids (%)

DDGS 5%

46.42

20.00

15.00

5.00

2.12

1.10

5.00

2.89

-

1.47

0.50

0.50

100.000

2.87

28.7

8.0

5.0

8.0

1.17

1.67

0.43

0.87

1.0

0.9

DDGS 0%

44.50

20.00

15.00

5.00

5.00

4.60

-

2.90

1.00

1.00

0.50

0.50

100.000

2.90

29.1

8.0

4.9

8.1

1.18

1.67

0.43

0.87

1.0

0.7

DDGS 10%

41.71

20.00

13.40

5.00

5.00

-

10.0

2.89

-

1.00

0.50

0.50

100.000

2.90

29.0

8.4

4.9

8.2

1.17

1.64

0.44

0.89

1.0

1.1

DDGS 15%

40.12

20.00

10.00

5.00

5.00

-

15.00

2.88

-

1.00

0.50

0.50

100.000

2.92

29.1

8.3

4.9

8.0

1.15

1.62

0.45

0.92

1.0

1.2

Table 1 Dietary composition and calculated nutrient of Common Carp feed containing different level of DDGS

Results and DiscussionBody weight change in Common Carp during feedingdifferent level of DDGS for 3 month period is presentedin Figure 1. Body weight increased as fish grow asexpected, from around 25-50g to around 200g in 3months. Feed containing DDGS was readily consumedby Common Carp which may indicate that there was nopalatability problem associated with DDGS in feed.

Based on change of fish body weight, there is no cleardifference between the treatments due to highvariability among the body weight. Further regressionanalyses were used to compare the growth rate due tothe treatments. The result in Figure 1 indicated thatcoefficient of regression for treatment DDGS 10% and15% were 40.7 and 40.0 respectively while regressioncoefficient for DDGS 5% and 0% were 29.7 and 28.1.This result showed clearly that feeding DDGS at 10 and15% gave a higher growth rate compare to that fed 0 or5%.

Body weight changes and survivability of common carpafter feeding Dried Distillers Grains and Solubles atdifferent level is presented in Table 2.

MeasurementFish was sampled and weighed every 2 weeks whiletotal weighing was performed every month and then atfinal when they reach at approximately 200g. The dailymortality and feed consumption was recorded. At endof trial, three common carp from each treatment wererandomly selected for analyzing the nutritional value inthe Common Carp meat by measuring the protein, fatand moisture content of fish. Samples of feed (250g)was collected and analyzed in laboratory for protein, fatand ash.

Statistical AnalysesRandomized Completely Design with 4 treatments and5 replicates containing 330 fishes per replicate cagewas used in this trial for each species of fish. Data wasanalyzed using computer program (SAS ver. 6.12) andany significant different due to the treatment wasfurther analyzed using Duncan.


Figure 1 Growth rate of Common Carp fed different level of DDGS for 3 month

Descriptions

No. of fish/cage

Ave initial weight (g)

Weight at 2 months (g)

Weight at 3 month (g)

Weight at 4 month (g)

Number Fish died/cage

Survival rate (%)

DDGS 0%

1200

36.9

54.0

93.1

181.5

8.2

99.3

DDGS 5%

1200

26.2

43.3

85.6

147.8

6.6

99.5

DDGS 10%

1200

50.7

80.2

132.1

186.0

7.4

99.4

DDGS 15%

1200

41.6

66.6

121.6

168.6

8.2

99.3

SEM

4.9

6.6

10.0

11.9

0.1

Table 2 Performance of Common Carp fed different of DDGS after 4 month culture period (mean values)

SEM : Standard Error Means

Survival rate is not statistically different among thetreatment, the value ranges from 99.3-99.5% and itwas considered very high. There was no diseasechallenge during the fish culture although the fishgrowth was considered slow for common carp.Previous study of feeding DDGS to tilapia in Vietnamindicated an improvement on survival rate when DDGSwas included in the diet (Tangendjaja and Chien, 2007).

Proximate composition of feed during the trial period ispresented in Table 3. The expected composition of thefeed is in closed agreement with calculated analyses

presented in Table 1, except fat content wasconsidered much lower than expected and protein wasonly 26% while calculated analyses was 29%. Lowerresult in fat content of the feed was related with themethod of analyses of fat that was measured by etherextract. It was suggested that for extruded feed, the fatcontent should be analyzed using acid hydrolysesmethod prior to extraction. Result of analyses indicateda higher ash level but lower protein level in the feedcompared to table 1 and it might be related with the useof meat and bone meal and/or fish meal in the diet.


Figure 2 Pellet color of fish feed containing different level of DDGS

DDGS 0% DDGS 5%

DDGS 10% DDGS 15%


Treatments

DDGS 0%

DDGS 5%

DDGS 10%

DDGS 15%

SEM

Moisture

(%)

68.8

68.1

68.1

68.6

0.8

Protein

(%)

16.3

16.4

16.4

16.6

0.4

Fat

(%)

14.5

13.9

13.8

13.2

0.5

Table 4 Nutritional composition of Common Carp meat feddifferent level of DDGS

SEM : Standard Error Means

Feed

DDGS 0%

DDGS 5%

DDGS 10%

DDGS 15%

Protein %

25.00

25.23

25.73

25.97

Fiber %

1.58

1.51

1.25

1.73

Ash %

11.11

10.39

10.28

10.86

Table 3 Proximate composition of feed containing differentlevel DDGS

Features: 0% DDGS: Dark brown; 5%DDGS:Brown;10%DDGS: light brown; 15% DDGS pale yellow

Chemical composition of the fishes fed different levelof DDGS is presented in Table 4 while color of fish meatis shown in Figure 3.

Composition of Common Carp after feeding DDGS atdifferent levels is presented in Table 4.

Picture of extruded feed containing different level ofDDGS is presented in Figure 2. Increasing level ofyellow DDGS in the diet affected the color of pellet. Thepellet color was lighter as the level of DDGS increasedand it was related with the yellow color of DDGSderived from yellow corn. The color of DDGS can bevaried depending upon the raw materials used inethanol production and DDGS derived from wheat isnormally darker color than that derived from yellowcorn.

Formula 1 (0% DDGS) Features: Pale and soft meat




Figure 3 Picture of Common Carp flesh after feeding DDGS at different level for 3 months

Results of analyses indicated that there is no differentin composition of the fish after feeding diets containingdifferent level of DDGS. Fat content in whole fish wasnot different among the treatment and similar to proteincontent. DDGS has been reported to contain higherxantophyll level than that found in corn. The yellowcolor in DDGS may have an effect to color of the flesh;however color of fish is not affected by feeding DDGSas presented in Figure 3.

ConclusionDDGS can be fed to growing common carp to 15%;however there is an indication that feeding at 10-15%gave a faster growth rate than that fed 0 and 5%.Feeding DDGS up to 15% in the diet for 3 months didnot affect fish chemical composition and color of fish.

AcknowledgementsWe would like to acknowledge the financial support ofthe US Grains Council for this experiment and Mr. LeKhan Hung at the Hoa Binh Reservoir for pond facilities.

5. Wu, Y.V., R.R. Rosati, D.J. Sessa, and P.B. Brown. 1994. Utilization of protein-rich ethanol co-products from corn in tilapia feed. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 71:1041-1043.

6. Wu, Y.V., R.R. Rosati, and P.B. Brown. 1996. Effect of diets containing various levels of protein and ethanol co products from corn on growth of tilapia fry. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 44:1491-1493.

7. Wu, Y.V., R.R. Rosati, and P.B. Brown. 1997. Use of corn-derived ethanol co products and synthetic lysine and tryptophan for growth of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 45:2174-2177.

1. Tangendjaja, B and T.T. Chien. 2007. Use of Dried Distiller Grain and Solubles (DDGS) for feeding tilapia. Proc. IndoAqua Bali, July 30-August 1, 2007.

2. Tidwell, J.H., C.D. Webster, and D.H. Yancey. 1990. Evaluation of distillers grains with solubles in prepared channel catfish diets. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 51:135-138.

3. Webster, C.D., J.H. Tidwell, and D.H. Yancey. 1991. Evaluation of distillers grains with solubles as a protein source in diets for channel catfish. Aquaculture 96:179-190.

4. Webster, C.D., J.H. Tidwell, L.S. Goodgame, and P.B. Johnsen. 1993. Growth, body composition, and organoleptic evaluation of channel catfish fed diets containing different percentages of distiller’s grains with solubles. The Progressive Fish-Culturist55:95-100.

References


Use of Dried Distiller Grainswith Solubles (DDGS)for

feeding Red Tilapia underVietnam condition

AimDetermine the impact of feeding increasing levels ofCorn Distillers Dried Grains and Solubles (DDGS) on theperformance of Tilapia fish reared under commercialconditions in Vietnam.

MethodologyFeeding trial was carried out at experimental farm of LeHung Vy, Binh Son, Song Cong district, Thai NguyenProvince, Vietnam. Feeding trial comprises 4 dietarytreatments comprise:

- DDGS 0%. Control diet without DDGS contains only vegetable protein

- DDGS 5%. Diet contains 5 % DDGS- DDGS 10%. Diet contains 10% DDGS- DDGS 15%. Diet contains 15 % DDGS

Feed for trial was manufactured at Research Institutefor Aquaculture facility in Hanoi using locally availableingredients either produced locally or imported. Dietaryformula containing 0,5,10 and 15% of DDGS ispresented in Table 1.

The dietary formulas contained similar DigestibleEnergy and Crude Protein value include amino acids.The feed was processed using wet extruder to producecomplete feed in floating form. The size of pellet was3-4mm. Each dietary treatment was fed to red tilapiafish at size 50g. The fish was grown in floating cagemade of nylon net (mesh 1) at size 2x2x2m (effectivevolume for water 6 m3) containing 400 fish per cage.Each treatment was replicated 3 times and the trial wasperformed for 4 months to reach marketable size whichapproximately 800 g.

Feeding system

At least 6000 fingerling of common carp and tilapia atsize 190g (12 cages x 400 fish=4800) was purchasedfrom supplier and was adapted in the cages before thetrial is started. Initially feed was offered at 5% biomassand fed 4 times per day at 7:30am, 10:30am, 13:30pmand 15:00pm. Amount of feed given was based on 95%satiation. Initial of feed was given at amount that can beconsumed by fish within 10 minutes multiplied by 90%and

SummaryFeeding trial on tilapia has been conducted in a fishfarmer in Hanoi, Vietnam to measure the optimuminclusion of Dried Distiller Grain Solubles in the feed.The trial was performed using tilapia fish with initialweight 190g raised for 4 month up to around 800-900gin floating cages placed in a reservoir. Four dietarytreatments containing DDGS at 0, 5, 10 and 15% wereincluded in similar dietary energy (2500kcal/kg) andprotein level (30%) of feed composed mainly withsoybean meal, corn, rice bran and fish oil. Results offeeding for 4 months showed that increasing level ofDDGS in Tilapia diet increased growth rate and improvefeed efficiency. The best performance was found whenDDGS is included at 15% in combination with soybeanmeal. The use of DDGS also improves survivability ofthe fish from 94% in treatment without DDGS to97.3% in treatment with 15% DDGS inclusion. Fishmeat evaluation at end of trial indicated no different inchemical composition. In conclusion the DDGS can beincluded in Tilapia diet up to 15% and may improve thegrowth performance.

IntroductionRed tilapia is one of major fish grown in Vietnam and isconsidered popular species for human consumption. Itis grown in a pond water or cage system in reservoir.Red tilapia is cultured until market size in the range of500-800g. Red tilapia feed is commonly made ofseveral ingredients such as soybean meal, wheat byproducts, fish meal, rice by product etc. Dried DistillersGrains and Soluble is by product of ethanol productionmade of corn and produced in a significant amount inUS and other countries. It has been shown to beeconomically feasible for animal feed especially in dairycattle, swine and poultry. However, information on theuse of DDGS for feeding fish is limited, despite a highprotein content (28%) and relatively cheaper cost offeed ingredients. With increasing of DDGS productionin USA, the availability of DDGS for export to SEA willincrease. Information on feeding value of DDGS forTilapia would be useful for fish farmers in the region. Itis expected that such type of information can begenerated locally under South East Asia condition.

Use of Dried Distiller Grains with

Solubles (DDGS) for feeding

Red Tilapia under Vietnam condition

• Le Hung Vy



- Thai Nguyen Province Vietnam- *U. S. Grains Council

16 • Use of Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS)for feeding Red Tilapia under Vietnam condition

Soybean Meal 47

Corn Yellow

Rice Bran 10

Fish Oil

Mono Cal. Phos (21)

Vitamin Mix

Mineral Mix

Choline Chloride (60%)

Antimold

Antioxidant

Stay C 35

DDGS (Distillers Grain Solubles)

Calculated Nutrient

CRUDE PROT (%)

FAT(%)

FIBRE (%)

Calcium (%)

Av. Phosphorus Fish (%)

Total Phosphorus (%)

LYSINE (%)

METHIONINE (%)

MET. + CYS. (%)

TRYPTOPHAN (%)

THREONINE (%)

Magnesium (%)

Dig. Energy Fish(Carp) (kcal/kg)

Dig. Protein Fish (%)

DE/DP Fish

Starch (%)

wn:3 total (%)

wn:6 total (%)

Vitamin C (ppm)

DDGS 5%

56.58

28.15

3.75

2.88

2.53

0.50

0.25

0.20

0.10

0.03

0.03

5.00

29.68

6.37

3.99

0.54

0.50

1.07

1.71

0.43

0.91

0.38

1.15

0.24

2442

25.70

95

22.26

0.90

0.45

105

DDGS 0%

58.54

23.56

11.41

2.89

2.49

0.50

0.25

0.20

0.10

0.03

0.03

0.00

29.87

6.87

4.38

0.54

0.49

1.15

1.75

0.42

0.90

0.38

1.15

0.27

2465

25.95

95

20.28

0.90

0.52

105

DDGS 10%

56.37

27.13

0.00

2.87

2.51

0.50

0.25

0.20

0.10

0.03

0.03

10.00

30.32

6.23

3.96

0.54

0.50

1.04

1.72

0.44

0.95

0.38

1.18

0.23

2484

26.15

95

20.73

0.90

0.55

105

DDGS 15%

57.85

20.72

0.00

2.87

2.46

0.50

0.25

0.20

0.10

0.03

0.03

15.00

31.77

6.45

4.26

0.54

0.48

1.07

1.79

0.47

1.00

0.40

1.25

0.24

2588

27.24

95

15.83

0.90

0.80

105

Table 1 Dietary composition and calculated nutrient of tilapia feed containing different level of DDGS

and was given in that amount for 5 days. The following5 days was given at full amount therefore the averagewould be 95% satiation. This calculation was repeatedagain for every 10 days period. All feed was placed inspecial feeding boxes and cages were covered by nylonnet to prevent an escape.

MeasurementFish was sampled and weighed every month while totalweighing was performed when they reach market sizeat approximately 800g. The daily mortality and feedconsumption was recorded. At end of trial, three redtilapia from each treatment were randomly selected foranalyzing the nutritional value in the red tilapia meat by

measuring the protein, fat and ash content of fish. Feedconversion ratio was calculated and corrected for themortality weight. Cost of feed per kg body weight gainwas calculated. Samples of feed (250g) was collectedand analyzed in laboratory.

Statistical AnalysesRandomized Completely Design with 4 treatments and5 replicates containing 600 fishes per replicate cagewas used in this trial for each species of fish. Data wasanalyzed using computer program and any significantdifferent due to the treatment was further analyzedusing Duncan.

Use of Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS)for feeding Red Tilapia under Vietnam condition • 17

months. Feed containing DDGS was readily consumedby tilapia which may indicate that there was nopalatability problem associated with DDGS in feed.There was no indication of disease in fish during thetrial period.

Performance of red tilapia after feeding Dried DistillersGrains and Solubles at different level is presented inTable 2.

Results and DiscussionBody weight change in tilapia during feeding differentlevel of DDGS for 4 month period is presented inFigure 1. Body weight increased as fish grow asexpected, variation in fish growth seemed to low in thistrial as demonstrated in standard deviation of the graph.Feeding with increasing level of DDGS showed a bettergrowth rate and it was noticed after feeding for 2


Figure 1 Growth performances of red tilapia fed different level of DDGS during 4 month culture period(Error bars are standard deviation of mean-SE values)

Descriptions

No. of fish

Ave initial weight (g)

Total Initial weight (kg/cage)

Number tilapia at harvest

Ave weight at harvest (g)

Total biomass at harvest (kg)

Ave weight gain (g)

Total feed consumed (kg)

Feed Conversion Ratio

Mortality rate (%)

Survival rate (%)

DDGS 0%

400

193.5

77.6

376

824.2a

309.8

630.7a

575.8

2.48a

5.9a

94.1

DDGS 5%

400

184.4

73.6

381

839.3b

319.7

654.9b

575.8

2.34b

4.8b

95.2

DDGS 10%

400

190.0

76.0

389

879.4c

342.3

689.4c

575.8

2.16c

2.7c

97.3

DDGS 15%

400

192.5

77.2

389

907.4d

353.2

714.9d

575.8

2.09d

2.8c

97.2

SEM

5.6

3.2

5.0

0.02

0.2

Table 2 Performance of Red Tilapia fed different of DDGS after 4 month culture period (mean values)

*different superscript at the same row is significant different (P<0.01), SEM = standard error means

Results of the trial indicated that fish growth rateincreased as level of DDGS in the diet increase, bodyweight of tilapia after feeding 15% DDGS was 908 gcompare to 824 g for fish fed without DDGS. Total feedconsumption was not different among the treatmentsand these resulted on better feed conversion rationwhen DDGS was included in the diet. FCR decreasefrom 2.5 in treatment without DDGS to 2.1 when DDGSwas included at 15%. Increasing DDGS level would alsoimprove survivability of tilapia, mortality was decreasedfrom 6% in control diet to only 2.8% in treatment with15% DDGS. It would be interesting to get study iffurther increase in DDGS inclusion > 15% still givebetter improvement in performance.

Improvement in performance of tilapia when DDGSwas included in the diet is not known, solubles in DDGSmay contain substances that may promote healthiness

of fish. Feeding of DDGS to pig has been reported toimprove ileitis of pigs, cell wall component of yeast thatpresent in solubles may also improve the immunity.Further studies on immunity on fish, however, arewarranted.

Proximate composition of feed during the trial period ispresented in Table 3. The feed was manufacturedaccording to the formula every month to preventspoilage and to freshness of feed. The expectedcomposition of the feed is in agreement with calculatedanalyses presented in Table 1, except for fat content.The fat level in Table 3 was analyzed using soxhletextraction using ether and it may cause a lower resultthan expected. Different method of analysis may havedifferent result, for extruded feed, AOAC suggestedusing acid hydrolysis prior to extraction.

Use of Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS)for feeding Red Tilapia under Vietnam condition • 19

Table 3 Proximate composition of feed analyzed from different batch of manufacturing during the trial period

Dietary Treatment

1st Batch

DDGS 0%

DDGS 5%

DDGS 10%

DDGS 15%

2nd Batch

DDGS 0%

DDGS 5%

DDGS 10%

DDGS 15%

3rd Batch

DDGS 0%

DDGS 5%

DDGS 10%

DDGS 15%

4th Batch

DDGS 0%

DDGS 5%

DDGS 10%

DDGS 15%

Crude Protein %

32.08

32.23

33.46

33.87

32.32

32.11

32.07

32.25

32.52

31.90

31.96

32.09

32.52

31.90

31.96

32.09

Moisture %

9.35

9.18

8.25

9.78

9.62

9.24

9.13

9.36

9.81

9.52

9.85

9.57

10.62

10.79

10.07

10.11

Ash %

7.41

6.05

6.43

6.54

6.54

6.62

6.71

6.63

7.10

6.10

6.22

5.96

6.90

6.12

6.23

6.45

Fat %

3.51

4.93

4.42

4.07

4.26

4.55

4.52

4.42

3.57

4.21

3.50

4.38

3.21

4.00

3.34

4.05

ConclusionAfter 4 month culture period, the best growth rates ofred tilapia were obtained in the 10% and 15% DDGSfeed treatments (P<0.05). The lowest growth rate waspresented in the 0% DDGS feed. The lowest FCR of forwhole culture period was obtained to be 2.1 which ispresented in the treatment of 15% DDGS feedtreatment. The highest survival rates (97.3%) were alsoobtained in the 10 and 15% DDGS treatments. Therewas no effect of feeding DDGS up to 15% on fishchemical composition.

AcknowledgementsWe would like to acknowledge the financial support ofthe US Grains Council for this experiment.

Composition of tilapia after feeding DDGS at differentlevels is presented in Table 4.

Results of analyses indicated that there is no differentin composition of the fish after feeding diets containingdifferent level of DDGS. DDGS contains xantophyll thatmay have an effect to color of the flesh, howeverxantophyll analyses has not been performed in this trial.Further study on the effect of xantophyll in DDGS tofish quality may be necessary.


Treatments

DDGS 0%

DDGS 5%

DDGS 10%

DDGS 15%

Dry matter %

28.64

29.93

30.16

29.97

Protein %

17.36

16.79

17.05

15.96

Lipid %

8.91

9.28

8.92

5.63

Ash %

3.47

3.82

4.07

4.24

Table 4 Nutritional composition of tilapia meat fed different level of DDGS

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