USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.
-
Upload
margaret-harmon -
Category
Documents
-
view
243 -
download
0
Transcript of USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.
![Page 1: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider
![Page 2: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Training OutlineBackground/Orientation – Pat Willey – Portland , OR WQQT
Drainage Systems – Hamid Farahani – Greensboro, NC ENTSC
DWM for Subsurface Systems – Ruth Book, SCE, Champaign, IL
DWM for Surface Systems – Jerry Walker, Ft. Worth, TX CNTSC
Wrap Up – Hamid Farahani
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 3: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Drainage Water Management -Background/Orientation
1.MRBI Team and Ag Water Management Team
2.Basics of DWM
3.Downstream environmental impacts of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
– environmental issues– health issues
4.DWM requirement in N-Strategy 590 (where do we have to have it?)Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar
August 2011
![Page 4: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mississippi River Basin Initiative Team
Focus Area: Mississippi River Basin (AR, KY, IL, IN, IA, LA, MN,
MS, MO, OH, TN, and WI)
MRBI Goal:Improve Water Quality and wildlife habitat
through:Cooperative Conservation Partnership InitiativeWetlands Reserve Enhancement Program(WREP), Conservation Innovation Grants(CIG), and other programs
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar
![Page 5: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Senior Project Leader: Paul Sweeney
Team Membership are from the following:
NHQ Disciplines NHQ Program SpecialistsNTSC Representatives NRCS States
Team Advisors: (ARS, Purdue and NCSU)
Ag Water Management Team
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 6: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
Ag Water Management Team
• Scope is National
• Initial focus: Upper Mississippi River Basin
• Goal : reduce nitrate (NO3-1) loading to streams
reduce and ag. impact on Gulf of Mexico hypoxia
•How: Implement DWM to reduce NO3-1 leaving
drained farmlands
![Page 7: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is Drainage Water Management (DWM)?DWM- Practice Standard code 554 -
Employment of a Structure for Water Control (code 587) in the drainage line to provide capability to manage the flow from an agricultural drainage system.
DWM typically:• Involves raising the outlet elevation of a drain• Results in reduced flow from the outlet
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 8: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Do structures eliminate flow from the drain outlet?Maybe…• When the outlet is initially raised, outflows
may stop.
• As flow continues to enter the drain upstream from the structure, the water table rises.
• Once the water level rises to the elevation of the raised outlet, any additional rise in the water table results in discharge to the outlet.
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 9: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How can DWM help?DWM has been shown to reduce stream loading of
nitrates by agricultural drain systems
How much reduction in N-loading?
Reductions of 40% to 50% in nitrate have been achieved
Reductions are in proportion to reduction in drainage water out-flow (a 50% reduction in outflow may achieve a 40 to 50% reduction in N-load)
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 10: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Why are we focusing on DWM?•NRCS recognizes nutrient loading to streams as a national concern
•Drainage water has been identified as a significant source of nutrient loads
•Impacts to Gulf of Mexico and other receiving waters are significantAg Drainage Water Management Webinar
August 2011
![Page 11: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Does DWM affect crop growth?
• DWM on annual crops during the non-growing season does not adversely affect crop production
• Some production benefits may be observed by managing an elevated water table in the field during the growing season. Results are not statistically conclusive.
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 12: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
NRCS Expectations for DWM
• It is about management… not about draining new acres
• Focus is to manage drainage water for improved environmental outcomes and sustaining crop production
• Use a conservation systems approach—ADWM with nutrient management, conservation tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, etc.
• Consideration must be given to neighboring or downstream hydrologic effects —offsite lateral seepage, stream flows, flooding, groundwater
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 13: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Environmental Impacts of Excessive Nutrients
• Hypoxia
• Drinking Water Quality
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 14: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hypoxia – the condition in which dissolved oxygen is below the level necessary to sustain most aquatic animal life.
Where is it a problem?
Notable hypoxic zones in the United States:
•Gulf of Mexico
•Chesapeake Bay
What is Hypoxia?
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 15: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What causes Hypoxia?
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 16: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Major process for hypoxia development of hypoxia in the Gulf
of Mexico1.Nutrient loading (nitrogen and phosphorus) to the Gulf by the Mississippi River (Mississippi provides 90% of fresh inflow to GoM)
2.Nutrient-enhanced primary production (enhanced growth of aquatic plants and protists (e.g. algae, diatoms) in the Gulf of Mexico
3.Plants and protists die and sink to the ocean floor.
4.Decomposition of biomass by bacteria on the ocean floor consumes oxygen dissolved in the water
5.Lack of mixing in water column maintains low oxygen levels near the ocean bottom
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 17: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hypoxic Conditions in the Northern Gulf of Mexico –
• defined as a concentration of dissolved oxygen less than 2 mg/L
• In other oceans of the world, the upper limit for hypoxia may be as high as 3-5 mg/L (species and temperature affect range)
• hypoxia develops near the ocean floor (affects bottom dwellers – shrimp, oysters, bottom fish)
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 18: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Northern Gulf of Mexico (cont’d.):
• oxygen concentrations are stratified
• surface oxygen levels are typically >8 mg/L
• zone forms in spring; lasts until late Aug. or Sept.
•wind action by hurricanes (late summer) de-stratify the water column and return oxygen concentrations to normal
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 19: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Human Health Concerns:Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water can cause human health problems.
Short-term health effects: During digestion, nitrates transform to nitrites, which diminish the transfer of oxygen in the blood.
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 20: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome)
- a condition that results from high nitrites in the blood. This can be an acute condition in which health deteriorates rapidly over a period of days.
•Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of the skin.
• Results can be fatal
• Infants are particularly susceptible.Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar
August 2011
![Page 21: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Environmental and Ecological Concerns:
Hypoxia and Low Dissolved Oxygen Effects –
• High aquatic species mortality
• Habitat loss
• Food chain alterations
• Loss of biodiversity
• Reproductive problems for fish
• Increased susceptibility to predationAg Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 22: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 23: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Table 1. Estimates of annual nitrogen inputs in metric tons to the Mississippi River basin and its major tributaries
Source of Nitrogen
Mississippi Basin above Missouri River
All of Mississippi Basin
Metric Tons Percent of Total
Metric Tons
Percent of Total
Commercial fertilizer - all forms as N 1,898,800 54.3 5,873,800 50.6Livestock manure 914,100 26.1 3,451,300 29.7Legumes (soybeans and alfalfa) 375,500 10.7 1,031,900 8.9Atmospheric wet deposition of nitrate as N 107,700 3.1 512,300 4.4
Human domestic waste 188,600 5.4 627,800 5.4Industrial point sources 12,600 0.4 105,800 0.9Oxidized soil N ? ? Total 3,497,200 100.0 11,602,900 100.0Source: Goolsby and Battaglin, and Hooper,USGS. "Sources and Transport of Nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin.
http://co.water.usgs.gov/midconherb/html/st.louis.hypoxia.html
![Page 24: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Nitrogen
inputs in 1991
Source: Buxton, USGS.
Average stream yields
1980-1996
![Page 25: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011
![Page 26: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar
To qualify for financial assistance on NM 590...
•DWM required if land is drained, and DWM is feasible (feasibility based on slope, soil type, existence of pattern drainage, acres/economics)
• IWM is required if land is irrigated
•If both drained and irrigated, both of above required
Nutrient Management Strategy and DWM (National Bulletin: 450-11-4)
![Page 27: USDA is an Equal Opportunity Employer & Provider.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649ea05503460f94ba3e13/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Next PresentationNext Presentation
Hamid FarahaniHamid Farahani
Ag Drainage Water Management Webinar August 2011