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8/14/2019 US Supreme Court: 01-896 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/us-supreme-court-01-896 1/50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 I N THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X FORD MOTOR COMPANY a nd : CITIBANK (South Dakota), N.A., : Petitioners : v. : No. 01-896 J OHN B. Mc CAULEY, ET AL. : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X Washington, D.C. Monday, October 7, 2002 The above-entitled matter came on for oral argument before the Supreme Court of the United States at 11:04 a.m. APPEARANCES: SETH P. WAXMAN, ESQ., Washington, D.C.; on behalf of the Petitioners. STEVE W. BERMAN, ESQ., Seattle, Washington; on behalf of  the Respondents. 1 Alderson Reporting Company 1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005

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I N THE S UPREME COURT OF THE UNI TED STATES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - XF ORD MOTOR COMP ANY a n d :

CI TI BANK ( S o u t h Da k o t a ) , N. A. , : P e t i t i o n e r s :

v . : No . 0 1 - 8 9 6 J OHN B . Mc C AUL E Y, E T AL . : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

Wa s h i n g t o n , D. C. Mo n d a y , Oc t o b e r 7 , 2 0 0 2

Th e a b o v e - e n t i t l e d ma t t e r c a me o n f o r o r a l a r g u me n t b e f o r e t h e S u p r e me Co u r t o f t h e Un i t e d S t a t e s a t 1 1 : 0 4 a . m. APPEARANCES: S ETH P . WAXMAN, ES Q. , Wa s h i n g t o n , D. C. ; o n b e h a l f o f t h e

P e t i t i o n e r s . S TEVE W. BERMAN, ES Q. , S e a t t l e , Wa s h i n g t o n ; o n b e h a l f o f  

t h e Re s p o n d e n t s .

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C O N T E N T S ORAL ARGUMENT OF S ETH P. WAXMAN, ES Q.

On b e h a l f o f t h e Pe t i t i o n e r s S TEVE W. BERMAN, ES Q.

On b e h a l f o f t h e Re s p o n d e n t s REBUTTAL ARGUMENT OF S ETH P. WAXMAN, ES Q.

On b e h a l f o f t h e Pe t i t i o n e r s

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P R O C E E D I N G S ( 1 1 : 0 4 a . m. )

CHI E F J US TI CE REHNQUI S T: We ' l l h e a r a r g u me n t n e x t i n No . 0 1 - 8 9 6 , t h e F o r d Mo t o r Co mp a n y a n d Ci t i b a n k v . J o h n B. Mc C a u l e y .

Mr . Wa x ma n . T h e Co u r t wo u l d a p p r e c i a t e h e a r i n g a r g u me n t o n , I ' m s u r e , n o t j u s t o n t h e q u e s t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h e p e t i t i o n f o r c e r t i o r a r i , b u t o n t h e q u e s t i o n p o s e d i n t h e s u p p l e me n t a l b r i e f i n g a b o u t wh e t h e r t h e r e i s a p p e l l a t e j u r i s d i c t i o n wh e r e a n o mi n a l l y p r e v a i l i n g p a r t y i n t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t c a n - - c a n a p p e a l , a n d a l s o a b o u t wh e t h e r t h e q u e s t i o n o f - - u n d e r 1 4 4 7 ( d ) , i f t h i s wa s a n o r d e r o f r e ma n d , wh e t h e r t h e - - t h e t h i n g wa s a p p e a l a b l e t o t h e Ni n t h Ci r c u i t a t a l l .

ORAL ARGUMENT OF S ET H P . WAXMANON BEHALF OF T HE PE TI TI ONERS

MR. WAXMAN: Mr . Ch i e f J u s t i c e , a n d ma y i t p l e a s e t h e Co u r t :

P e r h a p s wi t h t h a t o b s e r v a t i o n , I wo u l d - - i t

wo u l d b e h o o v e me t o a d d r e s s t h e q u e s t - - t h e a p p e l l a t e   j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h i s C o u r t f i r s t , a s mu c h a s I wo u l d l i k et o r u s h i n t o wh y t h e r e c l e a r l y i s s u b j e c t ma t t e r

  j u r i s d i c t i o n i n t h i s c a s e , r e g a r d l e s s o f wh e t h e r t h e p l a i n t i f f s ' c l a i ms f o r i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f a r e v i e we d a s s e p a r a t e a n d d i s t i n c t o r c o mmo n a n d t h e n d i v i d e i t .

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S o l e t me f i r s t a d d r e s s wh y I t h i n k t h e Ni n t h Ci r c u i t a n d t h i s Co u r t h a d a p p e l l a t e j u r i s d i c t i o n , a n d i t i s s t r a i g h t f o r wa r d . Th a t i s , t h e r e i s a n a p p e a l i n t h i s c a s e f r o m t h e d i s mi s s a l wi t h p r e j u d i c e o f a c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t wh i c h wa s f i l e d v o l u n t a r i l y b y t h e p l a i n t i f f s i n t h i s c a s e s e e k i n g - - a s a g a i n s t p l a i n t i f f s t h a t a r e d i f f e r e n t t h a n a n y - - t h a n t h e c o n s t i t u e n t S t a t e c o u r t a c t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g d i f f e r e n t p l a i n t i f f s s e e k i n g d i f f e r e n t c a u s e s o f a c t i o n a n d s e e k i n g a d i f f e r e n t f o r m o f r e l i e f , t h a t i s , s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e o f t h e Fo r d r e b a t e p r o g r a m.

An d i t i s v e r y c l e a r , b o t h f r o m t h e c o n t - - t h e - - t h e f o u r c o r n e r s o f t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t a n d f r o ma n e x p r e s s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h a t my f r i e n d , Mr . Be r ma n , ma d e a t t h e o r a l a r g u me n t i n t h e c l a s s c e r t i f i c a t i o n s t a g e , t h a t t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t wa s f i l e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f o b t a i n i n g , i n f r o n t o f J u d g e Dwy e r i n t h e No r t h e r n Di s - - t h e We s t e r n Di s t r i c t o f Wa s h i n g t o n , a j u d g me n t o n t h e me r i t s i n t h e c a s e . Th a t i s , i t wa s d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h e t r e a t me n t , t h e ma x i mu m t r e a t me n t , t h a t h e wo u l d h a v e b e e n

p e r mi t t e d t o p r o v i d e u n d e r t h e mu l t i - d i s t r i c t l i t i g a t i o n p a n e l ' s r e f e r e n c e . Th a t i s - -

QUES TI ON: Wh a t ' s s o r t o f u n u s u a l , t h o u g h , i s t h a t y o u d i d n ' t s u f f e r t h e d i s mi s s a l . I me a n , y e s , a d i s mi s s a l i s - - i s u s u a l l y a f i n a l - - a f i n a l a c t i o n , a n d i t ' s u s u a l l y t h e p e r s o n wh o s e s u i t wa s d i s mi s s e d wh o

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a p p e a l s - - MR. WAXMAN: T h a t i s - - QUES TI ON: - - n o t - - n o t t h e p e r s o n wh o

b e n e f i t t e d b y t h e d i s mi s s a l a n d t h a t - - MR. WAXMAN: I n d e e d , a n d t h a t , J u s t i c e S c a l i a ,

i s t h e - - i s t h e q u e s t i o n I b e l i e v e , t h e s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n , t h a t t h e Co u r t d i r e c t e d t h e p a r t i e s ' a t t e n t i o n t o i n i t s r e q u e s t f o r s u p p l e me n t a l b r i e f s .

No w, i t i s c l e a r t h a t a p r e v a i l i n g p a r t y n o r ma l l y c a n n o t a p p e a l , b u t t h e o p e r a t i v e wo r d t h a t t h i s Co u r t h a s r e c o g n i z e d , a t l e a s t s i n c e t h e El e c t r i c a l F i t t i n g s c a s e , i s n o r ma l l y . An d t h i s Co u r t a n d t h e l o we r c o u r t s h a v e a p p l i e d a r a t h e r p a r t i c u l a r t e s t t o d e t e r mi n e wh e n n o r ma l l y d o e s n ' t a p p l y , a n d t h a t i s , i s t h e n o mi n a l l y p r e v a i l i n g p a r t y s u f f i c i e n t l y a g g r i e v e d b y a d e c i s i o n i n i t s f a v o r t h a t i t r e t a i n s a , q u o t e , s t a k e i n t h e a p p e a l ? An d t h a t ' s - - t h a t t e s t wa s a r t i c u l a t e d b y t h i s Co u r t i n Gu a r a n t y Tr u s t v . Ro p e r - -

QUE S T I ON: Mr . Wa x ma n .

MR. WAXMAN: - - a n d i n Fo r n e y v . Ap f e l . QUES TI ON: Mr . Wa x ma n , a d e f e n d a n t wh o r e mo v e s a

c a s e a n d t h e n i s r e ma n d e d i s s u r e l y a g g r i e v e d b u t , n o n e t h e l e s s , c a n n o t a p p e a l . An d t h e p r o b l e m I h a v e wi t h a n a n s we r t h a t y o u we n t b y t o o f a s t f o r me i s t h i s c a s e i s i n - - wa s i n t h e Wa s h i n g t o n d i s t r i c t c o u r t f o r p r e t r i a l

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p u r p o s e s o n l y u n d e r 1 4 0 7 . Th e t r a n s f e r f r o m t h e s e v e r a l d i s t r i c t c o u r t s t o wh i c h t h e s e c a s e s we r e i n i t i a l l y r e mo v e d - - t h a t t r a n s f e r u n d e r t h e s t a t u t e wa s f o r p r e t r i a l p u r p o s e s o n l y , n o t f o r t r i a l . An d a f t e r t h e p r e t r i a l , u n d e r t h e s t a t u t e , t h e c a s e s , u n l e s s a l l t h e p a r t i e s c o n s e n t , wo u l d g o b a c k t o t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t s f r o mwh e n c e t h e y c a me .

S o I d o n ' t u n d e r s t a n d h o w t h e We s t e r n Di s t r i c t wh i c h i s d e a l i n g wi t h a c o mp l a i n t f o r p r e t r i a l p u r p o s e s o n l y - - I me a n , t h e - - t h e r e q u e s t t h a t a c o mp l a i n t - - c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t b e f i l e d wa s f o r p r e t r i a l p r o c e s s i n g . Ho w d o y o u g e t f r o m t h a t a n a c t i o n t h a t d i s p l a c e s a l l o f t h e o t h e r a c t i o n s t h a t h a d b e e n r e mo v e d f r o m t h e S t a t e c o u r t ?

MR. WAXMAN: J u s t i c e Gi n s b u r g , t h e a p p e a l a b i l i t y o f t h e d i s mi s s a l wi t h p r e j u d i c e o f t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n wh e t h e r t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t , q u o t e , d i d a wa y wi t h t h e o t h e r a c t i o n s . Th e r e a s o n - - we wo u l d , o f c o u r s e , r e a d i l y c o n c e d e t h a t u n d e r

1 4 4 7 ( d ) , i f a l l t h a t h a d h a p p e n e d wa s a r e mo v a l o f t h e s i x S t a t e c o u r t a c t i o n s , a t r a n s f e r f o r p r e t r i a l p u r p o s e s t o a mu l t i - d i s t r i c t l i t i g a t i o n c o u r t a n d a d e t e r mi n a t i o n b y t h a t c o u r t t h a t i t l a c k e d s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r t h e c o mp l a i n t s , t h e r e wo u l d b e n o a p p e a l b e c a u s e t h e r e ma n d o f r e mo v e d St a t e c o u r t a c t i o n s f o r l a c k o f s u b j e c t

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ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n , Co n g r e s s h a s d e c i d e d , i s n o t a d e t e r mi n a t i o n t h a t ma y b e r e v i e we d b y F e d e r a l a p p e l l a t e c o u r t s .

Bu t h e r e - - a n d t h i s , I t h i n k , i s t h e s a l i e n t p o i n t . He r e , t h e j u d g e d i d n o t r e q u i r e t h e p l a i n t i f f s ' l a wy e r s i n t h e s i x c a s e s t o f i l e s o me s o r t o f c o n c o r d a n c e o r a c o n s o l i d a t i n g d o c u me n t t h a t o f t e n i s o r d e r e d s o a s t o f a c i l i t a t e p r e t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s . Wh a t t h e j u d g e s a i d i s i f a n y b o d y wa n t s t o f i l e a c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t , t h e y m a y .

Th e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t t h a t wa s f i l e d i n t h i s c a s e a v o we d l y i n v o k e d t h i s Co u r t ' s 1 3 - - t h e F e d e r a l c o u r t ' s 1 3 3 2 j u r i s d i c t i o n a n d s o u g h t n o t j u s t p r e t r i a l c o n s o l i d a t e d p r o c e e d i n g s o n d i s c o v e r y a n d mo t i o n s , t h e y wa n t e d a f u l l t r i a l o r a f u l l r e s o l u t i o n o n t h e me r i t s .

I n o t h e r wo r d s , i t ' s - - i t ' s a s i f t h e j u d g e , h a v i n g h a d t h e s i x c a s e s t r a n s f e r r e d , s a i d e x p r e s s l y , l o o k , I ' m g o i n g t o d e a l wi t h a l l o f t h e p r e t r i a l ma t t e r s t h a t a r e t h e s u b j e c t o f t h i s t r a n s f e r o r d e r , b u t i f y o u

a l l l i k e me - -

QUES TI ON: Mr . Wa x ma n , ma y I s t o p y o u a t t h a t p o i n t ? Be c a u s e t h e p r e t r i a l c o n s o l i d a t e d - - t h e o r d e r - - t h i s i s - - I ' m l o o k i n g a t t h e a p p e n d i x , p a g e 3 5 . I t s a y s , b y o r d e r o f t h e mu l t i - d i s t r i c t p a n e l , t h e c a s e s h a v e b e e n c o n s o l i d a t e d f o r p r e t r i a l p u r p o s e s o n l y .

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No w, y o u ' r e s a y i n g t h a t t h e r e i s s o me t h i n g - - s o me t h i n g t h a t I d o n ' t s e e i n t h e wr i t t e n o r d e r s t h a t s a y s t h e y - - n o , i t ' s g o i n g t o b e n o w f o r t r i a l p u r p o s e s .

MR. WAXMAN: No , n o , n o . I ' m - - I ' m n o t e x p l a i n i n g my s e l f c o r r e c t l y . Th e - - t h e o r d e r d o e s n ' t s a y t h e s e s i x r e mo v e d c a s e s a r e h e r e f o r t r i a l p u r p o s e s , a n d i f i t d i d , i t wo u l d e x c e e d t h e c o u r t ' s a u t h o r i t y u n d e r 1 4 0 7 a n d t h i s Co u r t ' s s p e c i f i c h o l d i n g i n Le x e c o n .

On p a g e 4 1 o f t h e j o i n t a p p e n d i x , t h e c o u r t u n d e r a h e a d i n g s a y - - e n t i t l e d c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t s a y s , s h o u l d p l a i n t i f f s i n a l l o r s o me o f t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d a c t i o n s d e c i d e t o f i l e a c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t , y o u h a v e t o d o s o wi t h i n a c e r t a i n p e r i o d o f t i me .

No w, t h a t r a i s e s t h e q u e s t i o n , s i n c e t h e y d i d i t v o l u n t a r i l y , wh e t h e r wh a t t h e y we r e f i l i n g wa s s o me t h i n g t h a t , i n e s s e n c e , s o r t t o - - a s I s a i d , t o b e a c o n c o r d a n c e , t o c o n s o l i d a t e i n o n e d o c u me n t a l l o f t h e v a r i o u s p a r t i e s a n d a l l t h e v a r i o u s c l a i ms a n d a l l v a r i o u s t h e o r i e s s o t h a t a c o u r t c a n me a n i n g f u l a n d - -

me a n i n g f u l l y a n d e f f i c i e n c y - - e f f i c i e n t l y ma n a g e t h e p r e t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s .

QUES TI ON: Bu t o r d i n a r i l y y o u wo u l d n ' t g o - - g o a b o u t i t t h a t wa y . Yo u ' d h a v e a me mo r a n d u m, n o t a c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t .

MR. WAXMAN: T h a t - - t h a t ' s t r u e , Mr . Ch i e f  

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J u s t i c e , a l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e i n s t a n c e s wh e r e t h e c o u r t - - wh e r e t h e t r a n s f e r e e c o u r t h a s o r d e r e d t h e f i l i n g o f  s o me t h i n g c a l l e d a c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t .

Bu t h e r e , t h e r e a r e t wo s a l i e n t - - a t l e a s t t wo s a l i e n t d i f f e r e n c e s . On e i s t h i s c o mp l a i n t h a s d i f f e r e n t p a r t i e s . I t h a s d i f f e r e n t c a u s e s o f a c t i o n . I t s e e k s a d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f r e l i e f . An d a t t h e mo t i o n - - a n d - - a n d i t s e e k s q u i t e c l e a r l y , b a s e d o n t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e p a r t i e s a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s , t h i s i s , i n e s s e n c e , s a y i n g t h a n k y o u v e r y mu c h f o r h a v i n g - - h a v i n g u s h e r e f o r c o n s o l i d a t e d p r o c e e d i n g s o n o u r u n d e r l y i n g s t a t e c o u r t a c t i o n s , b u t we h a v e d e c i d e d we l i k e y o u , J u d g e Dwy e r , a n d we wa n t y o u t o t r y a c a s e , a n d we ' r e g o i n g t o f i l e a b r a n d n e w F e d e r a l a c t i o n t h a t i s d o c k e t e d i n t h e We s t e r n Di s t r i c t .

QUES TI ON: Mr . Wa x ma n , t h i n g s l i k e t h a t ,   j u r i s - - b a s i c j u r i s d i c t i o n a l t h i n g , a g r e e i n g - - t h i s wo u l d b e a c o n s e n t t o h a v e a c o u r t t h a t h a s n o a u t h o r i t y t o a d j u d i c a t e a c a s e t o a d j u d i c a t e i t . Us u a l l y s u c h a

ma j o r s t e p i s d o n e n o t b y i n f e r e n c e , n o t b y i mp l i c a t i o n . T h i s i s s a y i n g , c o u r t , e v e n t h o u g h y o u h a v e n o a u t h o r i t y u n d e r t h e F e d e r a l s t a t u t e s t o p r o c e e d wi t h o u t o u r c o n s e n t , we a r e c o n s e n t i n g , s o g o a h e a d . We ' r e wa i v i n g a n y q u e s t i o n s o f v e n u e o r a n y t h i n g e l s e .

Th e f a c t t h a t t h i s i s l a b e l e d c o n s o l i d a t e d

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c o mp l a i n t i s s i mp l y wh a t t h e mu l t i - d i s t r i c t s t a t u t e s a y s . I t s a y s t h a t t h e a c t i o n s ma y b e t r a n s f e r r e d f o r c o n s o l i d a t e d p r e t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s . S o wh y c o u l d n ' t t h i s c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t b e s i mp l y f o r p r e t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s , t h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t t h e mu l t i - d i s t r i c t p a n e l t r a n s f e r r e d t h e c a s e t o We s t e r n Di s t r i c t o f Wa s h i n g t o n f o r ?

MR. WAXMAN: J u s t i c e Gi n s b u r g , i t c e r t a i n l y c o u l d h a v e b e e n , a n d i f i t we r e o r d e r e d b y t h e c o u r t , t h a t i s t h e mo s t t h a t i t c o u l d h a v e b e e n .

Bu t i n t h i s c a s e , t h a t ' s n o t wh a t i t wa s . Th e r e a r e p a r t i e s , c l a i ms , a n d r e q u e s t s f o r r e l i e f , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e - - wh a t i s r e a l l y t h e o b j e c t o f t h e l i t i g a t i o n , t h e r e q u e s t f o r s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e o f t h e F o r d r e b a t e p r o g r a m - -

QUES TI ON: Mr . Wa x ma n , c a n I i n t e r r u p t y o u wi t h a q u e s t i o n ? I t s e e ms t o me y o u ' r e , i n e f f e c t , a r g u i n g t h a t t h e F e d e r a l c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t wa s k i n d o f a b r a n d n e w l a ws u i t , a n d we f o r g e t a b o u t e v e r y t h i n g e l s e t h a t h a p p e n e d b e f o r e .

No w, i f t h a t we r e t h e c a s e a n d y o u j u s t h a d t h a t

c o mp l a i n t f i l e d a g a i n s t y o u a n d y o u f i l e d a mo t i o n t o d i s mi s s a n d y o u p r e v a i l e d a n d t h e y d i s mi s s e d t h e c o mp l a i n t , i t c l e a r l y wo u l d n o t b e a p p e a l a b l e . I n o r d e r f o r y o u t o f i n d r e a s o n s t o a p p e a l , y o u g o t t o g o b a c k a n d s a y , we l l , n o w we ' r e g o i n g t o h a v e t o f a c e a l o t o f o t h e r

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l a ws u i t s . MR. WAXMAN: T h a t - - I t h i n k y o u r p r e mi s e - - t h e

p r e mi s e o f y o u r q u e s t i o n , J u s t i c e S t e v e n s , wi t h r e s p e c t , i s i n c o r r e c t , wh i c h i s i f we h a d a s k e d f o r a d i s mi s s a l o n s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n g r o u n d s a n d p r e v a i l e d - - t h a t i s , we wo u l d h a v e - -

QUES TI ON: No . Th e y a s k e d f o r d i s mi s s a l o n s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n . No . I ' m s o r r y . I ' m s o r r y . Yo u ' r e r i g h t . Yo u ' r e r i g h t .

MR. WAXMAN: I f we h a d a s k e d f o r i t , t h e n we wo u l d h a v e g o t t e n a l l t h a t we c o u l d p o s s i b l y h a v e e x p e c t e d . Wh a t we a s k e d f o r - - wh a t h a p p e n e d i n t h i s c a s e wa s t h e y v o l u n t a r i l y f i l e d i t . Th e y a s k e d f o r t r i a l a n d

  j u d g me n t o n t h e me r i t s . Th e c o u r t s u a s p o n t e s a i d , I d o n ' t t h i n k I h a v e s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n , a n d we h a v e t h e r i g h t t o a p p e a l t h a t b e c a u s e we a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y a g g r i e v e d t h a t we h a v e a s t a k e i n t h e c a s e . An d t h e - -

QUES TI ON: Wh y d i d t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t s a y i t h a d n o s u b j e c t ma t t e r ? Be c a u s e o f t h e a mo u n t i n c o n t r o v e r s y ?

MR. WAXMAN: Ye s , b e c a u s e o f t h e a mo u n t i n

c o n t r o v e r s y . I t r e f u s e d t o a p p l y - - i t f o l l o we d p r i o r Ni n t h Ci r c u i t p r e c e d e n t a n d r e f u s e d t o a p p l y t h e d e f e n d a n t s ' v i e wp o i n t i n a c l a s s a c t i o n s e e k i n g i n j u n c t i v e - -

QUES TI ON: Or y o u h a v e a b r a n d n e w - -

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QUES TI ON: Yo u wo u l d n o t h a v e b e e n a g g r i e v e d - - i f - - i f t h a t wa s t h e o n l y c a s e p e n d i n g a n d s o - - a n d i f  i t wa s d i s mi s s e d , h o w wo u l d y o u h a v e b e e n a g g r i e v e d ?

MR. WAXMAN: We wo u l d h a v e b e e n a g g r i e v e d i n t h e s a me wa y - - b e c a u s e wh a t we s o u g h t wa s - - wh a t we wa n t e d wa s l i t i g a t i o n i n a s i n g l e f o r u m, i n a f o r u m wh i c h h a d a l r e a d y c o n d u c t e d s u b s t a n t i a l p r e t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s a n d a F e d e r a l f o r u m. We s o u g h t j u d g me n t i n o u r f a v o r o n t h e me r i t s . Wh a t we - - wh i c h wo u l d h a v e p r o d u c e d a d i s mi s s a l o r a j u d g me n t wi t h p r e j u d i c e . Wh a t we r e c e i v e d , b u t d i d n o t a s k f o r , wa s a r e s u l t t h a t p e r mi t s t h e - - e i t h e r t h e s e p l a i n t i f f s o r a n y b o d y e l s e i n t h e c o u n t r y t o c o n t i n u e t h i s l i t i g a t i o n i n S t a t e c o u r t . An d - - a n d t h e i r - - t h e l o we r c o u r t s i n t h e c a s e s t h a t we ' v e c i t e d a r e - -

QUES TI ON: Do y o u - - d o y o u a r g u e t h a t i n j u s t a n o r d i n a r y c a s e i f a - - y o u f i l e - - a d e f e n d a n t f i l e s a mo t i o n t o d i s mi s s b o t h o n t h e g r o u n d s o f n o c a u s e o f  a c t i o n a n d s o f o r t h a n d s o o n a n d a l s o n o j u r i s d i c t i o n , y o u wi n o n n o j u r i s d i c t i o n , y o u c a n a p p e a l t h a t ?

MR. WAXMAN: We l l , I t h i n k , t h i s Co u r t ' s

d e c i s i o n i n Fo r n e y v . Ap f e l s t a n d s f o r t h a t p r o p o s i t i o n . Bu t i t wo u l d - - t h i s i s a n e a s i e r c a s e b e c a u s e we d i d n o t s e e k t o d i s mi s s t h i s f o r s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n g r o u n d s . We wa n t e d t o b e i n F e d e r a l c o u r t . We we r e t h e o n e s wh o r e mo v e d t h e u n d e r l y i n g St a t e c o u r t a c t i o n s h e r e .

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As i t t u r n s o u t , t h e y d e c i d e d t h e y wa n t e d t o b e i n Fe d e r a l c o u r t t o o .

Bu t t h e r e a r e a l o n g l i n e o f c a s e s , a n d r e a l l y a n u n i n t e r r u p t e d l i n e o f c a s e s , i n t h e l o we r c o u r t s t h a t h a v e i n t e r p r e t e d t h i s Co u r t ' s j u r i s p r u d e n c e i n F o r n e y a n d Gu a r a n t y T r u s t a n d E l e c t r i c a l F i t t i n g s t o me a n t h a t wh e r e t h e r e i s a d i s mi s s a l o n - - o f S t a t e l a w c l a i ms , n o t o n t h e me r i t s , b u t f o r l a c k o f j u r i s d i c t i o n , d e f e n d a n t s a r e a g g r i e v e d i n a p r a c t i c a l s e n s e . An d we ' v e d i s c u s s e d a - -

QUES TI ON: Mr . Wa x ma n , I t h i n k t h e p r o b l e m i s t h o s e s i x S t a t e c o u r t a c t i o n s t h a t h a v e n ' t v a n i s h e d . No b o d y e v e r d i s mi s s e d t h e m. An d a s a g g r i e v e d a s y o u a r e - - a n d I a g r e e t h a t y o u ' r e a g g r i e v e d - - y o u c o u l d n o t a p p e a l f r o m t h e r e ma n d . I t s e e ms t o me t h e s e t wo , t h e d i s mi s s a l o f t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t , t h e r e t u r n o f t h e a c t i o n s f r o m wh i c h t h i s c o n s o l i d a t i o n o r i g i n a t e d , t h a t t h o s e t wo a r e i n e x t r i c a b l y t i e d t o g e t h e r . An d y o u wo u l d l i k e t o c u t t h e m o f f a n d s a y , C o u r t , j u s t l o o k a t t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t . F o r g o t a b o u t t h o s e s e p a r a t e

a c t i o n s . S o me h o w t h e y v a n i s h e d .

MR. WAXMAN: No t - - wi t h r e s p e c t , J u s t i c e Gi n s b u r g , ma y b e I - - p e r h a p s I ' m n o t u n d e r s t a n d i n g y o u . I - - t h e r e ' s a n i n t e r e s t i n g e p i s t e mo l o g i c a l q u e s t i o n i n t h i s c a s e wh e t h e r t h e u n d e r l y i n g S t a t e c o u r t a c t i o n s c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t o r wh e t h e r t h e y h a d b e e n , i n f a c t , s u p e r s e d e d b u t

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t h e - - QUES TI ON: Le t - - l e t me a s k y o u a b o u t o n e

s o l u t i o n t o t h e e p i s t e mo l o g i c a l q u e s t i o n . Le t ' s a s s u me - - l e t ' s a s s u me t h a t o n t h e r e ma n d t h e S t a t e c o u r t s t h i n k t h e y a r e s t i l l a l i v e . Ar e y o u g o i n g t o t h e S t a t e c o u r t s , l e t ' s t r y t h e m n o w? He a r u s i mme d i a t e l y . We wa n t a t r i a l .

MR. WAXMAN: You me a n - - QUES TI ON: Yo u ' r e n o t g o i n g t o d o t h a t . Wh a t

y o u ' r e g o i n g t o s a y i s , d e f e r a n y a c t i o n h e r e , i f y o u wi n o n t h i s - - o n y o u r p o i n t h e r e . Yo u ' r e g o i n g t o s a y , d e f e r a n y a c t i o n s o we c a n t r y t h e F e d e r a l c a s e .

MR . WAXMAN: We l l - - QUES TI ON: An d - - a n d t h a t i t s e e ms t o me ,

u n l e s s I a m mi s s i n g t h e p o i n t o f wh a t y o u a r e n e c e s s a r i l y g o i n g t o d o , i t f o l l o ws t h a t - - t h a t t h e - - t h a t t h e F e d e r a l c a s e i s , i n f a c t , s i mp l y t h e a l t e r e g o o f t h e S t a t e c a s e s , a n d i f y o u wi n h e r e , y o u a r e f u n c t i o n a l l y d o i n g n o t h i n g b u t e l i mi n a t i n g s u b s e c t i o n ( d ) .

MR. WAXMAN: I - - wi t h r e s p e c t , J u s t i c e S o u t e r ,

i f - - t h e r e a r e p l a i n t i f f s i n t wo o f t h e S t a t e c a s e s wh o a r e n o t e v e n n a me d p l a i n t i f f s i n t h e F e d e r a l c a s e . Th e r e a r e d e f e n d a n t s . Th e r e i s a d e f e n d a n t .

QUES TI ON: Ar e t h e y wi t h i n t h e c l a s s ? MR. WAXMAN: We l l , t h e - - a l l o f t h e c a s e s s e e k

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a n a t i o n wi d e c l a s s . QUES TI ON: S u r e , a n d d o n ' t y o u t h i n k t h o s e n o n -

n a me d p l a i n t i f f s wo u l d b e h a p p y t o l e t s o me b o d y e l s e c a r r y t h e b a l l f o r t h e m i n - - i n t h e F e d e r a l a c t i o n ?

MR . WAXMAN: We l l - - QUES TI ON: Th e y ' r e - - t h e y ' r e n o t g o i n g t o f i g h t

y o u wh e n y o u s a y t o t h e S t a t e c o u r t s , j u s t l e t t h e m s i t h e r e u n t i l we g e t t h e Fe d e r a l c a s e t a k e n c a r e o f .

MR. WAXMAN: T h e r e a r e - - I ' l l g o t o d o o r n u mb e r t wo . Th e r e a r e c l a i ms . Th e r e a r e c a u s e s o f a c t i o n i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g S t a t e c a s e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t a n d v i c e v e r s a . I n s h o r t , t h e - - t h e - - f r o m a c a s e ma n a g e me n t p e r s p e c t i v e , wh e t h e r b o t h a F e d e r a l c a s e a n d a S t a t e c a s e t h a t a r e b o t h i n e x i s t e n c e c a n g o f o r wa r d s i mu l t a n e o u s l y o r wh e t h e r o n e s h o u l d f o l l o wt h e o t h e r i s s o me t h i n g t h a t h a p p e n s a l l t h e t i me , a n d i t h a s n e v e r b e e n u n d e r s t o o d t o d i v e s t o n e c o u r t o r t h e o t h e r o f j u r i s d i c t i o n . An d o u r s u b mi s s i o n h e r e i s t h a t we h a v e s o me t h i n g t h a t i s d i s t i n c t l y n e w. I t wa s - -

QUES TI ON: Th e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t ? MR. WAXMAN: Ye s . QUES TI ON: No , b u t I me a n , y o u - - b u t o u r p o i n t

i s i f f u n c t i o n a l l y y o u a r e g o i n g t o t r e a t t h i s a s t h e a l t - - t h e e q u i v a l e n t , t h e a l t e r n a t i v e t o a l l o f t h e s e St a t e a c t i o n s - - a n d y o u h a v e t o l d me n o t h i n g t o s u g g e s t t h a t

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y o u ' r e n o t g o i n g t o d o t h a t - - t h e n i t s e e ms t o me t h a t t h e - - t h e - - t h e a r g u me n t h a s g o t t o p r e v a i l t h a t f u n c t i o n a l l y t h i s i n - - i n f a c t i s n o t h i n g b u t a n e n d r u n a r o u n d t h e n o n - a p p e a l a b i l i t y o f t h e r e ma n d .

MR. WAXMAN: We l l , i n p o i n t o f f a c t , J u s t i c e S o u t e r , i f t h i s C o u r t r e v e r s e s t h e Ni n t h Ci r c u i t f o r t h e - - f o r - - f o r o n e o f t h e t wo e r r o r s o f l a w t h a t i t c o mmi t t e d , a n d o n r e ma n d , t h e c o n c l u s i o n i s ma d e t h a t t h e r e i s s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n a n d t h e c a s e c a n p r o c e e d , we wi l l b e i n p r e c i s e l y t h e s a me p o s t u r e t h a t we we r e i n a t t h e t i me t h a t t h e p l a i n t i f f s f i l e d t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t .

QUES TI ON: No , b e c a u s e a t t h a t t i me t h e - - t h e - - t h e S t a t e c a s e s h a d b e e n r e ma n d e d .

MR. WAXMAN: An d - - we l l , t h e S t a t e c a s e s h a v e n o t y e t b e e n r e ma n d e d , b u t i f t h e S t a t e - -

QUES TI ON: I - - I me a n - - I ' m s o r r y . Th e y h a d b e e n - - t h e y h a d b e e n r e mo v e d . I mi s s p o k e .

MR. WAXMAN: T h e y h a d b e e n r e mo v e d .

QUES TI ON: Th e y h a d b e e n r e mo v e d . MR. WAXMAN: An d t h e y wi l l r e ma i n r e mo v e d i f  

t h i s - - i f a F e d e r a l c o u r t c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e r e i s s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n .

QUES TI ON: I t h o u g h t t h a t t h e o r d e r o f t h e We s t e r n Di s t r i c t o f Wa s h i n g t o n wa s t h a t t h e S t a t e c a s e s

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a r e r e ma n d e d . QUES TI ON: Th a t ' s wh a t I t h o u g h t . QUES TI ON: An d t h a t t h e Ni n t h Ci r c u i t d i d n o t

t o u c h t h a t , t h a t t h e Ni n t h Ci r c u i t d e a l t o n l y wi t h t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t .

MR. WAXMAN: T h e r e i s a s i n g l e o r d e r i n t h e c a s e t h a t s a y s t h e r e i s n o j u r i s d i c t i o n . An d i t ' s i n t h e - - i n t h e j o i n t a p p e n d i x . Th e r e i s n o s u b j e c t ma t t e r

  j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t o r o v e r t h es i x r e mo v e d a c t i o n s . An d t h e r e f o r e , t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t i s d i s mi s s e d , a n d t h e c l e r k i s d i r e c t e d t o r e ma n d t h e u n d e r l y i n g S t a t e a c t i o n s b a c k t o t h e S t a t e s . No w, t h a t o r d e r wa s s t a y e d b y t h e Ni n t h C i r c u i t a t o u r r e q u e s t p e n d i n g t h e o u t c o me o f t h i s c a s e . Th a t i s , i f - -

QUES TI ON: We l l , b u t s t a y e d b y t h e Ni n t h Ci r c u i t p r i o r t o a r g u me n t t h e r e ?

MR. WAXMAN: No . Af t e r - - y e s , i t wa s s t a y e d p r i o r t o a r g u me n t t h e r e a n d - -

QUES TI ON: We l l , d i d n ' t t h a t s t a y e x p i r e wi t h

t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s ? MR. WAXMAN: I t wo u l d h a v e e x c e p t t h a t we mo v e d

f o r a s t a y o f t h e ma n d a t e . T h e ma n d a t e i s s u e d b e f o r e t h e c o u r t r u l e d o n i t , a n d t h e c o u r t t h e n r e c a l l e d t h e ma n d a t e a n d d i r e c t e d t h a t t h e r e ma n d o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g S t a t e a c t i o n s n o t p r o c e e d u n t i l t h i s Co u r t - - a t l e a s t u n t i l

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t h i s Co u r t - - h a s r e s o l v e d t h e q u e s t i o n . Bu t u l t i ma t e l y - -

QUES TI ON: Bu t I s t i l l t h i n k - - I s t i l l t h i n k y o u ' r e i n t r o u b l e b e c a u s e e v e n i f we a c c e p t y o u r - - y o u r r e a d i n g o f wh a t t h e - - t h e c o u r t o r d e r e d a n d wh a t i t ' s l i k e l y t o d o i f y o u p r e v a i l h e r e , i t s i mp l y c h a n g e s t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f wh a t ' s g o i n g o n . Yo u ' r e - - y o u ' r e s a y i n g t h a t t h e - - t h a t i f t h e - - i f t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c a s e s t a y s i n t h e Fe d e r a l c o u r t , i t d o e s n o t d i e , a n d i n f a c t , b e c a u s e o f t h a t , t h e r e i s n o r e ma n d . Th e n i t s i mp l y f o l l o ws t h a t t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o u r s e i s a t r u mp t o t h e r e ma n d a n d y o u ' r e e x c l u d i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n o f s u b s e c t i o n ( d ) i n a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t wa y .

MR. WAXMAN: No t t r u e , J u s t i c e S o u t e r , f o r t wo r e a s o n s . I ' l l g i v e t h e b r o a d e r o n e f i r s t .

I f we h a d f i l e d a s a l l p a r t i e s i n t h e c a s e a n d t h e S o l i c i t o r Ge n e r a l a s we l l a g r e e i s t h e c o mp l e t e f u n c t i o n a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t - - i f  F o r d a n d Ci t i h a d f i l e d a d e c l a r a t o r y j u d g me n t a c t i o n i n

F e d e r a l c o u r t , e v e n a f t e r t h e S t a t e c a s e s h a d b e e n f i l e d , b e f o r e o r a f t e r t h e y h a d b e e n r e mo v e d , a n d we a s k e d f o r a d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t we c a n t e r mi n a t e t h e Fo r d r e b a t e p r o g r a m, t h e r e wo u l d b e n o q u e s t i o n t h a t - -

QUES TI ON: Mr . Wa x ma n , g i v e me a n e x a mp l e o f a n y c a s e i n wh i c h a d e f e n d a n t i n a p r o d u c t l i a b i l i t y s u i t , i n

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a c r e d i t s u i t l i k e t h i s o n e , a d e f e n d a n t h a s s a i d I wa n t t o p r e e mp t t h e c l a s s a c t i o n a n d s o I a m g o i n g t o b r i n g t h i s d e c l a r a t o r y s u i t a g a i n s t a l l t h e c r e d i t c a r d h o l d e r s o f t h i s p l a n a l l o v e r Ame r i c a i n t h e f o r u m t h a t I c h o o s e , a n d t h a t ' s g o i n g t o b e wh e r e t h e c l a s s a c t i o n i s g o i n g t o p r o c e e d . Ca n y o u g i v e me a n y p r e c e d e n t f o r a d e f e n d a n t b e i n g a b l e t o t a k e o v e r wh a t wo u l d h a v e o r d i n a r i l y b e e n t h e p l a i n t i f f ' s p r o d u c t l i a b i l i t y c l a i m, c r e d i t c a r d c l a i m? I - - I d o n ' t k n o w o f a n y s u c h c a s e wh e r e a d e f e n d a n t h a s b e e n a l l o we d t o ma k e s u c h a c a s e i t s s h o wr a t h e r t h a n t h e p l a i n t i f f ' s s h o w.

MR. WAXMAN: I - - a s I ' m s t a n d i n g h e r e , J u s t i c e Gi n s b u r g , I - - I c a n ' t b r i n g a n y c a s e s t o mi n d . I ' l l - - I ' l l - - I ' l l - - I ' l l t r y a n d b r i n g o n e t o mi n d p r i o r t o my r e b u t t a l .

Bu t I d o n ' t u n d e r s t a n d wh a t t h e o b j e c t i o n wo u l d b e i f , b e f o r e t e r mi n a t i n g t h e p r o g r a m, we s a i d , we ' r e g o i n g t o t e r mi n a t e t h i s p r o g r a m - -

QUES TI ON: Be c a u s e y o u h a v e - -

MR. WAXMAN: - - a n d we wa n t a d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t - -

QUES TI ON: Be c a u s e , Mr . Wa x ma n , y o u h a v e p o t e n t i a l p l a i n t i f f s f r o m a l l o v e r t h e c o u n t r y . No r ma l l y a l a ws u i t i s b e g u n b y a p l a i n t i f f a n d t h e p l a i n t i f f ' s c h o i c e o f f o r u m i s r e s p e c t e d . He r e y o u a r e s a y i n g a

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d e f e n d a n t , n o t d e a l i n g wi t h o n e p l a i n t i f f , b u t d e a l i n g wi t h h u n d r e d s , ma y b e t h o u s a n d s - - I d o n ' t k n o w h o w ma n y c r e d i t c a r d h o l d e r s t h e r e a r e - - a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y c a n s t a r t t h e l a ws u i t a n d a F e d e r a l c o u r t wo u l d l i s t e n t o t h a t , wo u l d , a t t h e d e f e n d a n t ' s u r g i n g , s o me h o w c e r t i f y t h e p l a i n t i f f c l a s s . I d o n ' t k n o w o f a n y s u c h a c t i o n . I d o n ' t k n o w o f a n y d i s t r i c t j u d g e wh o h a s d o n e t h a t a t t h e u r g i n g o f a d e f e n d a n t .

MR. WAXMAN: We l l , J u s t i c e Gi n s b u r g , i f we we r e t o h a v e f i l e d s u c h a c a s e - - a n d my s u b mi s s i o n i s i t wo u l d b e t h e f u n c t i o n a l e q u i v a l e n t o f a c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t - - i t wo u l d n o t d i s e mp o we r p l a i n t i f f s o r p l a i n t i f f s ' r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m f i l i n g t h e i r o wn c l a s s a c t i o n s i n S t a t e o r Fe d e r a l c o u r t . An d i f t h a t we r e t h e c a s e , t h e r e wo u l d t h e n - - t h e r e wo u l d b e - - t h e r e a f t e r b e a d e t e r mi n a t i o n ma d e b y t h e c o u r t s i n v o l v e d - -

QUES TI ON: We l l , i n a n y c a s e y o u s a i d i t - - MR. WAXMAN: - - a s t o wh e t h e r i t ma k e s s e n s e - - QUES TI ON: I t d o e s n ' t o c c u r t o y o u t h a t t h e r e i s

s u c h a c a s e , b u t - -

MR. WAXMAN: I a m - - I a m s u r e t h a t t h e r e a r e ma n y s u c h c a s e s . I c a n ' t c i t e y o u o n e a s I ' m s t a n d i n g h e r e .

QUES TI ON: Wh e r e d e f e n d a n t s t a r t s t h e a c t i o n a s a d e c l a r a t o r y a c t i o n a n d a c l a s s g e t s c e r t i f i e d o n t h e

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p l a i n t i f f ' s s i d e . MR. WAXMAN: T h a t ' s c o r r e c t . I - - I k n o w t h a t

o u r b r i e f a n d t h e r e d b r i e f a n d t h e S o l i c i t o r ' s Ge n e r a l b r i e f a l l a d d r e s s t h i s s c e n a r i o , b u t I c a n ' t b r i n g t o mi n d t h e c a s e s .

Bu t j u s t t o g e t b a c k t o J u s t i c e S o u t e r ' s q u e s t i o n a g a i n , l e t me g i v e y o u t h e e x - - i n t e r ms o f  wh e t h e r , i f we p r o c e e d h e r e , a S t a t e c a s e c o u l d g o f o r wa r d a n d - - a n d wo u l d g o f o r wa r d , I f y o u t a k e , f o r e x a mp l e , t h e Al a b a ma c a s e wh e r e t h e r e ' s n o Al a b a ma p l a i n t i f f h e r e , t h e y h a v e n o t o n l y n o t s o u g h t s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e , t h e y h a v e d i s a v o we d a n y s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e a n d b r o u g h t s e p a r a t e c l a i ms o n d i f f e r e n t t h e o r i e s . S i n c e t h e y h a v e n ' t s o u g h t s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e , t h e r e i s n o s u b j e c t ma t t e r

  j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r t h e c l a i m b e c a u s e we a r e - - a n d t h i s Co u r t b a s i n g s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n o n t h e c o s t o f  p r o v i d i n g t h a t p e r f o r ma n c e - - t h e Al a b a ma c a s e c a n a n d p r e s u ma b l y wi l l g o f o r wa r d .

QUES TI ON: Wi l l i t g o f o r wa r d wi t h o u t y o u r

o b j e c t i o n ? Ar e y o u r e p r e s e n t i n g t h a t - - t h a t y o u wi l l wa l k i n t o t h e Al a b a ma c o u r t a n d s a y , s u r e , we ' r e r e a d y t o g o a h e a d ?

MR. WAXMAN: Un d e r t h i s - - y e s . Un d e r t h i s Co u r t ' s - - u n d e r t h e Co u r t ' s c u r r e n t j u r i s p r u d e n c e , y e s , we wo u l d . Th e o n l y - - i t wo u l d o n l y b e i f t h i s Co u r t we r e

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Gi n s b u r g - - a n d i f i t i s n ' t c l e a r f r o m t h e c o mp l a i n t , i t i s u t t e r l y c l e a r f r o m t h e - - f r o m t h e p l a i n t i f f s ' r e d b r i e f i n t h i s c a s e a t p a g e 4 5 t h a t wh a t t h e y - - t h e o b j e c t o f t h i s l i t i g a t i o n i s r e i n s t a t e me n t o f t h e n a t i o n a l F o r d c r e d i t r e b a t e p r o g r a m u n d e r wh i c h t h e y c a n e a r n c r e d i t s t o wa r d t h e p u r c h a s e o f a F o r d v e h i c l e .

Th e y - - t h e y ' r e - - t h e y d o n ' t - - n o n e o f t h e s e p l a i n t i f f s h a v e a l i q u i d a t e d c l a i m f o r d a ma g e s b e c a u s e t h e y ' r e n o t a s k i n g t h a t t h e y b e p a i d r e b a t e s t h a t t h e y e a r n e d a n d we r e n ' t p a i d . Th o s e we r e c r e d i t e d t o t h e m. T h e y a r e a l l a s k i n g f o r r e i n s t a t e me n t o f a p r o g r a m, wh i c h d o e s n ' t e x i s t , t h a t wi l l a l l o w t h e m t o e a r n c r e d i t s , b a s e d o n p u r c h a s e s , t o wa r d t h e p u r c h a s e o f a v e h i c l e .

An d o n t h e - - o n t h e q u e s t i o n o f s u b j e c t ma t t e r   j u r i s d i c t i o n , t h e c o u r t b e l o w ma d e t wo e r r o r s o f l a w. F i r s t , i t h e l d i n c o r r e c t l y t h a t c l a s s a c t i o n s j o i n i n g s e p a r a t e a n d d i s t i n c t c l a i ms f o r i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f c a n n o t b e v i e we d f r o m t h e d e f e n d a n t s ' - - c a n n o t b e v a l u e d f r o mt h e d e f e n d a n t s ' v i e wp o i n t . An d s e c o n d l y , i t e r r e d i n

c o n c l u d i n g t h a t t h e p l a i n t i f f s ' i n t e r e s t i n s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e c a n n o t b e v i e we d a s c o mmo n a n d u n d i v i d e d .

An d i f t h e Co u r t h a s n o q u e s t i o n s a t t h i s t i me , I ' d l i k e t o r e s e r v e t h e b a l a n c e o f my t i me a n d p e r h a p s a d d r e s s t h e me r i t s o n r e b u t t a l .

QUE S TI ON: Ve r y we l l , Mr . Wa x ma n .

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Mr . Be r ma n , we ' l l h e a r f r o m y o u . ORAL ARGUMENT OF S TE VE W. BERMAN

ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENTS MR. BERMAN: Mr . Ch i e f J u s t i c e , a n d ma y i t

p l e a s e t h e Co u r t : I wi l l t u r n t o t h e q u e s t i o n t h a t ' s t a k e n t h e

b a l a n c e o f t h e a r g u me n t s o f a r a n d t h a t i s wh e t h e r t h i s Co u r t h a s j u r i s d i c t i o n . An d I d o s o wi t h t h e s a me r e l u c t a n c e t h a t Mr . Wa x ma n d i d b e c a u s e t h e u n d e r l y i n g q u e s t i o n i s a n i mp o r t a n t q u e s t i o n t h a t h a s t r o u b l e d c o u r t s d e a l i n g wi t h c l a s s a c t i o n s f o r s o me t i me n o w.

Bu t d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t I ' d l i k e t h e Co u r t t o a n s we r t h a t q u e s t i o n , I d o n ' t t h i n k t h e r e wa s j u r i s d i c t i o n o n a p p e a l o r - - o r b e f o r e t h i s C o u r t b e c a u s e i t ' s q u i t e c l e a r t h a t n o ma t t e r h o w y o u a r t f u l l y l o o k a t t h i s , t h i s i s a s i mp l e s i t u a t i o n t h a t ' s s u b j e c t t o 1 4 0 7 ( c ) a n d ( d ) wh i c h t h i s Co u r t h a s s a i d c o mma n d s - - a n d t h a t ' s i n t h e Gr a u d e d c a s e - - u n mi s t a k a b l y c o mma n d s t h a t wh e r e t h e r e i s a r e ma n d , b a s e d o n t h e l a c k o f s u b j e c t ma t t e r

  j u r i s d i c t i o n , t h a t t h a t ' s n o t r e v i e wa b l e .

QUES TI ON: I - - i t wa s y o u r c l i e n t s , Mr . Be r ma n , wh o f i l e d t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t i n t h e We s t e r n Di s t r i c t , I t a k e i t .

MR. B ERMAN: T h a t ' s c o r r e c t , Yo u r Ho n o r . QUES TI ON: An d wh o wa s i t t h a t mo v e d t o d i s mi s s

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t h a t c o mp l a i n t ? MR. BERMAN: No o n e mo v e d t o d i s mi s s t h a t

c o mp l a i n t . Th e c o u r t , a f t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f c l a s s c e r t i f i c a t i o n , wr e s t l i n g wi t h - - I t h i n k wi t h t h e l a ws o f  t h e v a r i o u s d i f f e r e n t S t a t e s t h a t we r e i n v o k e d b y t h a t mo t i o n , s a i d t o u s , I ' m i s s u i n g a n o r d e r t o s h o w c a u s e wh y I s h o u l d n ' t , o n my o wn mo t i o n , d i s mi s s t h i s c a s e f o r l a c k o f j u r i s d i c t i o n .

QUES TI ON: An d d i d h e - - o n t h e s u b j e c t ma t t e r g r o u n d t h a t t h e r e ' s n o t - - n o t $ 7 5 , 0 0 0 i n c o n t r o v e r s y ?

MR. BERMAN: T h a t ' s c o r r e c t , Mr . Ch i e f J u s t i c e . QUE S TI ON: T h a n k y o u . MR. BERMAN: An d t h e n we b r i e f e d t h a t i s s u e a n d

t h e j u d g e d i s mi s s e d t h e c a s e i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e b r i e f i n g o n t h e o r d e r t o s h o w c a u s e .

QUES TI ON: An d t h a t wa s b e f o r e t h e r e wa s a n y c e r t i f i c a t i o n . Yo u d i d n ' t g e t u p t o a n y c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f  a n y c l a s s , d i d y o u ?

MR. BERMAN: J u s t i c e Gi n s b u r g , t h a t wa s - - t h e

a n s we r i s y e s . I t wa s b e f o r e . We we r e i n t h e mi d s t o f  t h e c l a s s c e r t i f i c a t i o n h e a r i n g s . We h a d t wo o r t h r e e h e a r i n g s . No c l a s s h a d b e e n c e r t i f i e d , a n d I t h i n k , a s I s a i d e a r l i e r , t h a t i n t h e p r o c e s s o f wr e s t l i n g wi t h t h e v a r i o u s S t a t e l a ws , t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t s c r a t c h e d h i s h e a d a n d s a i d , wh y i s t h i s c a s e b e f o r e me ?

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d i f f e r e n t c o mp l a i n t s t h a n - - t h a n t h e s e p a r a t e S t a t e a c t i o n s .

MR. BERMAN: T h a t ' s c o r r e c t . QUES TI ON: Wh y d i d y o u f i l e t h a t c o n s o l i d a t e d

c o mp l a i n t i n t h a t f a s h i o n ? I t wa s b e f o r e t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a s p a r t o f a p r e t r i a l s i t u a t i o n i n a mu l t i - c o u r t

  j u r i s d i c t i o n p r o b l e m. MR. BERMAN: I t i s n o t u n c o mmo n i n MDL p r a c t i c e

f o r p r e t r i a l p u r p o s e s t o t r y t o o r g a n i z e t h e p l e a d i n g s f o r t h e d i s t r i c t j u d g e i n a c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t . I n f a c t , I - - I c a n ' t t h i n k o f a n y MDL c a s e I h a n d l e - -

QUES TI ON: Bu t d i d n ' t i t d o mo r e t h a n j u s t o r g a n i z e t h e p l e a d i n g s ? Di d n ' t i t c h a n g e p a r t i e s a n d c a u s e s o f a c t i o n a n d l o o k l i k e a wh o l e n e w b a l l o f wa x ?

MR. BERMAN: We l l , t h e r e we r e s o me r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h a n g e s b e c a u s e a f t e r a l l t h e l a wy e r s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y g o t t o g e t h e r f o r t h e f i r s t t i me , b e c a u s e we we r e t h r o wn t o g e t h e r , s o me o f t h o s e l a wy e r s s a i d , i f y o u ' r e g o i n g t o mo v e f o r c l a s s c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f a

n a t i o n wi d e c l a s s i n o n e o f t h e s e S t a t e c o u r t c a s e s , ma y b e my r e p r e s e n t a t i v e d o e s n ' t n e e d t o b e t h e r e b e c a u s e t h e r e ' s f i v e o t h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . S o f o r c o n s o l i d a t i o n p u r p o s e s a n d f o r o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s , we s t r e a ml i n e a n d we t r y t o b e a s o r g a n i z e d a s we c a n . Th a t d o e s n ' t me a n we ' v e a b a n d o n e d t h e c a s e s u n d e r l y i n g b e l o w. We - - we d i d n o t .

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QUES TI ON: I t ' s n o t a q u e s t i o n o f a b a n d o n me n t . I t ' s a q u e s t i o n o f wh i c h o n e t a k e s p r e c e d e n c e . Th e r e ' s n o w a F e d e r a l c a s e wh i c h Mr . Wa x ma n ' s a r g u me n t i s t a k e s p r e c e d e n t . We j u s t h o l d e v e r y t h i n g e l s e u n t i l t h i s o n e i s d o n e .

MR. BERMAN: We l l , t h e r e ' s a F e d e r a l c a s e f o r p r e t r i a l p u r p o s e s , a n d t h e j u d g e , J u d g e Dwy e r o f t h e l o we r c o u r t , f o u n d h e h a d n o j u r i s d i c t i o n a n y mo r e o v e r t h a t c a s e wh i c h i s p r o c e e d i n g i n F e d e r a l c o u r t . Bu t i t ' s a d i v e r s i t y c a s e a s s e r t i n g S t a t e l a w c l a i ms . S o i t ' s n o t , q u o t e , a F e d e r a l c a s e . I t ' s b e e n r e mo v e d , a n d o n c e a c o u r t d e t e r mi n e s t h a t t h e r e ' s n o j u r i s d i c t i o n , i t ' s n o l o n g e r a F e d e r a l c a s e .

QUES TI ON: Mr . Be r ma n , Mr . Wa x ma n p o i n t s o u t t h a t y o u h a v e s u b mi t t e d a n e n t i r e c o mp l a i n t . I t d o e s n ' t l o o k l i k e a p r e t r i a l - o n l y c o mp l a i n t . I t ' s a - - i t ' s a c o mp l e t e c o mp l a i n t t h a t h a s a p r a y e r f o r r e l i e f . S o i t l o o k s l i k e a d i f f e r e n t a c t i o n . An d h e s a i d b y f i l i n g s u c h a c o mp l a i n t , y o u i n e f f e c t wa i v e d a n y o b j e c t i o n t o t h e - -

t o t h e mu l t i - d i s t r i c t f o r u m g o i n g o n t o d i s p o s e o f t h e wh o l e c a s e , n o t j u s t p r e t r i a l .

MR. BERMAN: We l l , t o a n s we r t h a t , J u s t i c e Gi n s b u r g , t h e p r e t r i a l o r d e r t h a t Mr . Wa x ma n c i t e d t o a n d I t h i n k t h a t y o u c i t e d t o a s we l l s a i d t h a t t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t wa s t o b e f i l e d f o r p r e t r i a l

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p u r p o s e s o n l y . Th e r e wa s n o wa i v e r i n t h e r e c o r d t h a t we f i l e d . Th e j u d g e d i d n ' t o r d e r t h a t we s u b mi t s u c h a wa i v e r . An d I d o n ' t k n o w t h a t I h a v e t h e a u t h o r i t y a s a l a wy e r t o a l t e r t h e MDL r u l e s . Th e MDL r u l e s d o n ' t p r o v i d e t h a t I c a n d e c i d e o n my o wn t h a t t h e c a s e wi l l p r o c e e d f o r a l l p u r p o s e s f o r e v e r i n f r o n t o f J u d g e Dwy e r .

An d - - a n d y e s , t h e c o mp l a i n t - - QUES TI ON: Wh e r e d o e s i t s a y t h a t ? F o r p r e t r i a l

p u r p o s e s o n l y . MR. BERMAN: I t ' s i n t h e - - QUES TI ON: I me a n , t h e j u d g e s a y s o n p a g e 4 1 ,

s h o u l d p l a i n t i f f s i n a l l o r s o me a c t i o n s d e c i d e t o f i l e a c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t , t h a t c o mp l a i n t s h a l l b e f i l e d wi t h i n 1 5 d a y s . An d t h e n t h e c o mp l a i n t i t s e l f d o e s n ' t s a y i t ' s f o r p r e t r i a l p u r p o s e s o n l y .

MR. BERMAN: No , i t d o e s n o t , Yo u r Ho n o r , a n d t h e j u d g e d i d n ' t ma n d a t e t h a t we d o i t . He s a i d , s h o u l d y o u .

QUES TI ON: Bu t i n Le x e c o n , we s a i d t h a t t h e

  j u d g e wh o - - t o wh o m i t wa s r e f e r r e d f o r p r e t r i a l - - c o u l d n ' t t r y t h e c a s e u n l e s s b o t h p a r t i e s c o n s e n t e d , d i d n ' t we ?

MR. B ERMAN: Ye s , y o u d i d . An d t h e r e ' s - - t h e r e ' s n o t h i n g i n t h i s r e c o r d o t h e r t h a n t h e c o mp l a i n t . I f y o u r e a d f r o m t h e c o mp l a i n t c o n s e n t , t h a t ' s t h e o n l y

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t h i n g i n t h e r e c o r d t h a t y o u c o u l d d r a w t h a t we c o n s e n t e d t o J u d g e Dwy e r t r y i n g t h i s c a s e f o r a l l p u r p o s e s .

QUES TI ON: Co u l d - - c o u l d y o u c o me b a c k t o my q u e s t i o n ? Wh e r e - - y o u - - y o u s a y t h a t t h e c o mp l a i n t wa s o n l y f i l e d f o r p r e t r i a l p u r p o s e s . On - - o n wh a t d o y o u b a s e t h a t ?

MR. BERMAN: I b a s e t h a t o n my u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f  MDL p r a c t i c e . I me a n , we d i d n ' t s a y we ' r e f i l i n g t h i s f o r t r i a l p u r p o s e s . We d i d n ' t s a y we ' r e f i l i n g i t f o r p r e t r i a l p u r p o s e s .

QUES TI ON: Yo u f i l e d a c o mp l a i n t . I me a n , y o u f i l e a c o mp l a i n t - -

MR. BERMAN: I n MDL p r a c t i c e , I s u b mi t , J u s t i c e S c a l i a , t h a t y o u d o f i l e a c o mp l a i n t o f s o me f o r m t h a t b r i n g s a l l t h e s e p l a i n t i f f s f r o m a l l o v e r t h e c o u n t r y t o g e t h e r . I c a n ' t t h i n k o f a n - - a n MDL c a s e , wh e t h e r i t Br a n d Na me P r e s c r i p t i o n Dr u g s o r t h e v a r i o u s c a s e s t h a t a r e p e n d i n g i n v o l v i n g t h e p h a r ma c e u t i c a l i n d u s t r y , f o r e x a mp l e , wh e r e a c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t o f - - o f r e mo v e d

S t a t e c o u r t c a s e s i s n o t p u t t o g e t h e r i n s o me f a s h i o n .

QUES TI ON: Th a t ' s t r u e , b u t d o e s i t n o r ma l l y - - i s i t n o r ma l l y j u s t l o o k l i k e a n o r d - - y o u r c o mp l a i n t l o o k s l i k e a n o r d i n a r y c o mp l a i n t . I t n a me s f o u r p e o p l e . I t s a y s we ' r e b r i n g i n g a c a s e . I t ' s d i v e r s i t y

  j u r i s d i c t i o n . I t ' s q u i t e c l e a r , I t h i n k , t h e r e ' s v e n u e .

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An d - - a n d t h a t ' s i t . I t l o o k s l i k e a n o r ma l c o mp l a i n t . S o i s i t o r d i n a r y MDL p r a c t i c e t h a t wh a t h a p p e n s

wh e n y o u t r a n s f e r t h i n g s f o r p r e t r i a l p r o c e e d i n g s , t h e l a wy e r s g e t t o g e t h e r a n d f i l e wh a t t o t h e n a k e d e y e l o o k s e x a c t l y l i k e a n o r ma l c o mp l a i n t , a s i f t h e y ma r c h e d i n t o F e d e r a l c o u r t o n d a y o n e a n d f i l e d a c o mp l a i n t ? I s t h a t n o r ma l MDL p r a c t i c e ?

MR. BERMAN: I t h i n k i t i s v e r y t y p i c a l - - QUES TI ON: Ho w d o I v e r i f y t h a t ? MR. BERMAN: I c o u l d s u b mi t my s u p p l e me n t a l

r e c o r d - - QUES TI ON: No , n o . No t y o u r - - I me a n , i s t h e r e

s o me - - I g u e s s I c o u l d l o o k i t u p i n a b o o k o n MDL p r a c t i c e .

No w, o n MDL p r a c t i c e , wh e n y o u f i n i s h , a s I r e a d t h e r u l e s , i t s a y s t h e t r a n s f e r e e j u d g e c a n r e a c h a

  j u d g me n t . Bu t i f h e d o e s n ' t g e t t o a j u d g me n t t h a t f i n i s h e s t h e c a s e , h e ' s s u p p o s e d t o s e n d i t b a c k t o t h e t r a n s f e r o r d i s t r i c t s , n o t t h e S t a t e c o u r t , b u t b a c k t o

s e v e r a l t r a n s f e r o r d i s t r i c t s . I s t h a t wh a t h a p p e n e d h e r e ?

MR. BERMAN: I t n e v e r g o t t h e r e b e c a u s e - - QUE S T I ON: Wh y ? MR. BERMAN: - - t h a t - - t h e o r d e r o f r e ma n d ,

b o t h b y t h e d i s t r i c t j u d g e a n d t h e Ni n t h Ci r c u i t , wa s s t a y e d .

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QUES TI ON: No , b u t wa s t h e o r d e r o f r e ma n d t h e - - a n o r d e r t o s e n d i t b a c k n o t t o t h e S t a t e s b u t t o t h e F e d e r a l t r a n s f e r o r d i s t r i c t s ?

MR. BERMAN: Ac t u a l l y I t h i n k t h e l a n g u a g e o f  t h e o r d e r i s t h a t t h e c a s e s a r e r e ma n d e d b a c k t o t h e S t a t e c o u r t s .

QUES TI ON: To t h e S t a t e c o u r t s . MR . BE R MAN: Ye s . QUES TI ON: Th a t mu s t b e wr o n g , mu s t n ' t i t ? MR. BERMAN: T h a t ' s c o r r e c t . QUES TI ON: I t s h o u l d g o t o t h e t r a n s f e r o r

d i s t r i c t s . MR. BERMAN: T h a t ' s c o r r e c t . QUES TI ON: An d t h e r e a l s o - - i t s a y s

s p e c i f i c a l l y a n d t h a t i s p u r s u a n t t o t h e MDL o r d e r , wh i c h we c a n r e v i e w, c a n we n o t ?

MR. BE RMAN: Ye s , y o u c a n . QUES TI ON: Ok a y . S o we wo u l d h a v e t h e p o we r i n

t h i s c a s e t o r e v i e w wh a t s h o u l d h a v e b e e n t h e Ni n t h

Ci r c u i t ' s o r d e r r e ma n d i n g t h e c a s e t o t h e t r a n s f e r o r d i s t r i c t s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e y s a i d i t wr o n g .

MR. BERMAN: I f y o u - - i f y o u t o o k j u r i s d i c t i o n u n d e r t h a t s c e n a r i o - -

QUE S T I ON: Ye s . MR. BERMAN: - - i n a l l d u e r e s p e c t , y o u wo u l d b e

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QUES TI ON: To t h e S t a t e c o u r t s . Bu t t h a t - - t h a t i s n ' t wh a t t h e y me a n t .

MR. BERMAN: T h a t i s - - t h a t i s n o t wh a t h e me a n t .

QUES TI ON: Al l r i g h t . T h a t i s a p r o b l e m. I s e e t h a t a s a p r o b l e m, b u t I d o n ' t k n o w i f i t ' s a n i n s u p e r a b l e p r o b l e m - -

( L a u g h t e r . ) MR. BERMAN: An d t h e p r o b l e m I h a v e , J u s t i c e

Br e y e r , i s t h a t I wo u l d l i k e t o a g r e e wi t h y o u r a r g u me n t b e c a u s e , a s y o u p o i n t e d o u t , t h i s i s s o me t h i n g t h a t ' s p l a g u i n g t h e c o u r t s .

QUES TI ON: Al l r i g h t . T h e wa y i t wo u l d h a v e wo r k e d i f t h e y h a d g o t t e n - - h a d n ' t s a i d r e ma n d t o St a t e c o u r t s , i s t h e y wo u l d h a v e s e n t i t b a c k t o t r a n s f e r o r d i s t r i c t s . S o me t r a n s f e r o r d i s t r i c t s wo u l d h a v e a g r e e d wi t h t h i s j u d g e , s o me wo u l d h a v e c o me t o o t h e r c o n c l u s i o n s , a n d we p l a i n l y c o u l d h a v e r e v i e we d t h e o n e s t h a t c a me t o o t h e r c o n c l u s i o n s s o we c o u l d h a v e d e c i d e d

t h e i s s u e . S o i s t h a t wh a t y o u t h i n k s h o u l d h a p p e n ? Wh a t s h o u l d h a p p e n ?

MR. BERMAN: We l l , I wo u l d l i k e t h e Co u r t t o r e v i e w t h e u n d e r l y i n g me r i t s , b u t t o d o s o , I t h i n k y o u h a v e t o d o s o me g a me s ma n s h i p a n d d o i n j u s t i c e t o 1 4 0 7 .

QUES TI ON: I s n ' t , Mr . Be r ma n , wh a t - -

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QUES TI ON: J u s t i c e Br e y e r t o l d y o u t h a t - - s a i d t h a t i t wo u l d h a v e t o g o b a c k t o t h e S t a t e c o u r t s . Bu t t h e q u e s t i o n i s wh a t i s t h e i t . Yo u h a v e t o f i r s t d i s p o s e o f t h e a c t i o n t h a t wa s i n s t i t u t e d b y t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t .

MR. BERMAN: T h a t wa s d i s p o s e d o f . QUES TI ON: Bu t t h a t ' s t h e o n l y t h i n g we ' r e

a r g u i n g a b o u t h e r e , a n d t h e a r g - - a n d t h e c o n t e n t i o n i s i t wa s i mp r o p e r l y d i s p o s e d o f a n d t h a t i t wa s d i s p o s e d o f  o n a b a s i s t h a t i n j u r e s t h e d e f e n d a n t s a n d t h a t t h e y c a n a p p e a l t h a t b e c a u s e t h e y ' r e a g g r i e v e d u n d e r t h e c a s e s t h a t Mr . Wa x ma n c i t e s . An d t h a t ' s a l l we ' r e t a l k i n g a b o u t .

MR. BERMAN: An d I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t , J u s t i c e Ke n n e d y , b u t t h e c a s e t h a t Mr . Wa x ma n c i t e s a n d t h e c a s e s h e c i t e s f o r t h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t a n a g g r i e v e d p a r t y c a n a p p e a l , I d o n ' t q u a r r e l wi t h t h a t .

Th e p r o b l e m wi t h t h a t a u t h o r i t y i n t h i s c a s e i s t h a t n o n e o f t h o s e c a s e s t h a t h e c i t e s a r e c a s e s wh e r e t h e r e ' s b e e n a d i s mi s s a l , wh i c h t h e r e wa s i n t h i s c a s e , o f  

t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t o n t h e g r o u n d s o f a l a c k o f  s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n . An d - -

QUES TI ON: Mr . Be r ma n , I t h i n k s o me t h i n g n e e d s c l a r i f i c a t i o n h e r e . Wh e n a d i s t r i c t j u d g e i n a mu l t i - d i s t r i c t c a s e l i k e t h i s ma k e s a p r e t r i a l o r d e r , d e t e r mi n a t i o n , d e c i s i o n , a n d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h a t , t h o s e

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o u t t o u s t h a t t h i s o r d e r wa s a c t u a l l y s t a y e d b y t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a n d b y t h e Ni n t h Ci r c u i t , a n d I d o n ' t f i n d t h e s t a y o r d e r i n t h e a p p e n d i x . I ' m s u r e i t ' s i n t h e r e c o r d , a s h e p o i n t s o u t . Bu t i n c o n n e c t i o n wi t h g e t t i n g t h a t s t a y a n d t h e - - t h e b o t h - - i n b o t h t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a n d t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s , d i d a n y o n e p o i n t o u t t o e i t h e r o f t h o s e c o u r t s t h a t t h e o r d e r wa s d e f e c t i v e f o r - - f o r f a i l i n g t o - - t o i n c l u d e t h e t r a n s f e r o r c o u r t r a t h e r t h a n g o i n g d i r e c t t o t h e S t a t e c o u r t ?

MR. BERMAN: No. QUES TI ON: S o t h a t j u s t s u r f a c e d t o d a y . MR. B ERMAN: I t j u s t s u r f a c e d t o d a y . An d - - a n d

t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n a l i s s u e j u s t s u r f a c e d i n r e s p o n s e t o y o u r q u e s t i o n . No o n e r a i s e d t h e 1 4 0 7 i s s u e i n a n y o f t h e c o u r t s b e l o w.

I h a d o r i g i n a l l y h a d c o me t o t a l k a b o u t t h e i mp o r t a n t i s s u e .

( L a u g h t e r . ) MR. BERMAN: An d I - - I d o n ' t k n o w t h a t Mr . - -

QUE S TI ON: Us t o o . ( L a u g h t e r . ) MR. BERMAN: Mr . Wa x ma n h a s n ' t h a d t i me t o

a d d r e s s t h a t i s s u e . I d o n ' t k n o w i f t h e Co u r t wa n t s me t o g o i n t o t h a t . I h a v e s o me t i me r e ma i n i n g .

QUES TI ON: I t h i n k t h e Co u r t wo u l d l i k e t o .

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MR. BERMAN: Ve r y b r i e f l y t h e n . Th i s Co u r t h a s , s i n c e t h e J u d i c i a r y Ac t o f 1 7 8 9 wa s p a s s e d , c o n s i s t e n t l y c o n s t r u e d d i v e r s i t y j u r i s d i c t i o n s o a s t o a v o i d e x p a n d i n g t h e F e d e r a l c a s e l o a d . T h a t ' s t h e t e a c h i n g o f S n y d e r v . Ha r r i s . T h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t ' s a s s e r t e d h e r e t o d a y b y t h e p e t i t i o n e r s t h a t y o u c a n u s e a d mi n i s t r a t i v e c o s t s i n s a t i s f y i n g t h e a mo u n t i n c o n t r o v e r s y wo u l d v a s t l y e x p a n d t h e Fe d e r a l c a s e l o a d i n t wo wa y s .

QUES TI ON: I s y o u r o b j e c t i o n j u s t t o t h e c o n c e p t o f a d mi n i s t r a t i v e c o s t s , Mr . Be r ma n , o r t o t h e i d e a t h a t i t c a n b e c o mp u t e - - t h e a mo u n t i n c o n t r o v e r s y c a n b e c o mp u t e d a t a l l f r o m t h e d e f e n d a n t s ' p o i n t o f v i e w?

MR. BERMAN: Mr . Ch i e f J u s t i c e , my a n s we r t o t h a t i s I t h i n k t h a t t h e Co u r t c o u l d a d o p t a r u l e a l l o wi n g t h e a mo u n t i n c o n t r o v e r s y t o b e d e t e r mi n e d f r o m e i t h e r v i e wp o i n t , b o t h f r o m t h e p l a i n t i f f s ' v i e wp o i n t o r f r o m t h e d e f e n d a n t s ' v i e wp o i n t . Bu t t h a t d o e s n ' t a n s we r t h e q u e s t i o n .

Th e - - t h e q u e s t i o n r e a l l y p r e s e n t e d t h e n i s h o w

d o we v a l u e t h a t a mo u n t . An d t h i s C o u r t ' s t e a c h i n g s I t h i n k h a v e a n s we r e d t h a t q u e s t i o n , a n d t h a t i s i n t h e Hu n t c a s e , t h e Co u r t h a s r u l e d a n d h a s c o n s i s t e n t l y f o l l o we d t h i s p r o p o s i t i o n , t h a t i t i s we l l e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e a mo u n t i n c o n t r o v e r s y i s me a s u r e d b y t h e v a l u e o f t h e o b j e c t o f t h e l i t i g a t i o n . An d s o , a n o t h e r wa y t h e Co u r t

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h a s p u t i t i s wh a t r i g h t d o e s t h e p l a i n t i f f s e e k t o h a v e e n f o r c e d h e r e . Th e - -

QUES TI ON: I n a - - i n a c o u p l e o f t h o s e q u o t e s , y o u k n o w, t a k e n o u t o f c o n t e x t , t h e y s e e m t o s u p p o r t y o u r p o s i t i o n . Th e y c e r t a i n l y d o n ' t c o n t r o v e r t y o u r p o s i t i o n . Bu t t h e Co u r t wa s n ' t r e a l l y f a c e d wi t h t h e i s s u e h e r e .

MR. BERMAN: I - - I t h i n k t h e Co u r t h a s n e v e r s q u a r e l y b e e n f a c e d wi t h t h e i s s u e o f s h o u l d t h e p l a i n t i f f ' s r u l e b e a d o p t e d o r n o t . T h e r e i s s u g g e s t i o n s t h a t i t s h o u l d b e , b u t I t h i n k wh a t t h e Co u r t h a s b e e n c o n s i s t e n t o n i s l o o k i n g a t t h e v a l u e o f t h e o b j e c t o f  l i t i g a t i o n f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w, wh a t i s i t t h a t t h e p l a i n t i f f wa n t s , n o t wh a t a r e t h e i n c i d e n t a l c o s t s t o t h e d e f e n d a n t . I n f a c t , t h e r e i s a c a s e - - a n d I - - I k n o wi t ' s a n o l d c a s e , b u t t h e Ro s s c a s e a n d t h e El l i o t t c a s e s q u a r e l y h o l d t h a t j u r i s d i c t i o n d o e s n o t d e p e n d u p o n a n y c o n t i n g e n t i n j u r i e s o r d a ma g e t o a d e f e n d a n t i n a c a s e .

An d i f t h e r u l e i s o t h e r wi s e - - a n d b y t h e wa y , I t h i n k t h e r e ' s a b i g d i f f e r e n c e , f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h i s

Co u r t ' s r e v i e w, o f a n a d mi n i s t r a t i v e c o s t v e r s u s i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f . S o l e t me f i r s t f o c u s o n a d mi n i s t r a t i v e c o s t .

Th e mi s c h i e f , I t h i n k , o f a l l o wi n g a d mi n i s t r a t i v e c o s t t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i s i l l u s t r a t e d b y a n e a r l i e r Ni n t h Ci r c u i t d e c i s i o n i n S n o w v . F o r d . An d t h e r e

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QUES TI ON: Th e r e mi g h t b e a l e g a l a r g u me n t t h e r e , b u t I t h o u g h t y o u we r e ma k i n g a p o l i c y a r g u me n t t h a t i t wa s a b a d t h i n g .

MR. BERMAN: We l l , I d o - - I d o - - QUES TI ON: An d I d o n ' t s e e wh y t h a t ' s s o i f i n

f a c t i n mo s t c a s e s I t h i n k t h a t i f i t ' s g o i n g t o c o s t $ 7 5 , 0 0 0 f o r a n $ 1 1 c l a i m, i f i t ' s r e a l l y j u s t o n e c l a i m, t h e d e f e n d a n t wi l l s e t t l e i t . An d , o f c o u r s e , i f i t ' s n o t r e a l l y j u s t o n e c l a i m, b u t r e a l l y i n v o l v e s c l a s s a c t i o n s i n v o l v i n g ma n y h u n d r e d s o f c l a i ms , t h a t ' s j u s t wh a t ' s s u p p o s e d t o b e i n t h e F e d e r a l c o u r t .

MR. BERMAN: We l l , t h e n y o u ' d h a v e t o o v e r r u l e S n y d e r a n d t h e n o n - a g g r e g a t i o n - -

QUES TI ON: Th e r e ' s a l e g a l - - y o u ' r e ma k i n g a p u r e l y l e g a l a r g u me n t t h e n .

MR. BERMAN: Ye s , wh i c h - - wh i c h t h e y ' r e n o t a d v o c a t i n g . Bu t f r o m a p o l i c y a r g u me n t , my a r g u me n t i s t h a t y o u wo u l d s u d d e n l y t h r u s t t h e F e d e r a l c o u r t s i n d e t e r mi n a t i o n o f wh a t b a s i c a l l y a r e S t a t e - - r o u t i n e S t a t e

l a w ma t t e r s .

QUES TI ON: Bu t t h a t ' s wh a t - - t h a t ' s wh a t t h i s Cl a s s Ac t i o n F a i r n e s s Ac t , wh i c h h a s c o n s i d e r a b l e s u p p o r t , t h a t ' s p e n d i n g i n Co n g r e s s - - i t ' s s t i l l p e n d i n g , i s n ' t i t ?

MR. BERMAN: T h a t ' s c o r r e c t .

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QUES TI ON: Th a t ' s wh a t i t wo u l d d o . I t wo u l d a l l o w - - i f - - i f t h e p r i c e t a g o f a l l t h e s e s ma l l c l a i ms f o r t h e d e f e n d a n t wa s mo r e t h a n t h e a mo u n t i n c o n t r o v e r s y - - we l l , I t h i n k i t p u t s a mu c h h i g h e r p r i c e t a g t h a n $ 7 5 , 0 0 0 . Bu t a n y wa y , t h a t - - t h a t ' s t h e i d e a o f t h e c l a s s a c t i o n b i l l t h a t ' s p e n d i n g i n Co n g r e s s , t o p u t a l l t h e s e c a s e s , t o a g g r e g a t e t h e m i f t h e t o t a l d o l l a r a mo u n t f o r t h e d e f e n d a n t i s v e r y h i g h .

MR. BERMAN: T h a t ' s c o r r e c t . Th a t - - i t ' s $ 2 mi l l i o n , t h e n e w p r o p o s e d l i mi t , a n d i t wo u l d a l l o wa g g r e g a t i o n , wh i c h t h i s Co u r t s o f a r h a s n o t a l l o we d . S o Co n g r e s s r e a l i z e s u n d e r e x i s t i n g p r e c e d e n t t h a t wh a t t h e - - F o r d wa n t s t o d o h e r e i s n o t p e r mi t t e d .

QUES TI ON: We l l , i s - - i s - - i s t h e r e a - - i s t h e r e a d i s t i n c t i o n t o b e ma d e a l o n g t h e s e l i n e s ? An d I - - I ma y n o t b e a b l e t o - - t o s t a t e wh a t I ' m t r y i n g t o wo r k o u t i n my mi n d , b u t h e r e - - h e r e ' s - - h e r e ' s t h e d i s t i n c t i o n I ' m t r y i n g t o - - t o g e t a t .

Le t ' s a s s u me t h a t t h e - - t h a t t h e o n l y i s s u e i s

- - i s a n i s s u e i n o n e c a s e . Th e y d i d n ' t g i v e t h e $ 1 1 t a i l l i g h t o r wh a t e v e r i t wa s . An d b e c a u s e o f t h e b u r e a u c r a c y o f a b i g c o mp a n y , i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e t h e o n e $ 1 1 t a i l l i g h t , i t ' s g o i n g t o c o s t $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o g a l v a n i z e e v e r y b o d y i n t o a c t i o n a n d g e t t h e t a i l l i g h t . I s e e y o u r a r g u me n t i n t h a t c a s e .

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Th e r e ' s a d i f f e r e n c e , t h o u g h , i n t h i s c a s e b e c a u s e wh a t t h e y ' r e s a y i n g i n t h i s c a s e i s t h e y p r o mi s e d t h a t t h e y wo u l d h a v e a k i n d o f a d mi n i s t r a t i v e s y s t e m i n p l a c e t h a t wo u l d t a k e a c c o u n t o f a l l t h e s e v a r i o u s c r e d i t c h a r g e c a r d - - c r e d i t c a r d c h a r g e s a n d - - a n d wo u l d - - wo u l d u l t i ma t e l y r e s u l t i n - - i n t h i s - - t h i s c r e d i t o f u p t o $ 3 , 5 0 0 f o r o u r b e n e f i t . T h e v a r i o u s p e o p l e wh o a r e a g g r i e v e d b y t h e i r f a i l u r e t o d o i t a r e n ' t a l l c l a i mi n g $ 3 , 5 0 0 . Yo u k n o w, t h e y ma y b e c l a i mi n g e v e r y t h i n g f r o m $ 5 t o $ 3 , 5 0 0 . Th e o n l y wa y t o s a t i s f y o u r - - o u r - - t h e c l a i ms o f a l l t h e s e p e o p l e wh o a r e i n t h e c l a s s i s t o p u t t h e s y s t e m i n p l a c e .

I f t h a t ' s t h e e s s e n c e o f t h e i r c l a i m, t h e y ' r e n o t s a y i n g we wa n t y o u t o i n c u r a l o t o f a d mi n i s t r a t i v e c o s t s i n o r d e r t o g e t t o a p a r t i c u l a r r e s u l t , wh i c h i s

  j u r i s d i c t i o n a l l y i n s u f f i c i e n t . Th e y ' r e s a y i n g , we wa n t y o u t o p u t t h e s y s t e m i n t h e p l a c e - - i n p l a c e t h a t y o u a g r e e d y o u wo u l d d o . Th e s y s t e m i s n o t a n a d mi n i s t r a t i v e c o s t . I t ' s wh a t y o u p r o mi s e d i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e . T h e

s y s t e m i s t h e t a i l l i g h t .

I s t h a t a f a i r d i s t i n c t i o n , a n d d o e s - - d o e s t h a t c o u n t a g a i n s t y o u ?

MR. BERMAN: T h a t ' s t h e i r a r g u me n t , a n d I d o n ' t t h i n k i t c o u n t s a g a i n s t my p o s i t i o n f o r t wo r e a s o n s . I n o r d e r t o ma k e t h a t a r g u me n t , wh a t t h e y ' r e r e a l l y d o i n g i s

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a g g r e g a t i n g wh a t i t wo u l d c o s t t o r e i n s t i t u t e t h e s y s t e ma s i f t h e y we r e g o i n g t o p a y a l l 6 mi l l i o n c l a s s - -

QUES TI ON: Bu t t h e s y s t e m i s n o t a n a g g r e g a t e d s y s t e m. T h e r e ' s e i t h e r a s y s t e m o r t h e r e i s n ' t a s y s t e m. I f t h e r e i s a s y s t e m, i t p r o d u c e s d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e k i n d o f b u s i n e s s t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s d o . Bu t t h e s y s t e m i s n o t a s e p a r a t e s y s t e m f o r a l l o f t h e me mb e r s o f t h e c l a s s wh i c h i s b e i n g a g g r e g a t e d . I t ' s a s y s t e m t o f u l f i l l o n e p r o mi s e wh i c h wa s ma d e i n c o mmo n f o r m t o t h e e n t i r e c l a s s . An d i s n ' t t h a t a d i s t i n c t i o n wh i c h r e mo v e s i t f r o m t h i s n o t i o n s i mp l y o f a d mi n i s t r a t i v e c o s t ?

MR. BERMAN: No , b e c a u s e r i g h t n o w t h e r e a r e   j u s t s i x p l a i n t i f f s . Th i s i s n o t a c l a s s . An d t h o s e s i xp l a i n t i f f s ma y h a v e a t o t a l o f $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 a t s t a k e . Al l F o r d h a s t o d o t o s a t i s f y t h e i r c l a i m i n t h i s c a s e i s t o g i v e t h o s e s i x p e o p l e t h e r e b a t e s .

QUE S T I ON: Ok a y . MR. BERMAN: An d t h e o n l y wa y t o g e t a r o u n d t h a t

i s t o a g g r e g a t e t h i s c a s e , wh i c h t h e y c a n ' t d o . An d s o t h e d a n g e r - -

QUES TI ON: Th e r e i s - - t h e r e i s n o c l a i m f o r s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e ?

MR. BERMAN: T h e r e i s a s t o e a c h p l a i n t i f f . QUES TI ON: Bu t n o t a s t o a c l a s s .

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MR. BERMAN: T h a t ' s r i g h t , b e c a u s e wh a t we h a v e h e r e a n d t h e - -

QUES TI ON: S o t h e y - - s o t h e y c o u l d mu l t i p l y 3 , 5 0 0 b y 6 a n d t h a t wo u l d b e t h e e n d o f t h e c a s e .

MR. BERMAN: T h a t ' s r i g h t , b e c a u s e p r i o r t o t h i s l i t i g a t i o n - - t h i s g e t s t o t h e c o mmo n a n d u n d i v i d e d i n t e r e s t . P r i o r t o t h i s l i t i g a t i o n , t h e s e p l a i n t i f f s , t h e s e 6 mi l l i o n p e o p l e , we r e c o mp l e t e l y u n r e l a t e d . Th e y h a d n o c o mmo n i n t e r e s t i n t h i s i s s u e , a n d t h e r e f o r e , y o u c a n ' t f o l l o w - - y o u c a n ' t a g g r e g a t e . Th e y h a v e t o b e t r e a t e d - -

QUES TI ON: Le t me a s k y o u a p h i l o s o p h i c a l q u e s t i o n . Mr . Wa x ma n g o t i n t o e p i s t e mo l o g y a mi n u t e a g o . L e t me a s k y o u a c o n t r a r y - t o - f a c t q u e s t i o n .

I f i n f a c t t h e F e d e r a l a c t i o n we r e a c l a s s a c t i o n a n d i t i n c l u d e d e v e r y b o d y wh o h a d b e e n i n c l u d e d i n t h e S t a t e c l a s s a c t i o n s a n d s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e h a d b e e n r e q u e s t e d i n t h e f o r m t h a t I s u g g e s t e d , wo u l d t h a t n o t t a k e i t o u t o f t h e a g g r e g a t i o n p r o b l e m a n d - - a n d - -

a n d - - a n d s a t i s f y t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n a l a mo u n t , e v e n o n y o u r o wn t h e o r y ?

MR. BERMAN: No , b e c a u s e u n d e r t h e a n a l y s i s o f  - - o f t h i s Co u r t a n d t h e Gi l ma n c o u r t i n t h e S e c o n d Ci r c u i t a n d t h e Ni n t h Ci r c u i t , a g a i n b e c a u s e e a c h p e r s o n h a d a s e p a r a t e r i g h t , a s t h e y ' v e a d mi t t e d . Th e y ' v e

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a d mi t t e d t h a t f o r d a ma g e p u r p o s e s e a c h p e r s o n h a d a s e p a r a t e a n d d i s t i n c t c l a i m.

QUES TI ON: Ye a h , b u t t h a t ' s n o t t h e s a me a s f o r s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e p u r p o s e s .

MR. BERMAN: I t i s . I f - - i f I - - i f o n e o f my p l a i n t i f f s d e c i d e s h e n o l o n g e r wa n t s t o b e i n t h i s l i t i g a t i o n , t h e y h a v e d o n ' t h a v e t o u p t h e s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e t o s o me o n e e l s e . Ea c h p e r s o n o n l y h a s t h e r i g h t t o t h e r e b a t e s t h e y we r e e n t i t l e d t o . S o t h e y ' r e s e p a r a t e a n d d i s t i n c t n o ma t t e r wh a t t h e r e l i e f i s .

QUES TI ON: We r e t h e s e c l a s s a c t i o n s - - we r e t h e s e a c t i o n s c e r t i f i e d a s c l a s s a c t i o n s i n t h e S t a t e c o u r t b e f o r e t h e y we r e r e mo v e d ?

MR. B ERMAN: No . T h e y - - t h e y we r e r e mo v e d b e f o r e a n y t h i n g h a p p e n e d .

QUES TI ON: S o we h a v e - - y o u n e e d t h e a g g r e g a t i o n o f t h e c l a s s a c t i o n .

MR. B ERMAN: T h a t ' s c o r r e c t . Yo u h a v e a n - - y o u h a v e a n u n c e r t i f i e d c l a s s h e r e .

Th e o t h e r d a n g e r I ' l l t o u c h o n i n my l a s t mi n u t e

o f a l l o wi n g t h e i n j u n c t i v e - - a mo u n t i t wo u l d c o s t t h e d e f e n d a n t , e i t h e r b y wa y o f i n j u n c t i o n o r a d mi n i s t r a t i v e c o s t , i s t h a t p l a i n t i f f s c o u l d u s e t h i s n e w t h e o r y t o i n v o k e F e d e r a l c o u r t j u r i s d i c t i o n . Th e a mi c u s s e e m t o s u g g e s t t h a t p l a i n t i f f s n e v e r wa n t t o b e i n Fe d e r a l c o u r t .

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REBUTT AL ARGUMENT OF S ET H P. WAXMANON BEHALF OF T HE PE TI TI ONERS

MR. WAXMAN: T h a n k y o u , Yo u r Ho n o r . I ' l l u s e 1 mi n u t e o n a p p e l l a t e j u r i s d i c t i o n a n d I h o p e 2 mi n u t e s o n s u b j e c t ma t t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n .

On a p p e l l a t e j u r i s d i c t i o n , t h e r e i s n o d o u b t wh a t s o e v e r t h a t wh a t wa s i n t e n d e d h e r e wa s a n e w c o mp l a i n t a b o u t n e w t h i n g s t o p r o c e e d t o j u d g me n t a t t r i a l . At p a g e 1 1 o f t h e t r a n s c r i p t o f o r a l a r g u me n t b e f o r e t h e d i s t r i c t

  j u d g e o n t h e c l a s s c e r t i f i c a t i o n i s s u e , t h e c o u r t s a y s , " i f a n a t i o n wi d e c l a s s we r e t o b e c e r t i f i e d " - - h e ' s t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e c o n s o l i d a t e d c o mp l a i n t - - " wo u l d t h e r e b e a n y n e e d f o r f u r t h e r MDL p r o c e e d i n g s , o r wo u l d t h e wh o l e l i t i g a t i o n j u s t b e t h e r e i n t h i s o n e c a s e f o r t r i a l o r o t h e r d i s p o s i t i o n ?

" Mr . Be r ma n : T h a t i s my u n d e r s t a n d i n g . Th e r e wo u l d b e n o f u r t h e r - - e v e r y o n e h a s c o n s e n t e d . Al l t h e p l a i n t i f f s ' c o u n s e l a n d d e f e n d a n t s h a v e c o n s e n t e d t o h a v e t h i s c a s e h e r e . "

J u s t i c e Gi n s b u r g , i n r e s p o n s e t o y o u r q u e s t i o n

a b o u t c a s e s i n wh i c h a d e c l a r a t o r y j u d g me n t a c t i o n wa s f i l e d wh e r e i t - - t h e c a s e c o u l d h a v e b e e n l i t i g a t e d b y a p l a i n t i f f c l a s s i n a c o n s u me r c a s e , t h a t wa s t h e c a s e i n t h e Gr e e n wo o d Tr u s t c a s e f i l e d b y a b a n k i n t h e F i r s t Ci r c u i t t h a t u l t i ma t e l y p r o d u c e d t h i s C o u r t ' s d e c i s i o n i n

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S mi l e y wh i c h wa s a c o n s u me r c l a s s a c t i o n t h a t c a me u p o u t o f Ca l i f o r n i a .

No w, wi t h r e s p e c t t o s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e , s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e i s t h e o b j e c t o f t h i s c o mp l a i n t . I t i s wh a t t h e y wa n t . I t i s t h e t h i n g t h e y n e e d i n o r d e r f o r a n y o f t h e m t o b e a b l e t o r e a l i z e t h e b e n e f i t s . An d a s t h i s Co u r t s a i d i n Mi s s i s s i p p i & Mi s s o u r i Ri v e r Br i d g e v . Wa r d - - i n t h a t c a s e , i t i n v o l v e d r e mo v i n g a b r i d g e o b s t r u c t i o n - - t h e r e mo v a l o f t h e o b s t r u c t i o n i s t h e ma t t e r o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y a n d t h e v a l u e o f t h e o b j e c t mu s t g o v e r n .

Th e c o mp l a i n t i t s e l f s a y s t h e y wa n t s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e o f t h e n a t i o n a l r e b a t e p r o g r a m, a n d i f t h e r e we r e a n y c l a r i f i c a t i o n n e e d e d , y o u l o o k a t p a g e 4 5 o f t h e r e d b r i e f a n d t h e y e x p l a i n t h a t t h a t ' s j u s t wh a t t h e y wa n t . I f t h e r e we r e a n y - -

QUES TI ON: Th e y d o n ' t - - t h e y d o n ' t n e e d t h a t f o r t h e i r r e l i e f . An d wo u l d n ' t t h a t b e a f r i v o l o u s c o mp l a i n t ? Wo u l d n ' t t h a t b e c o n f e r r i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n b y - -

b y ma k i n g a n a s s e r t i o n t h a t g o e s wa y b e y o n d wh a t a n y b o d y wo u l d c o n s i d e r r e a s o n a b l e ?

MR. WAXMAN: I t ' s - - i t wo u l d n o t i f - - t h e Co u r t ma y o r ma y n o t g r a n t s p e c i f i c p e r f o r ma n c e o f t h e n a t i o n a l p r o g r a m i n r e s p o n s e t o a p a r t i c u l a r p l a i n t i f f , b u t i t wo u l d c e r t a i n l y n o t b e a f r i v o l o u s c l a i m. Ca s e s

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